BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n \u2022 Metabolizma sonucunda olu\u015fan zararl\u0131 ve i\u015fe yaramayan maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m denir.
\n \u2022 Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda \u00e7o\u011funlukla CO2 ve NH3 gibi art\u0131k maddeler do\u011frudan dif\u00fczyon veya osmozla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Tatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015f\u0131yan canl\u0131larda (paramesyum gibi) fazla suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atan kontraktil kofullar bulunur.<\/p>\n
OMURGASIZ HAYVANLARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\n \u2022 S\u00fcnger ve s\u00f6lenterlerde bo\u015falt\u0131m v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla olur.
\n \u2022 Yass\u0131 solucanlardan planaryada bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 alev h\u00fccreleridir(protonefridyum).A lev h\u00fccresi i\u00e7erisinde titrek siller bulunan bo\u015fluk vard\u0131r.Alev h\u00fccrelerindeki sillerin hareketi ile h\u00fccreye gire su bo\u015falt\u0131m kanallar\u0131na itilir ve bo\u015falt\u0131m deli\u011finden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.Alev h\u00fccrelerinin esas g\u00f6revi v\u00fccudun su dengesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.NH3 ve CO2 in bir k\u0131sm\u0131 v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Toprak solucan\u0131ndaki bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 nefridyumdur.V\u00fccudun her halkas\u0131nda bir \u00e7ift bulunur.Nefridyumun v\u00fccut i\u00e7ine bakan ucunda kirpikli huni bulunur.Kirpikli huniden ayr\u0131lan kanal v\u00fccut bo\u015flu\u011funda \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131vr\u0131mlar yaparak bir sonraki halkadan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r yani nefridyumlar aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 yoktur.Kanallar\u0131n \u00fczerleri k\u0131lcal damarlarla \u00e7evrilidir.K\u0131lcal damarlarda glikoz gibi yararl\u0131 maddeler ve suyun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 geri emilerek idrar olu\u015fturulur ve bu bo\u015falt\u0131m art\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6ceklerde bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 malpighi t\u00fcpleridir.Bu t\u00fcplerin kapal\u0131 olan serbest u\u00e7lar\u0131 organlar aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklara uzan\u0131r.Di\u011fer u\u00e7lar\u0131 ise sindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n son k\u0131sm\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r.Bu organlar v\u00fccut bo\u015flu\u011fundaki kanda bulunan bo\u015falt\u0131m maddelerini dif\u00fczyon ve aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ile al\u0131r. Ve kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131r.Fazla su ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan geri emilir.B\u00f6cekler azotlu art\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcrik asit kristalleri \u015feklinde atarak fazla su kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n
OMURGALI HAYVANLARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\n \u2022 Canl\u0131lardaki azotlu art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri amonyak ,\u00fcre,\u00fcrik asittir.Amonya\u011fa g\u00f6re \u00fcre,\u00fcreye g\u00f6re de \u00fcrik asit daha az zehirlidir.Suda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar amonya\u011f\u0131 fazla enerji harcamadan kolayca suya verebilir.Karada ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar da ise amonyak daha az zehirli olan \u00fcre veya \u00fcrik asite daha fazla enerji harcanarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00dcre suda kolayca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir ve b\u00f6breklerden at\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar v\u00fccutta kalabilir.\u00dcrenin v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lmas\u0131 su ile olur.Memeliler \u00fcreyi bol su ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atarlar.Karada ya\u015fayan fakat v\u00fccuduna fazla su almayan b\u00f6cekler s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve ku\u015flarda \u00fcre suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen \u00fcrik asit kristalleri \u015feklinde at\u0131l\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece v\u00fccuttan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede su kayb\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olur.
\n \u2022 Omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131na b\u00f6brek denir ve 3 tiptir.
\n PRONEFROZ
\n Bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falar\u0131n embriyo devreleri ile k\u00f6pek bal\u0131klar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Esas\u0131n\u0131 nefridyumlar te\u015fkil eder.Nefridyumlar omurgan\u0131n iki yan\u0131nda uzanan kanala ba\u011flan\u0131rlar.Nefridyumlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde aorttan ayr\u0131lan kan damarlar\u0131n\u0131n meydan getirdi\u011fi glomerulus denilen k\u0131lcal damarlar yuma\u011f\u0131 bulunur.Glomerulustan kirpikli hunilere s\u00fcz\u00fclen art\u0131k maddeler ortak bir kanalla ta\u015f\u0131narak kloaka getirilir ve oradan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n MEZONEFROZ
\n S\u00fcr\u00fcngen,ku\u015f ve memelilerin embriyolar\u0131 ile bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falar\u0131n erginlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Pronefroz tipi b\u00f6bre\u011fe benzer.Ancak kirpikli hunilerin yerini bowman kaps\u00fclleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bowman kaps\u00fclleri glomerulusu sarar.Bowman kaps\u00fclleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kanallara a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.
