Organizmada bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla fizyoloji g\u00f6revlerinin bozulmas\u0131 durumuna hastal\u0131k denir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n mikrop yolu ile yay\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fidine ise bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k denir.<\/p>\n
Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, bula\u015fma yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re 4 grupta incelenir.<\/p>\n
1. HAVA YOLU \u0130LE BULA\u015eAN HASTALIKLAR<\/p>\n
GR\u0130P
\n Grip,vir\u00fcslerden ileri gelen ve solunum sistemini tutan \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Ate\u015f, halsizlik, kas a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, so\u011fuk ter,\u015fiddetli \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck gibi belirtilerle birdenbire ba\u015flar.
\n Grip s\u0131ras\u0131nda bron\u015fit, zat\u00fcrree, kulak ve g\u00f6z iltihab\u0131, kalp ve b\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fi gibi ba\u015fka hastal\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.
\n Grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7an birka\u00e7 tip vir\u00fcs vard\u0131r. Bu vir\u00fcslere H2N2 (Asya gribi), H3N2 (Hong Kong gribi), HSW1N1 (Domuz gribi) gibi kod adlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu vir\u00fcslerden baz\u0131lar\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan a\u015f\u0131lar deri alt\u0131na ya da kas i\u00e7ine yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131dan bir hafta kadar sonra hastan\u0131n kan\u0131nda vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 antikorlar olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
NEZLE
\n Burun bo\u015flu\u011fu ve solunum yollar\u0131 mukozas\u0131n\u0131n iltihaplan\u0131p s\u0131v\u0131 salmas\u0131na nezle denir. Nezle, so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ileri gelen ve burunda ba\u015flayan bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.
\n Burun \u00e7ukurlar\u0131n\u0131n kurumas\u0131 ve ka\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flar, hap\u015f\u0131r\u0131kla, bol ve s\u00fcrekli ak\u0131nt\u0131yla devam eder. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta hafif ate\u015f, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131k yapar; sin\u00fczit ve kulak iltihab\u0131 gibi ihtilatlara ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs nezlesine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
KABAKULAK
\n Kabakulak bir vir\u00fcsten ileri gelen mikrobik ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Kula\u011f\u0131n hemen \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer alan kulak alt\u0131 t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck bezi bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn etkisiyle iltihaplanarak \u015fi\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu hastal\u0131\u011fa kabakulak denmi\u015ftir.
\n Kabakulak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir tedavisi yoktur. Yap\u0131lacak tek \u015fey hastan\u0131n yatarak dinlenmesini sa\u011flamak ve kolay yutabilece\u011fi yiyecekler vermektir.<\/p>\n
BO\u011eMACA
\n \u00d6ks\u00fcr\u00fck n\u00f6beti \u015feklinde gelir ve her n\u00f6betin ard\u0131ndan ipli\u011fimsi mukoza par\u00e7alar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r. Bazen beslenme yetersizli\u011fine yol a\u00e7an kusmalara neden olur.
\n Bo\u011fmaca \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ocuktan \u00e7ocu\u011fa ge\u00e7er;bunun i\u00e7in k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir temas bile yeterlidir. Bula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresi 2-7 g\u00fcn kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
VEREM
\n Verem, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenleri aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131ray\u0131 alan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hava yoluyla bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisidir.
\n Verem mikrobu, solunum yoluyla v\u00fccuda girdikten sonra akci\u011ferlere yerle\u015ferek \u00fcremeye ba\u015flar. Bu y\u00fczden hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n en yayg\u0131n tipi genellikle \u00e7ocukluk ve gen\u00e7lik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan akci\u011fer veremidir. Halsizlik, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k, kilo kayb\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck ve gece terlemesi gibi ilk belirtilerin ard\u0131ndan, akci\u011fer dokusundaki mikrop odaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bir tak\u0131m yumrular olu\u015fur. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6zg\u00fcn belirtisi olan bu yumrulara t\u0131p dilinde \u201ct\u00fcberk\u00fcl\u201d dendi\u011fi i\u00e7in, veremin bir ad\u0131 da t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ya da k\u0131saca TB\u2019dir.
