ENDOKR\u0130N BEZLER VE HORMONAL D\u00dcZENLEME<\/p>\n
Endokrin sistem endokrin bez ad\u0131 verilen i\u00e7 salg\u0131 bezlerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu bezlerin salg\u0131s\u0131na(\u00fcretti\u011fi s\u0131v\u0131ya) hormon denir. \u00dcretilen hormonlar direkt kana verilir ve kon yoluyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi organa yani hedef organa ula\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131 hormonlar i\u00e7in hedef organ t\u00fcm v\u00fccut olurken baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in de belirli organlar hedef organ olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin; hipofizden salg\u0131lanan STH(b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu) ve tiroit bezinden salg\u0131lanan tiroksin hormonu i\u00e7in hedef organ t\u00fcm v\u00fccuttur fakat yine hipofiz bezinin bir salg\u0131s\u0131 olan ACTH(adrenokortikotropin) hormonu i\u00e7in sadece b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc bezler,ince ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan salg\u0131lanan sekretin hormonu i\u00e7in pankreas gastrin hormonu i\u00e7in de mide bezleri hedef organlard\u0131r. Hedef organlarda hormonlar\u0131 tan\u0131yacak ve alg\u0131layacak \u00f6zel alma\u00e7lar vard\u0131r. Hormonlar\u0131n as\u0131l g\u00f6revi organlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek v\u00fccut i\u00e7i dengeyi(HOMEOSTAS\u0130S) sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Hormonal sisteme bitkilerde ve hayvanlarda rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hormonlar \u00e7ok etkili maddeler olup v\u00fccuttaki normal oranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fmesi bile dengeyi bozar. Baz\u0131 hormonlar l\u00e2boratuar ortam\u0131nda yapay(sentetik) olarak \u00fcretilebilir. \u0130ns\u00fclin hormonu buna en iyi \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n
A-B\u0130TK\u0130SEL HORMONLAR
\n Bitkilerdeki hormon sistemi hayvanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak bez yerine belirli b\u00f6lgelerde \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flemektedir. Hayvanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi h\u00fccrelerde \u00fcretilen hormonlar hedef organa ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Bu hormonlar bitkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini,geli\u015fmesini,farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarken yaralar\u0131nda iyile\u015fmesinde etkilidir. Bitkisel hormonlar\u0131 ikiye ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
\n1-B\u0130TK\u0130 B\u00dcY\u00dcMES\u0130N\u0130 TE\u015eV\u0130K EDENLER:
\n a-OKS\u0130N: Bitkilerde ke\u015ffedilen ilk hormondur. \u0130lk defa darwin taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015f fakat kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 went taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yapay \u00fcretilen oksin hormonu tarlalarda yabani otlar\u0131n yok edilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kimyasal ismi indol asetik asittir(IAA). En fazla g\u00f6vde ve k\u00f6k u\u00e7lar\u0131nda salg\u0131lan\u0131r. Oksin hormonunu bitkiler \u00fczerinde bir \u00e7ok etkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar:
\n Meristematik b\u00fcy\u00fcme
\n H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rma
\n Ksilem demet geli\u015fimi
\n \u00c7i\u00e7ek geli\u015fimi
\n Meyva geli\u015fimi
\n K\u00f6klerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 filizlerin yukar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini sa\u011flama
\n Bitkinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelmesini sa\u011flama
\n D\u00f6llenmi\u015f \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesini engelleme
\n Fazla salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi durdurma
\n Az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda yapraklar\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi
\nb-S\u0130TOK\u0130N\u0130N: k\u00f6klerde \u00fcretilen sitokinin ksilem(odun-cans\u0131z) borular\u0131 sayesinde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u0130lk defa gen\u00e7 bitkilerin embriyo ve tohumunda bulunmu\u015ftur. Etkileri \u015funlar\u0131d\u0131r:
\n B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve tohum olu\u015fturma
\n Tomurcuk geli\u015ftirme
\n H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flama
\n Yapraklar\u0131n erken d\u00f6k\u00fclmesini engelleme
\n Yapraklar\u0131n ye\u015fil kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama
\n \u00c7imlenmeyi geciktirme
\nc-G\u0130BERELL\u0130N:1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda bu hormon pirin\u00e7lerde giberalla fujikurol adl\u0131 mantar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131k incelenirken bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu hormon ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenen 58 tane hormon benzeri yap\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Etkileri \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n G\u00f6vde uzamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama
\n H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve floem h\u00fccrelerinin farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama
\n Tohumu \u00e7imlendirme
\n \u00c7i\u00e7eklenmeyi sa\u011flama
\n \u00c7ekirdeksiz meyva olu\u015fturma
\n2-B\u0130TK\u0130 B\u00dcY\u00dcMES\u0130N\u0130 ENGELLEYENLER:
\na-ABS\u0130S\u0130K AS\u0130T(ABA): Olgun yaprak h\u00fccrelerinde
\n \u00fcretilir. \u00c7evreden gelen etkilere tepki olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in stres hormonu ad\u0131 da verilir. Etkileri \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n Uzun s\u00fcren susuzluk zaman\u0131 stomalar\u0131 kapat\u0131r ve terlemeyi azalt\u0131r.
