CANLILARIN SINIFLANDIRILMASI<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyam\u0131zda ya\u015famakta olan canl\u0131lar incelenirse \u00f6zelliklerinin \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenir.Bu farklara ra\u011fmen bu canl\u0131lar\u0131 derece derece ve birbirlerine benzeyenleri bir araya toplayarak grupland\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Canl\u0131lar\u0131n benzerliklerine g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma (sistematik) denir.Hayvanlar ve bitkiler belirli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SINIFLANDIRMA S\u0130STEM\u0130N\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar; monera, protista, fungi, bitki ve hayvan olmak \u00fczere g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck organizmalardan dev a\u011fa\u00e7lara ve binalara kadar bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterirler.Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck hayat \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini tan\u0131yabilmek i\u00e7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplara ay\u0131rmak gerekir.Biyologlar d\u00fcnyadaki canl\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmam\u0131\u015f olsalard\u0131, bu kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli olan canl\u0131lara ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n amac\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131 bir sistemati\u011fe oturtmak ve tabiat\u0131 daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131labilir hale getirmektir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmay\u0131 Yunan Filozofu Aristoteles (m.\u00f6.383-322) yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Aristoteles bitkileri otlar, \u00e7al\u0131lar, a\u011fa\u00e7lar; hayvanlar\u0131 ise ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yere g\u00f6re karada, suda ve havada ya\u015fayanlar \u015feklinde grupland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Aristoteles\u2019i n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen ve morfolojik \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmada, canl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin yarasan\u0131n kanatlar\u0131na bakarak onu ku\u015flar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.Yarasa b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri ile bir memeli hayvand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, canl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir veya birka\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131rsa \u2018suni s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma\u2019 (yapay s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma) ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Aristo\u2019nun yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yapay s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Buna ampirik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma da denir. <\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, canl\u0131lar\u0131n akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkilerine g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmada canl\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulur.Bu \u00e7e\u015fit s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya \u2018tabii s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma\u2019 (do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma) denir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma bilimsel olan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131r.Buna filogenetik sistematik da denir.<\/p>\n
Bir canl\u0131y\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn evrim sistemati\u011fine ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi geli\u015fmelere filogeni (soy olu\u015f), embriyo d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmelere ontogeni (birey olu\u015f) denir.<\/p>\n
SINIFLANDIRMA B\u0130R\u0130MLER\u0130<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimi t\u00fcr d\u00fcr.S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada t\u00fcr kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk kuran ki\u015fi John Ray d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr ortak bir atadan gelem,yap\u0131 g\u00f6rev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ortak \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan, kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7iftle\u015ferek verimli d\u00f6ller meydana getirebilen bireylerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu topluluktur. Sistematikte her t\u00fcr iki isimle adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.Bu iki isimden 1. si canl\u0131n\u0131n cinsini 2. si tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini belirtir.Her t\u00fcr\u00fcn iki isimle adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ilk kez Carolus Linnaeus taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrlerden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar da vard\u0131r.Bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla cins, familya, tak\u0131m, s\u0131n\u0131f, \u015fube ve alem dir. Birbirlerine \u00e7ok benzeyen yak\u0131n t\u00fcrlerin grupla\u015fmas\u0131yla cinsler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.\u00d6rne\u011fin kedi, aslan ve kaplan t\u00fcrleri \u2018felis\u2019 cins ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Felis domesticus :Kedi
\nFelis leo :Aslan
\nFelis tigris :Kaplan<\/p>\n
Her t\u00fcr kendi cinsiyle belirtilir.Bu kural b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6ylece kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00f6nlenir.Cinslerin ortak karakterlerine g\u00f6re grupla\u015fmas\u0131na familyalar meydana gelir.Benzer familyalar tak\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.Benzer tak\u0131mlar\u0131n grupla\u015fmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131flar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n bir araya gelmesiyle \u015fubeler, \u015fubelerin bir arya gelmesiyle alem meydana gelir. <\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada birimler b\u00fcy\u00fckten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e, birimin kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birey say\u0131s\u0131 artar, aralar\u0131ndaki benzerlik azal\u0131r.B\u00fcy\u00fck biriden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birime do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e birey say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131r, benzerlik artar.<\/p>\n