\n Korunmak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, verem mikrobu bulunabilecek yerlerden uzak durulmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
KIZAMIK
\n K\u0131zam\u0131k,\u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen son derece bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Ama bu hastal\u0131\u011fa bir kez yakalananlar \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazan\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede koruyucu bir \u00f6nlem olarak \u00e7ocuklara k\u0131zam\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131larak en az birka\u00e7 y\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n Mikrobun v\u00fccuda girmesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k iki hafta sonra hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk belirtileri ba\u015flar. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, bo\u011fazda yanma ve a\u011fr\u0131 gibi belirtilerle \u015fiddetli bir so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra hastan\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ilk d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcler belirir. Yer yer k\u00fcmelenen bu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck lekeler \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccuda yay\u0131l\u0131r. Ate\u015f, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, burun t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 bir s\u00fcre daha devam eder.
\n K\u0131zam\u0131\u011f\u0131n en bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerin belirmesinden \u00f6nceki g\u00fcnlerdir.<\/p>\n
KIZAMIK\u00c7IK
\n K\u0131zam\u0131ktakinden daha a\u00e7\u0131k renkli d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerle kendini g\u00f6steren, ama daha hafif ve tehlikesiz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in k\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k denen bu hastal\u0131k bir vir\u00fcsten ileri gelir ve \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fczde ve v\u00fccutta birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde kaybolan pembe renkli lekeler belirir; \u00e7o\u011fu kez boyundaki lenf bezleri \u015fi\u015fer. Tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131k olmamakla birlikte, gebeli\u011fin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 i\u00e7inde k\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131\u011fa yakalanan annelerin bebeklerinde sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, k\u00f6rl\u00fck, kalpte olu\u015fum bozukluklar\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli aksakl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu y\u00fczden bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede koruyucu \u00f6nlem olarak 12-13 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na k\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KIZIL
\n Daha \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131, y\u00fcksek ate\u015fli, al renkte geni\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri olan tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.
\n En \u00f6nemli olumsuz y\u00f6n\u00fc, romatizma, romatizman\u0131n kalbe vurmas\u0131, romatizmal kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6breklerde iltihaplanmalara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n D\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcler, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra iki saat i\u00e7erisinde meydana gelir. Bas\u0131nca a\u011fr\u0131 yapan noktac\u0131k \u015feklinde yayg\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerdir. D\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc y\u00fczde g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Fakat, yanaklar k\u0131zar\u0131kt\u0131r. 4-5 g\u00fcn sonra dil, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengi al\u0131r.
\n \u00c7ocukta, ileride d\u00fczeltilmesi imkans\u0131z birtak\u0131m sakatl\u0131klara, hatta hayat\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine bile yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
Bu Hastal\u0131klardan Korunmak i\u00e7in ; <\/p>\n
– Hasta, odada tek yat\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – Oda s\u0131k s\u0131k havaland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – Hasta ziyaretlerinde, \u00e7ok dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – A\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir.<\/p>\n
2. Y\u0130YECEKLERLE VE SUYLA BULA\u015eAN HASTALIKLAR<\/p>\n
T\u0130FO
\n Tifo, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklara yerle\u015fen \u00e7omak bi\u00e7iminde bir bakterinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkeni olan tifo basili, kirli sular\u0131n i\u00e7ilmesi ve mikroplu yiyeceklerin yenmesiyle insana bula\u015f\u0131r.
\n Yiyeceklerle al\u0131nan mikroplar ba\u011f\u0131rsaklardaki lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerine yerle\u015ftikten sonra kana kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve yayd\u0131klar\u0131 toksinlerle kan zehirlenmesine yol a\u00e7ar.
\n Kanalizasyonlardaki ar\u0131tma tesislerinde \u00e7ok ciddi \u00f6nlemler almak ve denize ak\u0131t\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce bu at\u0131klarda canl\u0131 mikrop kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak gerekir.
\n Tifo basilleri i\u00e7me sular\u0131na, meyve ve sebze bah\u00e7elerinin sulama sistemlerine ve topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde su mutlaka kaynatarak i\u00e7ilmeli, \u00e7i\u011f sebze ve meyve yenmemelidir. Sinekler de tifolu hastalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 mikrobu suya ve yiyeceklere bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131ndan hastal\u0131k h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle, tifonun yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelere gidecek ki\u015filere koruyucu a\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u0130ZANTER\u0130
\n Kal\u0131nba\u011f\u0131rsak iltihaplanmas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hastal\u0131\u011fa dizanteri denir. \u0130ki \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r; Basilli Dizanteri ve Amipli Dizanteri
\n Basilli Dizanteri, dizanteri basilinin meydana getirdi\u011fi hastal\u0131\u011fa denir. Mikrop v\u00fccuda girdikten 2-7 g\u00fcn sonra hastal\u0131k, ate\u015f, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ve ishalle ba\u015flar. D\u0131\u015fk\u0131da kan, cerahatl\u0131 balgam vard\u0131r.