\n H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini durdurur.
\n Tohumun \u00e7imlenmesini engeller.
\n Tomurcuk k\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturarak bitkiyi kurumaktan korur.
\nb-ET\u0130LEN:Kimyasal yap\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en basit bitkisel hormondur. Di\u011fer hormonlar s\u0131v\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde etilen gaz fazdad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden sadece \u00fcretildi\u011fi bitkiyi de\u011fil di\u011fer bitkileri de etkiler. Etkileri \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n Oksin hormonu miktar\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman daha fazla \u00fcretilmesini engeller. B\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi durdurur.
\n Meyva olgunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n Meyvada bulunan ni\u015fasta ve asitlerin \u015fekere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flar.
\n H\u00fccre duvar\u0131ndaki pektin maddesini y\u0131karak meyvan\u0131n yumu\u015famas\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n
\u0130NSANDA ENDOKR\u0130N BEZLER VE HORMONLAR<\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlarda endokrin sistemi olu\u015fturan belli ba\u015fl\u0131 endokrin bezler \u015funlar\u0131d\u0131r. Hipotalamus,hipofiz,tiroit,paratiroit, pankreas,b\u00f6brek\u00fcst\u00fc bezleri<\/p>\n
1-H\u0130POTALAMUS:<\/p>\n
\u00d6n beyinin ara beyin k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan sinir h\u00fccreleri ile glia h\u00fccrelerinden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu salg\u0131lar ile hipofiz bezini uyar\u0131r ve v\u00fccut i\u00e7i dengeyi sa\u011flar. V\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131,kan bas\u0131nc\u0131,e\u015feysel duygular\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131,su ve uyku dengesi g\u00f6revlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131lar\u0131 kan ve sinir h\u00fccresi yolu ile hipofize g\u00f6nderir. Kan yolu ile \u00f6n loba sinir h\u00fccresi yolu ile de arka loba hormon g\u00f6nderir. Hipotalamus taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen ve hipofizi uyararak hormon salg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan hormonlara releasing hormon(RH) denir. ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r.
\nB\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu salg\u0131latan hormon:GRH
\nKortikortopin hormonu salg\u0131latan hormon:CRH
\nTiroksin hormonu salg\u0131latan hormon:TRH
\n\u00dcreme(LH-LTH-FSH-GRH) hormonu salg\u0131latan hormon:GnRH
\n2-H\u0130POF\u0130Z BEZ\u0130:<\/p>\n
Hipotalamus bir sapla ba\u011fl\u0131 10 13 mm boyutlar\u0131nda ve 500-600 mg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pembe renkli nohut b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir bezdir. Salg\u0131lar\u0131 hem v\u00fccuttaki bir \u00e7ok olay\u0131 d\u00fczenler hem de di\u011fer bezleri denetler. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 tane hormon salg\u0131lar. \u00d6n,orta ve arka lob olmak \u00fczere 3 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur.
\na-\u00d6N LOB:\u0130ki tip hormon salg\u0131lar
\na-1-TROP\u0130N HORMONLARI:Bu hormonlar di\u011fer bezleri uyar\u0131rlar.
\na-1-1.T\u0130ROT\u0130ROP\u0130N:Tiroit bezinden tiroksin hormonu salg\u0131lat\u0131r.
\na-1-2:ADRENOKORT\u0130KTROP\u0130N:b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc bezlerin kabuk k\u0131sm\u0131ndan hormon salg\u0131lat\u0131r.
