Canl\u0131lar\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 ve g\u00f6rev birimine h\u00fccre denir. H\u00fccre kavram\u0131 ilk kez Robert Hooke taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nH\u00fccre Teorisi nedir
\n 1. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n 2. H\u00fccreler daha \u00f6nce var olan h\u00fccrelerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle olu\u015fur.
\n 3. Canl\u0131lar, tek, koloni ya da \u00e7ok h\u00fccrelidir.
\n 4. Canl\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131t\u0131m materyali h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde bulunur.
\n \u00c7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda h\u00fccreler yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6revlere g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 \u015fekil ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir. H\u00fccreler birle\u015ferek doku ve organlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n Canl\u0131lar \u00e2leminde \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131 ve organel durumuna g\u00f6re iki tip h\u00fccre vard\u0131r. Bunlar;
\n1. Prokaryot h\u00fccre nedir
\n Kal\u0131t\u0131m materyali bir zar ile \u00e7evrilmemi\u015ftir ve zarl\u0131 organel bulundurmazlar. Bakteriler, Mavi ye\u015fil algler Prokaryot tipi h\u00fccrelere sahiptir. Bu tip h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fan canl\u0131lar, Monera \u00e2leminde incelenmektedir. Bu canl\u0131larda h\u00fccre \u00e7eperi vard\u0131r. Organel olarak sadece ribozom bulundururlar.
\n 2. \u00d6karyot h\u00fccre nedir
\n Kal\u0131t\u0131m materyali zarla \u00e7evrili h\u00fccrelerdir. Protista, mantar, bitki ve hayvanlar \u00e2lemi canl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00d6karyot h\u00fccre tipine sahiptir.
\n \u00d6karyot bir h\u00fccre \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenir;
\n 1. H\u00fccre zar\u0131
\n 2. Sitopl\u00e2zma ve h\u00fccre organelleri
\n 3. \u00c7ekirdek
\nI. H\u00dcCRE ZARI <\/p>\n
H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revleri
\n \u2014 H\u00fccrenin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.
\n \u2014 Ayn\u0131 dokudaki h\u00fccrelerin birbirini tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n \u2014 H\u00fccredeki madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fini kontrol eder.
\n \u2014 H\u00fccredeki baz\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 (koful gibi) olu\u015fturur.
\n \u2014 H\u00fccreyi d\u0131\u015f etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 korur.
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131
\n Yap\u0131s\u0131nda, % 65 protein, % 33 ya\u011f, % 2 karbonhidrat bulunur. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 75\u2013100 0A\u2019dur. Canl\u0131, esnek, yar\u0131 saydam ve se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir.
\nBirim Zar Modeli
\n Birim zar modelinde; Proteinler katman olarak h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreler. Porlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve yeri sabittir. Bu \u00f6zelliklerden dolay\u0131 canl\u0131l\u0131k olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz.
\nAk\u0131c\u0131 Mozaik Zar Modeli
\n Proteinler ak\u0131c\u0131 ya\u011f tabakas\u0131 i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f (g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc protein) olarak ya da d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyde (y\u00fczeysel protein) bulunur. Karbonhidratlar ya protein \u00fczerinde (glikoprotein) ya da lipidler \u00fczerinde (glikolipid) bulunur. H\u00fccre zar\u0131nda se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi sa\u011flayan ve por ad\u0131 verilen delikler vard\u0131r. Porlar\u0131n yeri ve say\u0131s\u0131 sabit de\u011fildir. H\u00fccre zar\u0131nda bulunan fosfolipitler zara ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zellik verir.
\n H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki protein, ya\u011f ve karbonhidratlar\u0131n dizili\u015fi h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirler.
\n Glikoproteinlerin g\u00f6revleri;
\n 1. H\u00fccreye girecek olan maddeleri tan\u0131r.
\n 2. Baz\u0131 proteinler, vir\u00fcs resept\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapar.
\n 3. Alyuvarlar\u0131n zar\u0131nda bulunan baz\u0131 proteinler kan grubunu belirler.
\n 4. Kom\u015fu h\u00fccrelerin birbirini tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece, doku nakillerinde \u00f6nem arz eder.