\n Hastan\u0131n ate\u015fi 39 dereceye \u00e7\u0131kar, nabz\u0131 y\u00fckselir. Dili pasl\u0131, a\u011fz\u0131 kuru olur.
\n \u00c7ocuklarda kramplar ve dalg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hastal\u0131k 7-8 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde hafifleyerek ge\u00e7er.
\n Amipli Dizanteri hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201camip\u201d ad\u0131 verilen mikroplar meydana getirir. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa \u00e7o\u011funlukla tropik b\u00f6lgelerde rastlan\u0131r. Bula\u015fma tuvaletlerden, yiyeceklerden, i\u00e7eceklerden ve sineklerden olur.<\/p>\n
KOLERA
\n Kolera \u00f6zellikle Asya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7an \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir t\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131rsak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Kolera vibriyonu denen bu bakteri virg\u00fcl bi\u00e7iminde k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir basildir.
\n Koleran\u0131n ilk belirtisi ishaldir. Bu y\u00fczden \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli ishaller kolera san\u0131labilir. Koleral\u0131 hastalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131nda pirin\u00e7 tanesi gibi beyaz k\u00fcmecikler vard\u0131r. Bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lama say\u0131s\u0131 bazen 15-20\u2019yi bulabilir.
\n V\u00fccudun su ve tuz kayb\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere damardan bol tuzlu su verilmesine, ayr\u0131ca antibiyotiklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayanan tedavi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede iyile\u015fmeyi sa\u011flar.
\n Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca bula\u015fma yollar\u0131 bu mikrobu ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u00e7me sular\u0131, yiyecekler, sinekler koleral\u0131 hastalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanmamak i\u00e7in en g\u00fcvenli yol, koleran\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su i\u00e7me, besinleri iyice pi\u015firerek yemek ve temizli\u011fe dikkat etmektir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7OCUK FELC\u0130
\n \u00c7ocuk felci, ileri derecede sakatl\u0131klar yapan t\u00fcrleri olan bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.
\n Hastal\u0131k belirtileri, ate\u015f, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, mide-ba\u011f\u0131rsak bozukluklar\u0131, halsizlik, ense ve s\u0131rtta sertliklerdir. Vir\u00fcs etkeni mide-ba\u011f\u0131rsak kanal\u0131n\u0131 tutar. Daha sonra kanla yay\u0131larak merkezi sinir sistemine kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle santral sinir sisteminde hareketi sa\u011flayan h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirdeklerinde, fel\u00e7 yarat\u0131r. Bacaklar, sinir \u00e7ekirdeklerini tuttuklar\u0131ndan bacaklarda fel\u00e7ler meydana gelir.
\n Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ila\u00e7la tedavisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.
\n D\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ya da bo\u011faz salg\u0131lar\u0131 ile do\u011frudan temas sonucu etken al\u0131n\u0131r.
\n \u00c7ocuk felci, genellikle hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ve 10 g\u00fcn sonra bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
BULA\u015eICI SARILIK
\n Sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkeni iki tip vir\u00fcst\u00fcr. Bunlar hepatitis A ve hepatitis B olmak \u00fczere iki ayr\u0131 hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131k ise hepatit A\u2019d\u0131r.
\n Vir\u00fcs dedi\u011fimiz \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mikroplar\u0131n karaci\u011fer h\u00fccrelerinde \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131p hasar meydana getirmesine bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denir. Bu vir\u00fcsler insandan insana bula\u015fabilir.
\n Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtileri; halsizlik, bitkinlik, bulant\u0131, kusma, kar\u0131n a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 gibi belirtilerdir. Bu belirtiler, hastal\u0131ktan sonra birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn daha devam eder.
\n \u0130yile\u015fme devresi \u00e7ok uzundur. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddeti ya\u015fla birlikte artar. Genellikle herhangi bir rek\u00fcrrens olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, tam olarak iyile\u015fme sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bazen de a\u011f\u0131r ge\u00e7erek, ileri derecede sorunlara yol a\u00e7ar.