\na-1-3:GONADOTROP\u0130N:\u00dcreme organlar\u0131ndaki bezlerden hormon(FSH-LH-LTH) salg\u0131lat\u0131r.
\na-2:B\u00dcY\u00dcME HORMONU(STH):Somatropin ad\u0131 verilen bu hormon kemik ve v\u00fccut b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini sa\u011flar. Protein sentezini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r ve geri y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Enerji i\u00e7in glikoz yerine ya\u011f y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve kandaki glikoz miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminde az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 c\u00fcceli\u011fe,fazla salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 da devli\u011fe(gigantism)sebep olur. Geli\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan sonra \u00e7ok salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 anormal b\u00fcy\u00fcmelere(akromegali) sebep olur.
\nb-ORTA LOB: sadece fet\u00fcslerde bulunan bir loptur. Salg\u0131s\u0131na MSH(melenosit stimule hormon) denir ve derideki renk pigmentleri i\u00e7eren melenosit h\u00fccrelerini uyar\u0131r. Deride renk olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flar. Renk maddesi ortaya toplan\u0131rsa a\u00e7\u0131k ,da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rsa koyu renkli deri olu\u015fur. As\u0131l etkisini ku\u015flar,s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve kurba\u011falarda g\u00f6steren MSH \u2018\u0131n memelilerdeki etkisi kesinlik kazanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nc-ARKA LOP:Bu lop hipotalamus ile do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Sinir h\u00fccrelerinden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Sinir h\u00fccrelerinin g\u00f6vdesi hipotalamusta aksonlar\u0131 da hipofizin bu lopundad\u0131r. Hipotalamustan sal\u0131nan iki hormon sinir yoluyla hipofizin bu lopuna buradan da kan yoluyla hedef organa ula\u015f\u0131r.
\nc-1-ANT\u0130D\u0130\u00dcRET\u0130K HORMON(VASOPRESS\u0130N-ADH):Bu hormonun as\u0131l g\u00f6revi b\u00f6breklerden suyun geri emilimini sa\u011flayarak v\u00fccutta su dengesini ayarlamakt\u0131r. Yetersiz salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 v\u00fccutta su kayb\u0131na sebep olur. G\u00fcnde 30-40 litre su idrar yoluyla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r ve hastalar s\u00fcrekli susuzluk \u00e7ekerler. Buna \u015fekersiz \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcz kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla atardamarlarda kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine sebep olur.
\nc-2-OKS\u0130TOS\u0130No\u011fum esnas\u0131nda d\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131 kaslar\u0131n\u0131 kasarak do\u011fuma yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fct salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda da etkili bir hormondur.
\n3-T\u0130RO\u0130T BEZ\u0130:Boyunda bulunan bu bez g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131n hemen alt\u0131nda 2 loptan olu\u015fmu\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 gram a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fcre \u015feklinde i\u00e7i jelatinimsi bir s\u0131v\u0131 ile dolu k\u0131lcal damar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden en zengin k\u00fcbik epitel h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015f bir bezdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn omurgal\u0131larda bulunur. Yaln\u0131z memeliler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki canl\u0131larda tek loptan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130ki tane hormon \u00fcreten bu bez \u00fczerinde yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k halde paratiroit bezi bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\na-T\u0130ROKS\u0130N:\u0130yot\u00e7a zengin protein yap\u0131da bir hormondur. Sentetik yolla da \u00fcretilebilir. Bu hormon v\u00fccutta enerji t\u00fcketimini d\u00fczenler. Yani h\u00fccrelerin kullanaca\u011f\u0131 oksijen miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. K\u0131sacas\u0131 metabolizmay\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi sa\u011flar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 kretenizm(ahmakl\u0131k) denilen bir hastal\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Erginde az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda ise miksodema denilen hastal\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu hastal\u0131k sonucu metabolizma yava\u015flar,uyu\u015fukluk g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr,v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer ve sa\u00e7lar d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Besin y\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kilolar artar. Gen\u00e7 memeli canl\u0131lardaki tiroit bezi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131rsa metabolizma yava\u015flar, beyin i\u015flevi d\u00fczensizle\u015fir.,b\u00fcy\u00fcme durur,kemikle\u015fme gecikir hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcr. E\u011fer ergin bir insanda tiroit \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak fazla miktarda tiroksin hormonu \u00fcretirse metabolizma h\u0131z\u0131 y\u00fckselir ve i\u00e7 guatr hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortay \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu ki\u015filerde kalp daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r,v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ve solunum h\u0131z\u0131 artar g\u00f6zler yukar\u0131 do\u011fru f\u0131rlar. Tiroksin yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki en etkin atom iyot(I) atomudur. \u0130yot eksikli\u011fi tiroksin hormonunun az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tiroit uyar\u0131c\u0131 hormon olan tirotiropininin \u00e7ok salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na sebep olur. Bunun sonucunda tiroit bezi 3 kg\u2019a kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcr ve \u015fi\u015fer. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa guatr hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. \u00d6zellikle iyot y\u00f6n\u00fcnden fakir g\u0131dalarla beslenen insanlarda daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130yot en fazla deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde,bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131nda ve sar\u0131msakta az da olsa so\u011fan ,turp ve limonda bulunur.