\nH\u00fccre Zar\u0131n\u0131n Farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130le Olu\u015fan Yap\u0131lar\u0131
\n 1 Mikrovillus: Ba\u011f\u0131rsak epitelinde besinleri emme g\u00f6revi olan h\u00fccrelerde, h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n bir miktar sitopl\u00e2zmayla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 do\u011fru olu\u015fturdu\u011fu parmak \u015feklindeki uzant\u0131lara villus denir. Villuslar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck uzant\u0131lara mikrovillus denir.
\n 2 Yalanc\u0131 ayak: Amip, akyuvar ve c\u0131v\u0131k mantar h\u00fccrelerinde besin bulma ve yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u00e7in h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ge\u00e7ici uzant\u0131lara yalanc\u0131 ayak denir.
\n 3 Sil: Paramesyum ve bakteriler gibi canl\u0131lar\u0131n hareketini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan uzant\u0131lara sil denir.
\n 4 Kam\u00e7\u0131: Sillere g\u00f6re daha uzun ve az say\u0131daki hareket organlar\u0131na kam\u00e7\u0131 denir. \u00d6glena gibi tek h\u00fccrelilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 5 Pinositoz cebi: Porlardan ge\u00e7emeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131v\u0131 besinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda olu\u015fan ge\u00e7ici \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclere pinositoz cebi denir. Hayvansal h\u00fccrelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 6 Mesozom: Bakterilerde mitokondri g\u00f6revi g\u00f6ren zar k\u0131vr\u0131mlara Mesozom denir. Burada solunum enzimleri bulunur.
\nH\u00fccre \u00c7eperi
\n Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunur. Cans\u0131z, sert, tam ge\u00e7irgen, sel\u00fclozdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f koruyucu bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dczerindeki ge\u00e7itler b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Mantarlar ve monera \u00e2lemi canl\u0131lar\u0131nda da bulunur.
\n Bakteri ve mantarlar\u0131n \u00e7eperi sel\u00fcloz de\u011fildir. Protein, ya\u011f ve karbonhidratlar\u0131n \u00f6zel bile\u015fiminden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n Bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00e7eper i\u00e7inde lignin (odun), s\u00fcberin (mantar), gibi farkl\u0131 maddeler birikir.
\n \u00c7eper, bitki h\u00fccrelerine \u015fekil verir. Turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 h\u00fccrenin patlamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler bu sayede destek g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.
\nII.S\u0130TOPL\u00c2ZMA VE H\u00dcCRE ORGANELLER
\n1. S\u0130TOPL\u00c2ZMA
\n H\u00fccrede bir\u00e7ok hayatsal olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir. Yar\u0131 kolloidal (yar\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131) bir yap\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. i\u00e7inde organeller, su, proteinler, ya\u011flar, karbonhidratlar, tuzlar, vitaminler, hormonlar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli iyonlar bulunur.
\n2. H\u00dcCRE ORGANELLER\u0130
\n H\u00fccrede metabolik olaylar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00f6zel yap\u0131lara organel denir.
\n 1) Endopl\u00e2zmik retikulum: H\u00fccre zar\u0131 ile \u00e7ekirdek aras\u0131nda uzanan ve h\u00fccreyi a\u011f gibi kaplam\u0131\u015f kanalc\u0131k sistemidir. Hayvan h\u00fccrelerine \u015fekil verir. H\u00fccre i\u00e7inde madde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve depolanmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini yapar.
\n \u00dczerinde ribozom olanlara gran\u00fcll\u00fc, ribozom olmayanlara gran\u00fcls\u00fcz E.R. ad\u0131 verilir. Protein sentezinin \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu h\u00fccrelerde gran\u00fcll\u00fc, ya\u011f sentezinin \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu h\u00fccrelerde gran\u00fcls\u00fcz E.R. fazla oranda bulunur. Ayr\u0131ca golgi ve lizozom organellerini olu\u015fturabilirler. E.R. h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden \u00f6nce eriyerek kaybolur, sonra yeniden olu\u015fur.
\n 2) Golgi Ayg\u0131t\u0131: Gran\u00fcls\u00fcz E.R.\u2019den olu\u015fur. H\u00fccrelerin salg\u0131 ve paketlemesini sa\u011flar. Salg\u0131 yapan h\u00fccrelerde bol bulunur. \u00d6rne\u011fin; t\u00fckr\u00fck bezi ve s\u00fct bezlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Ribozomda sentezlenen proteinler \u00f6nce E.R. ye, sonra golgiye ge\u00e7erek paketlenir.