\n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131z yoluyla olur. D\u0131\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kanalizasyon sistemi ve tuvaletten sonra elleri y\u0131kama al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Klorsuz su i\u00e7me, bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n enjeksiyonla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Yak\u0131n ki\u015fisel temasla da bula\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren belirtiler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu etkenin de d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler varsa da kesin olarak belirlenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu HastaL\u0131klardan Korunmak \u0130\u00e7in ; <\/p>\n
– Sular klorlanmal\u0131 veya kaynat\u0131larak i\u00e7ilmelidir,
\n – Sebze ve meyveler temiz su ile \u00e7ok iyi y\u0131kanmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Tuvaletler sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa uygun bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmal\u0131,
\n – Hastan\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fyalar kaynat\u0131l\u0131p dezenfekte edilmelidir,
\n – Eller yemeklerden \u00f6nce bolsu ve sabunla y\u0131kanmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Hasta, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015filerden ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. HASTALIK TA\u015eIYAN CANLILARLA BULA\u015eAN HASTALIKLAR<\/p>\n
SITMA
\n Anofel denilen sivrisineklerin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bula\u015f\u0131r.
\n Sivrisinekler, s\u0131tmal\u0131 bir ki\u015fiye i\u011fnesini bat\u0131r\u0131p onun kan\u0131n\u0131 emdikten sonra, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir insan\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131 emerse, s\u0131tma mikroplar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015fiye ge\u00e7er.
\n S\u0131tmadan korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n – Batakl\u0131klar kurutulmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Su birikintileri ila\u00e7lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KUDUZ
\n Merkezi sinir sistemini a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde etkisi alt\u0131nda tutan, insanlara, hayvanlardan ge\u00e7en bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile \u00f6l\u00fcmlere sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Etkeni, \u201cRhabdovirus\u201d lar grubundan olan bir RNA\u2019 l\u0131 vir\u00fcst\u00fcr. Bu vir\u00fcs, kuduz hayvanlar\u0131n salyas\u0131nda bulunur ve genellikle \u0131s\u0131r\u0131lma suretiyle bula\u015f\u0131r.
\n Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresi, 8 y\u0131ldan 2 y\u0131la kadar de\u011fi\u015febilir. Fakat ortalama 40 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu esnada, kuduz a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 veya anti serumu yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, hastal\u0131k belirti vermeden \u00f6nlenebilir. Klinik belirtiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra a\u015f\u0131dan fayda beklenemez.
\n Belirtileri; ate\u015f, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ka\u015f\u0131nt\u0131, halsizlik, bir tak\u0131m a\u011fr\u0131lar, kusma, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, i\u00e7ine kapanma, korku, \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fcz mimiklerinde de\u011fi\u015fme, h\u0131r\u00e7\u0131nla\u015fma…. gibi belirtilerdir. Daha sonra huzursuzluk, be\u015f duyuya ait hayaller, kavgac\u0131l\u0131k, hava ak\u0131m\u0131ndan, parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan, sudan ve g\u00f6rmekten korkma gibi belirtiler geli\u015fir.
\n Salyas\u0131n\u0131 yutamayan hastan\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131 k\u00f6p\u00fcr\u00fcr ve sonu\u00e7ta fel\u00e7ten \u00f6l\u00fcr.
\n Kuduzdan korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n – Kuduz ku\u015fkusu olan hayvanlara yakla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Hayvanlar \u0131s\u0131r\u0131rsa, hemen a\u015f\u0131 olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
VEBA
\n Farelerin \u0131s\u0131rmas\u0131 ile insanlara bula\u015fan veban\u0131n, v\u00fccuda giren bakteriler veren ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki tipi vard\u0131r. Bunlar; h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veba ve akci\u011fer vebas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Titreme, y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, kusma, ba\u015f ve kas a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 gibi belirtilerle ba\u015flayan h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 vebada, kas\u0131klardaki ve koltuk altlar\u0131ndaki lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri iltihaplanarak \u015fi\u015fer. H\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veba denmesinin nedeni i\u015fte bu \u015fi\u015fliklerdir.
\n Zaman\u0131nda \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmazsa akci\u011fer vebas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.
\n Bakterilerin ya do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ya da lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerinden kana ge\u00e7erek akci\u011ferlere yerle\u015fmesiyle geli\u015fen akci\u011fer vebas\u0131, zat\u00fcrre belirtileri veren \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Akci\u011ferler kan\u0131 oksijenleme g\u00f6revini yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, derisinin rengi iyice karar\u0131p koyu maviye d\u00f6nen hasta 3-4 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcr. E\u011fer bakteriler kana kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccuda yay\u0131l\u0131rsa, kan zehirlenmesi (septisemi) nedeniyle hasta sadece bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6lebilir.<\/p>\n
T\u0130F\u00dcS
\n Bitle ge\u00e7en, v\u00fccutta pembe lekelerle beliren, ate\u015fli ve tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131k olan tif\u00fcs\u00fcn mikrobu, v\u00fccut bitinin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir riketsiya\u2019d\u0131r.