\nb-CALS\u0130TON\u0130N:Bu hormon paratiroit bezinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 parathormonu ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak v\u00fccudun Ca-P miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Calsitonin hormonu kandaki Ca elementinin kemiklere ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Eksikli\u011finde kemiklerde zay\u0131flama g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n4-PARAT\u0130RO\u0130T BEZ\u0130:Paratiroit bezleri tiroit bezi i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f 4 tane bezden olu\u015fmu\u015f bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131lar\u0131 art\u0131p azabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri mercimek tanesi ile nohut tanesi aras\u0131nda olabilir. Tiroit bezi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir canl\u0131n\u0131n paratiroit bezi de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Parathormonu ad\u0131nda bir hormon salg\u0131lar.
\nPARATHORMONU:Bu hormonun salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 di\u011fer bezlerin(hipofiz ve hipotalamus gibi\u2026) etkisi olmadan kandaki Ca miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlan\u0131r. Bu hormon kanda Ca miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kemik h\u00fccrelerine etki ederek (osteosit-osteoklast) kemikten kana Ca ge\u00e7i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Ca artarken fosfat(P) azal\u0131r. Bu hormonun fazla \u00fcretilmesine hiperparatirodizm denir ve kemik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da kem,k k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur. Az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na da hipoparatirodizm denir, sinir hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve ani kas kas\u0131lmalar\u0131na (tetani) sebep olur. Paratiroit bezi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan canl\u0131 tedavi edilmez ise \u00f6l\u00fcr.
\n5-PANKREAS BEZ\u0130:Midenin alt ve arka taraf\u0131nda pembe renkli ,yaprak \u015feklinde karma bir bezdir. D\u0131\u015f salg\u0131 bezi olarak sindirim enzimleri salg\u0131lar ve 12 parmak ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 salg\u0131 bezi olarak ins\u00fclin ve glukagon hormonu salg\u0131layarak kana bo\u015falt\u0131r. Pankreasta hormonlar langerhans adac\u0131klar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilir. Langerhans adac\u0131klar\u0131nda alfa(..)ve beta(\u2026) h\u00fccreleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Alfa h\u00fccreleri glukagon beta h\u00fccreleri de ins\u00fclin hormonu \u00fcretmektedir. Bu hormonlar kandaki \u015feker(glikoz) miktar\u0131n\u0131 ayarlarlar. \u0130ns\u00fclin hormonu kandaki \u015fekerin karaci\u011fere,kaslara ve ya\u011f dokusuna ge\u00e7i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rarak \u015feker miktar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131rken,glukagon hormonu da tam tersi olaylar\u0131 yapar. Yani ins\u00fclin hormonu anabolik(sentez) hormon i\u015f yaparken glukagon katabolik (y\u0131k\u0131m) hormonu olarak i\u015f yapar. \u0130ns\u00fclin hormonunun az \u00fcretilmesi kas ve karaci\u011ferdeki \u015fekerin kana ge\u00e7mesine sebep olur. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu artan kan\u0131n ozmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131 artar. B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccrelerdeki su kana ge\u00e7er. Glikozun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamlarda h\u00fccreler enerji ya\u011f ve protein kullanmak zorunda kal\u0131r. Ya\u011f ve proteinlerin \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 asitli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131rken ortamda zehirli madde artmas\u0131na da sebep olur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sinir sisteminde bozukluklar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kana ge\u00e7en glikoz ve su idrarla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden hasta olan insanlar s\u00fcrekli susuzluk ve a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7ekerler. Komaya da girebilir. Komaya giren hastaya damardan \u015firinga ile ins\u00fclin hormonu verilmezse hasta \u00f6l\u00fcr.