\n H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki glikolipid ve glikoproteinlere son \u015feklini verir. H\u00fccre \u00e7eperinin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan sel\u00fclozu \u00fcretir. Lizozom organellerini olu\u015fturur.
\n 3) Lizozom: Tek katl\u0131 zarla \u00e7evrilidir. i\u00e7inde sindirim enzimleri bulunur. Endositozla al\u0131nan veya h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde bulunan kompleks molek\u00fclleri sindirir.
\n H\u00fccrede ya\u015flanm\u0131\u015f organelleri ve zararl\u0131 maddeleri yok eder. Akyuvarlarda al\u0131nan mikroplar\u0131 par\u00e7alar.
\n Herhangi bir sebepten dolay\u0131, lizozomun zar\u0131 y\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131rsa, h\u00fccrenin kendi kendini sindirmesine neden olur, buna otoliz denir. Dokulardaki ya\u015fl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerin ortadan kalkmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131, kurba\u011fa embriyosunun kuyru\u011funun kopmas\u0131, insan embriyosunun parmak aras\u0131 perdelerin y\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 otolizle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan lizozomlara fitolizozom denir.
\n 4) Ribozom: Protein sentezinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir. \u00c7ekirdek\u00e7ikte \u00fcretilir. Protein sentezledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde bulunur.
\n Yap\u0131s\u0131nda % 60 RNA ve % 40 protein bulunur. iki alt birimden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Protein, enzim ve hormon sentezi olan h\u00fccrelerde \u00e7ok bulunur. Protein sentezi h\u0131zl\u0131 olan h\u00fccrelerde yan yana dizilerek polizomlar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.
\n Bulundu\u011fu yerler; \u00c7ekirdek d\u0131\u015f zar\u0131, Gran\u00fcll\u00fc E.R. \u00fczerinde, Mitokondri ve Kloroplast s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131nda ve Sitopl\u00e2zmada serbest halde.
\n 5) Sentrozom: Hayvan h\u00fccrelerinde bulunur. Birbirine dik iki sentriolden olu\u015fur. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fi zaman kendini e\u015fler. Zars\u0131z olup etraf\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir s\u0131v\u0131 vard\u0131r. Her bir sentriol 3\u2019er t\u00fcpten meydana gelen 9 protein lifinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00e7izgili kas h\u00fccrelerinde, n\u00f6ron g\u00f6vdesinde, olgun yumurta h\u00fccresinde bulunmaz.
\n Hayvan h\u00fccrelerinde kromozom tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kutuplara \u00e7ekilmesini sa\u011flayan i\u011f ipliklerini olu\u015fturur. Ayr\u0131ca sentrozom, sil ,kam\u00e7\u0131 ve sperm h\u00fccrelerinin kuyruklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda g\u00f6rev al\u0131r.
\n 6) Koful nedir: Tek h\u00fccrelilerde bo\u015falt\u0131m organelidir. \u00c7ok h\u00fccrelilerde ise art\u0131k maddelerin, besinlerin veya fazla suyun depo edildi\u011fi yerdir. E.R.\u2019den, golgiden, h\u00fccre zar\u0131 ve \u00e7ekirdek zar\u0131ndan olu\u015fabilir. Kofullar bitkilerde art\u0131k maddelerin depolanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev al\u0131r.
\n Tatl\u0131 suda ya\u015fayan tek h\u00fccrelilerde bulunan kontraktil kofullar fazla suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. Bu olayda enerji harcan\u0131r. Kofular g\u00f6revlerine g\u00f6re isimlendirilir; besin kofulu, sindirim kofulu, bo\u015falt\u0131m kofulu ve depo koful.
\n Kofullar gen\u00e7 bitki h\u00fccrelerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ya\u015fl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck ve azd\u0131r. Hatta bazen h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7ini tamamen doldurabilir. Hayvan h\u00fccrelerinde ise kofullar az ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n 7) Mitokondri nedir: H\u00fccrede enerji (ATP) \u00fcretimini sa\u011flayan merkezdir. Say\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fccrenin enerji ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. \u00c7izgili kas, sinir, kalp ve karaci\u011fer h\u00fccrelerinde mitokondri fazlad\u0131r.
\n D\u0131\u015f zar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn, i\u00e7 zar\u0131 ise k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Yani, i\u00e7 zar\u0131 matrix i\u00e7ine do\u011fru uzam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece y\u00fczey artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu uzant\u0131lara krista denir. Mitokondri i\u00e7indeki s\u0131v\u0131ya matrix denir.