B\u0130L\u0130MSEL SINIFLANDIRMANIN DAYANDIGI TEMELLER<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ge\u00e7erli olan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma filogenetik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak bir atas\u0131 vard\u0131r.Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmesi i\u00e7in akrabal\u0131k derecelerinin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekir.Akrabal\u0131k derecelerinin belirlenmesinde baz\u0131 temel kurallar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1) Homolog Organlar: Yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve geli\u015fimleri birbirlerine benzeyen fakat farkl\u0131 g\u00f6revleri olan organlara homolog organlar denir.\u00d6rne\u011fin fok bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n y\u00fczgeci, yarasan\u0131n kanad\u0131, kedinin pen\u00e7esi, at\u0131n \u00f6n baca\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131n eli homolog organlard\u0131r.bunlar\u0131 her biri yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ayn\u0131 say\u0131da kemik, kas, sinir ve kan damarlar\u0131na sahiptir.Ayn\u0131 plana g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve ayn\u0131 geli\u015fme bi\u00e7imine sahiptir.homolog organlar canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak bir atadan geldi\u011finin kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 organlar ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten gelmedikleri halde, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6rev ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu organlara anolog organlar denir.Ku\u015f ve b\u00f6cek kanatlar\u0131 analog organlard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2) Embriyolojik Benzerlik: Canl\u0131lar\u0131n embriyo d\u00f6nemlerinde ge\u00e7irdikleri evreler ve farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar birbirine \u00e7ok benziyorsa bu canl\u0131lar yak\u0131n akrabad\u0131r.Omurgal\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n embriyolar\u0131n\u0131n ilk evreleri \u00e7ok belirgin bir benzerlik g\u00f6sterir.\u0130lk evrede bal\u0131k ve domuz embriyosunu ay\u0131rmak \u00e7ok zordur.<\/p>\n
3)Biyokimyasal Benzerlik: \u00c7e\u015fitli hayvanlar\u0131n plazma proteinleri aras\u0131ndaki benzerlik derecelerinin antijen-antikor tekni\u011fi ile denenir.<\/p>\n
Her hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kan i\u00e7eri\u011fi kendine \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir protein bile\u015fimine sahiptir.yak\u0131n akraba olan canl\u0131lar\u0131n plazma proteinlerinin benzerli\u011fi daha fazad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlarda h\u00fccrenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve kal\u0131t\u0131m fakt\u00f6rlerinin d\u00f6lden d\u00f6le ge\u00e7mesi kromozomlar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilir.B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda kromozomlar\u0131n kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 DNA (deoksiribon\u00fckleik asit) meydana getirir.Akrabal\u0131k derecesi yak\u0131n olan canl\u0131lar\u0131n DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n baz dizilimlerinin benzerli\u011fi de artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hayvanlar, protein metabolizmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan azotlu art\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcre, \u00fcrik asit ve amonyak \u015feklinde idrarla vicuttan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir.
\nS\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmada canl\u0131lar\u0131n idrarlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimi de dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Memeli canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda sindirim i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 veya benzer enzimler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Bu olaylar canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak bir k\u00f6kten geldi\u011finin kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bunlar ba\u015fka yumurta tiplerinin benzerli\u011fi, organizmalar\u0131n simetri \u015fekilleri anatomik yap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki benzerlikler gibi \u00f6zellikler de do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
CANLILARIN SINIFLANDIRILMASI D\u00fcnyam\u0131zda ya\u015famakta olan canl\u0131lar incelenirse \u00f6zelliklerinin \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenir.Bu farklara ra\u011fmen bu canl\u0131lar\u0131 derece derece ve birbirlerine benzeyenleri bir araya toplayarak grupland\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Canl\u0131lar\u0131n benzerliklerine g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma (sistematik) denir.Hayvanlar ve bitkiler belirli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. SINIFLANDIRMA S\u0130STEM\u0130N\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 Canl\u0131lar; monera, protista, fungi, bitki ve hayvan olmak \u00fczere g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4483,4482,5938,6336,6262,7963,7964,7965,6126,6500,7962,2303,2554,6618],"class_list":["post-3480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-bitki","tag-biyokimya","tag-biyolog","tag-canlilarin-siniflandirilmasi","tag-embriyoloji","tag-felis-domesticus","tag-felis-leo","tag-felis-tigris","tag-fungi","tag-monera","tag-ontogeni","tag-protein","tag-protista","tag-sistematik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3480"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3480\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}