\n6-B\u00d6BREK \u00dcST\u00dc(ADRENAL) BEZLER:<\/p>\n
Bu bezler b\u00f6breklerin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131na yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f sar\u0131mt\u0131rak renkli yakla\u015f\u0131k
\n12 mg(her biri) a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan 2 bezden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Her bez iki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. D\u0131\u015f k\u0131sma kabuk(korteks-3 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden meydana gelmi\u015ftir) ,i\u00e7 k\u0131sma da \u00f6z(medulla) denir. D\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131m i\u00e7 k\u0131sma g\u00f6re daha karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131ya sahiptir.
\na-KORTEKS(ADRENAL KORTEKS:Bezin hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Hipofiz bezinden salg\u0131lanan ACTH (adrenokortikotropin) sayesinde bir \u00e7ok hormon salg\u0131lan\u0131r. Bu hormonlar fonksiyonel bak\u0131mdan 3\u2019e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\na-1-GL\u0130KOKORT\u0130KO\u0130DLER:Glikokortikoid hormonlar\u0131 karbonhidrat,ya\u011f ve protein metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Kortizon, kortizol ve kortikosteron hormonlar\u0131 bu gruba girerler. En \u00f6nemlisi kortizol hormonudur. Fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:
\nKan \u015fekerini art\u0131r\u0131r.
\nProtein y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\nGlikoz y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engeller.
\nYa\u011f ve proteinden glikoz yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\nStres \u00f6nler.
\nYara ve iltihaplar\u0131n \u00e7abuk iyile\u015fmesini sa\u011flar.
\na-2-M\u0130NERALOKORT\u0130KO\u0130DLER: V\u00fccutta mineral dengesini ayarlarlar. Bu grubun en \u00f6nemli hormonu aldosterondur. Aldosteron hormonu Na elementinin b\u00f6breklerden geri emilimini dolay\u0131s\u0131yla v\u00fccuttaki NaCl miktar\u0131na ve s\u0131v\u0131 hacme etki eder. Aldosteronun fazla salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 b\u00f6brekten Na\u2019n\u0131n geri emiliminin artmas\u0131na K\u2019n\u0131n idrarla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na ,kan hacmi ve kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na (hipertansiyon) sebep olur. Aldosteronun az salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 kan bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve kan hacminin d\u00fc\u015fmesine,kaslar\u0131n yorulmas\u0131na,deride pigmentle\u015fmenin artmas\u0131na sebep olur. Deride yer yer turuncu renkler olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa addison hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir.
\na-3-E\u015eEY HORMONLARI:Hem di\u015finin hem de erke\u011fin adrenal korteksinden bu hormonlar salg\u0131lan\u0131r. Testosteron hormonu esas olarak testislerden salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen az miktarda da buradan salg\u0131lan\u0131r. Normalden fazla salg\u0131lanan testesteron(androjen) erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u015feysel y\u00f6nden \u00e7abuk geli\u015fmesine di\u015flerin de erkekle\u015fmesine(ikinci cinsiyet karakteri) sebep olur. B\u0131y\u0131k ve sakal \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ses kal\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131,yumurtal\u0131k ve rahimin k\u00f6relmesine sebep olur.
\nb-MEDULLA(\u00d6Z-ADRENAL MEDULLA):Bu k\u0131s\u0131mdan adrenalin (epinefrin) ve n\u00f6radrenalin(n\u00f6repinefrin) olmak \u00fczere 2 tane hormon salg\u0131lan\u0131r. N\u00f6radrenalin(n\u00f6repinefrin) hormonu sinirlerde impuls ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n yan\u0131nda damar daralt\u0131c\u0131 etkiye sahiptir. Bu da kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Adrenalin(epinefrin) kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131,kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 kan glikoz miktar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6z bebeklerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini,t\u00fcylerin diken diken olmas\u0131n\u0131 ,deride k\u0131lcal damarlar\u0131n b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini ve korkudan derinin renginin sararmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n7-E\u015eEYSEL BEZLER:Erkek ve di\u015fi gonadlar\u0131n(ovaryum-testis) as\u0131l g\u00f6revleri \u00fcreme h\u00fccrelerini meydana getirmektir fakat bunun yan\u0131nda endokrin bez olarak g\u00f6rev yaparak e\u015fey hormonlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fcretirler. Bu hormonlar steroid yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Ovaryum ve testislerin hormon salg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 hipofizin folik\u00fcl uyar\u0131c\u0131(FSH) hormonu ile luteinle\u015ftirci(LH) hormonu kontrol eder. Bu hormonlar sayesinde yumurtal\u0131klardan(ovaryum) \u00f6strojen ve progesteron hormonlar\u0131,testislerden de testosteron(androjen) hormonlar\u0131 salg\u0131lan\u0131r.