\n Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 genellikle anidir. Belirtileri; y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, bel ve ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, anjin, konjonktivit, burun kanamas\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nma gibi belirtilerdir.
\n Hastal\u0131k yerle\u015ftikten sonra \u00f6zellikle dalg\u0131nl\u0131k ve az \u00e7ok koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck lekenin meydana getirdi\u011fi genel d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Tif\u00fcsten korunman\u0131n tek yolu temizliktir.<\/p>\n
4. DOKUNMA VE E\u015eYALARLA BULA\u015eAN HASTALIKLAR<\/p>\n
UYUZ
\n Cilt hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Uyuz;
\n Hastan\u0131n giysilerini giymekle,yata\u011f\u0131nda yatmakla ve deri temas\u0131yla bula\u015f\u0131r.
\n B – Mantar HastaL\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Bir t\u00fcr deri hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131cak ve nemli ortamlar\u0131 sever.
\n Mantar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131;
\n Ayak parmaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, koltuk altlar\u0131nda,sa\u00e7l\u0131 deride g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Mantar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak kullan\u0131lan;
\n Ayakkab\u0131, terlik, \u00e7orap gibi giysilerle bula\u015f\u0131r<\/p>\n
TRAHOM
\n G\u00f6z hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Tedavi edilmezse ki\u015fiyi k\u00f6r edebilir.
\n Trahom, hasta ki\u015finin havlu ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmakla bula\u015f\u0131r.
\n Trahom\u2019dan korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n – Temiz olunmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – E\u015fyalar ortak kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Hastalar hemen tedavi edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
AIDS
\n \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k Yetersizli\u011fi Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen kelimelerinin ba\u015f harflerinden olu\u015fan HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bula\u015fmas\u0131yla meydana gelir.
\n Afrika\u2019da bu vir\u00fcs\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan bir maymun t\u00fcr\u00fcnden d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.
\n AIDS\u2019in belirtileri; nedeni bilinmeyen ate\u015f, gece terlemeleri, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kilo kayb\u0131, kuvvetsizlik, halsizlik, kuru ve devaml\u0131 \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131zdaki mantar enfeksiyonu, deri d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, morumsu veya renksiz lekeler, ba\u011f\u0131rsak bozukluklar\u0131, menenjit, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmede durgunlu\u011fun olmas\u0131…..vb.\u2019dir.
\n AIDS, cinsel ili\u015fki ile, AIDS\u2019li bir kan\u0131n, ba\u015fka bir hastaya nakledilmesiyle, Berber makaslar\u0131, ustura, t\u0131rnak makas\u0131, sa\u00e7 f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131yla, Uyu\u015fturucu kullananlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 enjekt\u00f6r\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131 ile bula\u015fan bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. \u015eu ana kadar AIDS\u2019 in, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, \u00f6p\u00fcc\u00fck, yemek kaplar\u0131, el s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma ve giysilerle bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilememi\u015ftir.
\n AIDS\u2019ten korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n – Yabanc\u0131larla cinsel ili\u015fkiye girilmemelidir,
\n – Kan almada veya vermede kan testini yapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yeni gelmi\u015f ve uzun s\u00fcre geldikleri \u00fclkelerde kalm\u0131\u015f olanlar,
\n AIDS taramas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irilmelidir,
\n – Fuhu\u015f yuvalar\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131lmal\u0131, gizli olanlar da takibe al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Kullan\u0131lan enjekt\u00f6rler mutlaka bir kez kullan\u0131p at\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, ( dispos\u0131b\u0131l ).
\n – Halka tek e\u015flili\u011fin faydalar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Uyu\u015fturucu maddelerle ilgili, gen\u00e7lere dini ve t\u0131bbi e\u011fitimler verilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Hepatit B
\n Hepatit B sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fididir.
\n Hepatit yapan vir\u00fcslerin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 Hepatit A, B, C, D, E olmak \u00fczere CMV ve Epstaine Barr vir\u00fcslerdir. Bunlardan Hepatit B vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fclkemizde yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, nadir de olsa siroz, karaci\u011fer kanseri gibi \u00e7ok ciddi hastal\u0131klara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir.