\n Kendine ait DNA, RNA ve ribozomu vard\u0131r. Gerekti\u011finde \u00e7o\u011falabilir. i\u00e7 zar \u00fczerinde ETS ta\u015f\u0131r. Gerekti\u011fi zaman b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir, b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilir ve kendisi i\u00e7in gerekli baz\u0131 proteinleri sentezleyebilir.
\n O2\u2019li solunum, h\u00fccre sitopl\u00e2zmas\u0131nda ba\u015flay\u0131p mitokondride devam etmekte ve a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji ATP \u015feklinde depolanmaktad\u0131r.
\n NOT: Bakterilerde mesozom mitokondrinin g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.
\nPlastitler: Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan yap\u0131lard\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erisinde renk veren pigmentler bulunur. \u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fittir. I\u015f\u0131k, kimyasal madde, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve pH etkisi ile birbirine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilirler.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, Domates \u00f6nce renksiz, sonra ye\u015fil ve en son olarak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renge Kloroplast Kromoplast) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. (L\u00f6koplast
\n a. Kloroplast nedir: Fotosentez olay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi organeldir. En fazla, yapra\u011f\u0131n mezofil tabakas\u0131nda bulunur. Kendine ait DNA, RNA ve ribozomlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Gerekti\u011finde h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011falabilirler.
\n \u00c7ift zarl\u0131d\u0131r. i\u00e7indeki lamelli yap\u0131lara grana denir. Burada fotosentezin \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 devre reaksiyonlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Granalar\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131 dolduran s\u0131v\u0131ya da stroma denir. Karanl\u0131k devre reaksiyonlar\u0131 da burada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Granalar\u0131n lamelleri aras\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 so\u011furan ve ye\u015fil rengi veren klorofil pigmenti bulunur. Klorofil \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisini emerek kimyasal enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n Fotosentezde g\u00f6rev alan ETS elemanlar\u0131 kloroplast\u0131n granas\u0131nda bulunur.
\n Fotosentetik bakterilerde kloroplast olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, klorofil pigmenti sitopl\u00e2zma i\u00e7inde tanecikler halinde bulunur.
\n b. Kromoplast nedir: Bitkilerde turuncu (karoten) , sar\u0131 (ksantofil), k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 (likopin) renkleri olu\u015fturan pigmentleri ta\u015f\u0131r. Bitkilerdeki di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok renk de koful \u00f6zsuyunun asitlik ve bazl\u0131k (pH) durumuna g\u00f6re renk de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen antokyan maddeleri taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulur.
\n Meyve ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklere renk verirler. I\u015f\u0131k enerjisini absorbe edebilirler. Fakat bu enerjiyi kloroplastlara aktar\u0131rlar.
\n c. L\u00f6koplast: Renksizdir. Bitkinin \u0131\u015f\u0131k almayan b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunur. I\u015f\u0131k etkisi ile kloroplasta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Genelde k\u00f6k, g\u00f6vde, meyve ve tohumlarda yo\u011fun olarak bulunur. Ni\u015fasta, ya\u011f ve protein depolar.
\nIII. \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK nedir
\n Prokaryot h\u00fccreler ve memeli alyuvarlar\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00d6karyot h\u00fccrelerde bulunur. Bir \u00e7ok h\u00fccrede bir tanedir. \u00c7izgili kas h\u00fccrelerinde birden fazla bulunabilmektedir.
\n \u00c7ekirde\u011fin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131:
\n a. \u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131: \u00c7ekirde\u011fin etraf\u0131n\u0131 saran ve E.R.\u2019nin devam\u0131 olan \u00e7ift katl\u0131 bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f zar \u00fczerinde ribozom organeli bulunabilir. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fi zaman kaybolur. H\u00fccre zar\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011findedir. \u00dczerindeki porlardan makro molek\u00fcller ge\u00e7ebilir. \u00c7ift katl\u0131 zara sahiptir. Kal\u0131t\u0131m materyalinin sitoplazmaya da\u011f\u0131larak bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.
\n b. \u00c7ekirdek\u00e7ik: Ribozomun \u00fcretildi\u011fi yerdir. Yap\u0131s\u0131nda bol miktarda RNA ve protein bulunur. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrken kaybolur, sonra yeniden olu\u015fur. Baz\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde 2 tane bulunabilir.