\na-OVARYUMLAR:Bu bezlerden \u00f6strojen ve progesteron hormonlar\u0131 salg\u0131lan\u0131r.
\na-1-\u00d6STROJEN: Bu hormon hipofizin folik\u00fcl uyar\u0131c\u0131 hormonu(FSH) ile folik\u00fclden salg\u0131lan\u0131r. \u00d6strojen uterusu etkileyerek duvar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nla\u015fms\u0131n\u0131(h\u00fccrelerin mitoz ge\u00e7irmelerini) sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca di\u015fi bireylere ait ikinci(sekonder) cinsiyet karakterlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Gebelik esnas\u0131nda bu hormon plesantadan salg\u0131lan\u0131r.
\na-2-PROGESTERON:Gebeli\u011fe haz\u0131rlanmada \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahip olan bu hormon tekrar yumurta olu\u015fumu engelleyerek menst\u00fcrasyonu d\u00fczenler. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fct salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda da etkilidir.
\nb-TEST\u0130SLER:Erkeklerde sakal ve b\u0131y\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 k\u0131llar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ,sesin kal\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131,kasl\u0131 bir v\u00fccudun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131,\u00fcreme h\u00fccreler,nin geli\u015fmesini ve ikincil(sekonder) karakterin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n8-T\u0130MUS BEZ\u0130:Timus bezi tiroit bezin alt\u0131nda ,g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs bo\u015flu\u011fu i\u00e7inde,soluk borusu \u00fczerinde ve iki par\u00e7al\u0131 bir bezdir. 3 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar yava\u015f yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcr bu ya\u015ftan sonra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndan sonrada bir ya\u011f tabakas\u0131 haline d\u00f6nerek t\u00fcm fonksiyonunu kaybeder. Timus bezi lenfoid bir organd\u0131r ve bol miktarda lenfosit i\u00e7erir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla savunmada \u00e7ok etkili bir bezdir. Antikor \u00fcretmez fakat lenfositlere antikor yapma \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazand\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7ocukluk d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye etki eder.
\n9-EP\u0130F\u0130Z:Bu bezden melatonin ad\u0131nda bir hormon salg\u0131lanarak erginlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na kadar FSH ve LH salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 durdurur. Cinsel olgunla\u015fman\u0131n erken \u00e7a\u011flarda olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ENDOKR\u0130N BEZLER VE HORMONAL D\u00dcZENLEME Endokrin sistem endokrin bez ad\u0131 verilen i\u00e7 salg\u0131 bezlerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu bezlerin salg\u0131s\u0131na(\u00fcretti\u011fi s\u0131v\u0131ya) hormon denir. \u00dcretilen hormonlar direkt kana verilir ve kon yoluyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi organa yani hedef organa ula\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131 hormonlar i\u00e7in hedef organ t\u00fcm v\u00fccut olurken baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in de belirli organlar hedef organ olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin; hipofizden salg\u0131lanan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[8371,7984,8375,2524,8370,2523,3809,2305,8101,2631,6371,2413,8372,6423,8376,8373,2527,2298,8374,8377,2528,2303,2327,2113],"class_list":["post-3672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-adrenokortikotropin","tag-androjen","tag-bobrekustu-bezler","tag-buyume-hormonu","tag-endokrin-bezler-ve-hormonal-duzenleme","tag-endokrin-sistem","tag-fosfat","tag-glikoz","tag-hipertansiyon","tag-hipofiz","tag-hipofiz-bezi","tag-hipotalamus","tag-hormon-sistemi","tag-insulin","tag-melenosit","tag-meristematik-buyume","tag-ostrojen","tag-pankreas","tag-paratiroit","tag-paratiroit-bezler","tag-progesteron","tag-protein","tag-tiroit","tag-yag"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3672","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3672"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3672\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3672"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3672"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3672"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}