\n Hepatit B vir\u00fcs\u00fc, kan ve v\u00fccut salg\u0131lar\u0131 (meni, t\u00fckr\u00fck, vaginal salg\u0131lar\u0131, ter, g\u00f6z ya\u015f\u0131) ile temas sonucu yay\u0131l\u0131r. Yay\u0131l\u0131mda en \u00f6nemli etken kand\u0131r.
\n HBV bula\u015fma yollar\u0131; anneden bebe\u011fe, do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131nda (Bula\u015fma do\u011fumda veya hemen sonras\u0131nda nadir durumlarda rahim i\u00e7indeyken olur.) vir\u00fcs bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f i\u011fne
\n ve di\u011fer t\u0131bbi cerrahi malzemelerle, cinsel ili\u015fki ile, kan nakli ile (transf\u00fczyon) d\u00f6vme yapt\u0131r\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan i\u011fneler ile \u00f6zellikle kalabal\u0131k
\n ve hijyenik standartlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu yerlerde yak\u0131n aile ili\u015fkisi ile bula\u015fma riski artmaktad\u0131r.
\n Hepatit B vir\u00fcs\u00fc v\u00fccuda girdikten sonra uzun bir kulu\u00e7ka d\u00f6nemi vard\u0131r (40-180 g\u00fcn). Hastal\u0131\u011fa ait erken belirtiler ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ate\u015f, yorgunluk,
\n halsizlik, k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131k, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k, bulant\u0131,kusma, kar\u0131n a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ve bazen \u00fc\u015f\u00fcme \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Vir\u00fcs ba\u015fl\u0131ca karaci\u011feri etkiler, iltihap ve nekroza
\n yol a\u00e7ar. Bu belirtiler baz\u0131 hastalarda sar\u0131l\u0131kla beraber g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fi gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131nda sar\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.
\n Hepatit B\u2019den korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n – Test edilmi\u015f kan kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f enjekt\u00f6rlerle i\u011fne yapt\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Hepatit B a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – G\u00fcvenli cinsel ili\u015fki ve tek e\u015flilik kurallar\u0131na uylmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcM BULA\u015eICI HASTALIKLARDAN KORUNMA YOLLARI<\/p>\n
– Yeterli ve dengeli beslenilmelidir,
\n – Zaman\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Temiz olunmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Yiyecek ve i\u00e7eceklerin temizli\u011fine dikkat edilmelidir,
\n – Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 konutlarda oturulmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Hastalar, sa\u011flam ki\u015filerden ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Doktorlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi ila\u00e7lar, d\u00fczenli ve zaman\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131na bildirilmelidir,
\n – \u00c7\u00f6pler sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa uygun bi\u00e7imde toplanmal\u0131 ve yok edilmelidir,
\n – Tuvaletlerin sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir,
\n – Karasinek, sivrisinek ve fare gibi hastal\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlarla sava\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Kan al\u0131p vermede dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n – Makas, ustura… gibi aletlerin dezenfekte olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Organizmada bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla fizyoloji g\u00f6revlerinin bozulmas\u0131 durumuna hastal\u0131k denir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n mikrop yolu ile yay\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fidine ise bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k denir. Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, bula\u015fma yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re 4 grupta incelenir. 1. HAVA YOLU \u0130LE BULA\u015eAN HASTALIKLAR GR\u0130P Grip,vir\u00fcslerden ileri gelen ve solunum sistemini tutan \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Ate\u015f, halsizlik, kas a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, so\u011fuk ter,\u015fiddetli \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[8433,8437,8436,8427,8434,8425,8435,8429,2671,8426,2346,2347,8428,8432,2513,2491,8438,5697,8431,2665,8430,2485,8424,3453,2343],"class_list":["post-3689","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-amipli-dizanteri","tag-anjin","tag-anofel","tag-asya-gribi","tag-basilli-dizanteri","tag-bulasici-hastaliklar","tag-cocuk-felci","tag-domuz-gribi","tag-felc","tag-grip","tag-hepatit-a","tag-hepatit-b","tag-hong-kong-gribi","tag-kalinbagirsak","tag-kizamik","tag-kolera","tag-konjonktivit","tag-merkezi-sinir-sistemi","tag-nezle","tag-sitma","tag-solunum-yollari","tag-tifo","tag-tum-bulasici-hastaliklar-ve-bu-hastaliklardan-korunma-yollari","tag-verem","tag-virus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3689","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3689"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3689\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3689"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3689"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3689"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}