\n c. \u00c7ekirdek \u00f6zsuyu: Sitoplazma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131yla ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliktedir. Su, n\u00fckleotid, RNA, ATP, mineral ve enzim ta\u015f\u0131r. Sitopl\u00e2zmaya g\u00f6re ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n d. Kromatin iplikler: \u00c7ekirde\u011fin en \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnece\u011fi zaman k\u0131sal\u0131p kal\u0131nla\u015farak kromozomlar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kendine ait kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, insanlarda 46 kromozom bulunur. Kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 olan canl\u0131lar ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden olmayabilir. \u00d6nemli olan, canl\u0131lar\u0131n gen yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n benzerli\u011fidir. Kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 canl\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi ile ilgili de\u011fildir. Kromozomlar; DNA ve proteinden olu\u015fur.
\n E\u015flenmi\u015f kromatidleri bir arada tutan ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131na sentromer denir. Kromozomlar h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinde i\u011f ipliklerine bu k\u0131s\u0131mdan ba\u011flan\u0131r. E\u015feyli \u00fcreyen canl\u0131larda kromozomlar \u00e7iftler halinde bulunur. Bunlara homolog kromozom \u00e7ifti denir. Homolog kromozomlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ayn\u0131 karakter \u00fczerinde etkilidir. Bu canl\u0131lara diploid (2n) canl\u0131 denir. Kromozomlar tek tek bulunuyorsa bu canl\u0131lara haploid (n) canl\u0131 denir.
\n\u00c7ekirde\u011fin g\u00f6revleri;
\n 1. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini kontrol eder. Bu sayede kal\u0131tsal karakterleri yeni h\u00fccrelere aktar\u0131r.
\n 2. Protein sentezi yapt\u0131rarak h\u00fccre metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder.
\n \u00c7ekirde\u011fin g\u00f6revleriyle ilgili baz\u0131 deneyler;
\n Amip deneyi; \u00c7ekirde\u011fin y\u00f6neticili\u011fi
\n Acetabularia deneyi; \u00c7ekirde\u011fin kal\u0131tsall\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Acetabularia, tek h\u00fccreli makroskobik su yosunudur.
\n Bitki H\u00fccresi Hayvan H\u00fccresi
\n \u2013 \u00c7eper ta\u015f\u0131r (sel\u00fclozik) \u2013 \u00c7eper ta\u015f\u0131maz
\n \u2013 Fitolizozom ta\u015f\u0131r \u2013 Lizozom ta\u015f\u0131r
\n \u2013 Plastid vard\u0131r \u2013 Plastid yoktur
\n \u2013 Sentrozom yoktur \u2013 Sentrozom vard\u0131r
\n \u2013 Kofullar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u2013 Kofullar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck
\n \u2013 Depo besin ni\u015fasta \u2013 Depo besin glikojen
\n \u2013 Endositoz g\u00f6r\u00fclmez \u2013 Endositoz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\n \u2013 Sitopl\u00e2zma ara lamel ile \u2013 Sitopl\u00e2zma bo\u011fumlanarak
\n b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr
\n \u2013 \u015eekli genelde k\u00f6\u015felidir \u2013 \u015eekli genelde ovaldir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 ve g\u00f6rev birimine h\u00fccre denir. H\u00fccre kavram\u0131 ilk kez Robert Hooke taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fccre Teorisi nedir 1. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. 2. H\u00fccreler daha \u00f6nce var olan h\u00fccrelerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle olu\u015fur. 3. Canl\u0131lar, tek, koloni ya da \u00e7ok h\u00fccrelidir. 4. Canl\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131t\u0131m materyali h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde bulunur. \u00c7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda h\u00fccreler …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[5656,7957,7956,2531,7960,2465,2533,7795,7961,2466,7959,7958,2283,2483],"class_list":["post-3478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-endoplazmik-retikulum","tag-hucre-teorisi-nedir","tag-hucre-teorisi-ve-hucrenin-yapisi","tag-hucre-zari","tag-hucre-zarinin-gorevleri","tag-kloroplast","tag-lizozom","tag-mesozom","tag-mikrovillus","tag-mitokondri","tag-okaryot-hucre-nedir","tag-prokaryot-hucre-nedir","tag-ribozom","tag-sitoplazma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3478"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3478\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}