\n METANEFROZ
\n S\u00fcr\u00fcngen ku\u015f ve memelilerin erginlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Her bir bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc ortak bir kanalla bo\u015falt\u0131m kanal\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Omurgal\u0131larda \u00fcreme sistemi ile bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi birbirleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131 g\u00f6sterir(\u00fcrogenetal sistem).M\u00fcller kanal\u0131 ile di\u015fi \u00fcreme sisteminin kanallar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.Wolf kanal\u0131 erkeklerde \u00fcreme sisteminin kanallar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.Wolf kanal\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcngen,ku\u015f ve memelilerde yanl\u0131zca \u00fcreme sisteminin kanal\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.Memelilerin \u00fcrogenital sistemi,sindirim sistemi ile ilgili de\u011fildir.Di\u011fer omurgal\u0131larda \u00fcrogenital sistemle sindirim a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortakt\u0131r.Bu t\u00fcr canl\u0131lara tek delikliler denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130NSANDA BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/p>\n
B\u00d6BREK VE YAPISI
\n \u2022 Bir \u00e7ift olup, fasulye tanesi \u015feklindedir.Her b\u00f6brekten birer idrar kanal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar.Bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fpru inerek idrar kesesinde sonlan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6brek d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru ;
\n Kabuk(korteks)
\n \u00d6z b\u00f6lgesi(medulla)
\n Havuzcuktan(pelvis) olu\u015fur.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6brekte yap\u0131 ve g\u00f6rev birimi nefrondur.Nefronlar\u0131n \u00fcre ve art\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00f6bre\u011fin kabuk k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.Nefrondaki yap\u0131lar
\n 1)Glomerulus:K\u0131lcal damarlardan olu\u015fur.
\n 2)Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc : Glomerulusu sarar.Glomerulustan s\u00fcz\u00fclme ile gelen kan s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne ge\u00e7er.Tek s\u0131ral\u0131 yass\u0131 epitelden meydan gelmi\u015f yar\u0131m ay \u015feklindeki yap\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 3)Proksimal kanal:Geri emilmenin meydana geldi\u011fi k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 kanallard\u0131r.Besin maddelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc buradan geri emilir.
\n 4)Henle kulpu:\u00d6zellikle su ve minareller geri emilir.
\n 5)Distal kanal:En son geri emilmenin meydana geldi\u011fi yerdir.\u00d6zellikle iyonlar burada geri emilir.
\n \u2022 Geri emilmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerin(proksimal kanal,henle kulpu ve distal kanal) \u00e7evresi k\u0131lcal damarlalar \u00e7evrilir.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6breklere kan,b\u00f6brek atar damar\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.B\u00f6brek atar damar\u0131 O2 besin,\u00fcre ve \u00fcrik asit bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6bre\u011fin \u00f6z b\u00f6lgesinde ,taban\u0131 kabuk b\u00f6lgesine tepesi havuzcu\u011fa bakan piramit \u015feklinde yap\u0131lar bulunur.
\n \u2022 Glomerulus + Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc = Malpighi cisimci\u011fi
\n \u2022 Glomerulus + Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc + henle kulpu = Nefron<\/p>\n
KANDAN BO\u015eALTIM MADDELER\u0130N\u0130N S\u00dcZ\u00dcLMES\u0130
\n \u2022 B\u00f6breklerin g\u00f6revi, h\u00fccrelerde olu\u015fan ve kana verilen metabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fczerek kandaki maddelerin belirli deri\u015fimde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n \u2022 B\u00f6brek atar damar\u0131 ile gelen \u00fcre ve \u00fcrik asit ,\u00e7e\u015fitli tuzlar,iyonlar,glikoz y\u00fcksek kan bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne ge\u00e7er.S\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131 tek s\u0131ral\u0131 yass\u0131 epitelden olu\u015fan bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcnden henle kulpuna ge\u00e7er.Bu s\u0131v\u0131 kan plazmas\u0131na benzemekle birlikte s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde alyuvar,akyuvar ve kan proteinleri yoktur.Daha \u00e7ok doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131na benzer s\u00fcz\u00fclme sonucu bo\u015falt\u0131m kanal\u0131na ge\u00e7en maddelerin yararl\u0131 olanlar\u0131 ve suyun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131n duvar\u0131ndaki h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan geri emilerek tekrar k\u0131lcal damarlarla kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Emilen su miktar\u0131 v\u00fccudun o s\u0131radaki su miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olup hipofizden salg\u0131lanan antidi\u00fcretik hormon taraf\u0131ndan ayarlan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00dcre , \u00fcrik asit fazla tuz ve fazla su idrar bile\u015fimi \u015feklinde idrar toplama kanal\u0131 ile havuzcu\u011fa , oradan da \u00fcreter ve idrar kesesine iletilir.
\n \u2022 Geri emilme ile emilen maddeler glikoz,ya\u011f asitleri Na,Cl,K,mineraller baz\u0131 tuzlar ,su,vitaminlerdir ve % 99 aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ile olur.
\n \u2022 Kan bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile at\u0131lan maddeler amonyak ,\u00fcre,\u00fcrik asit,tuz ve zehirli maddelerdir.<\/p>\n
B\u00d6BRE\u011e\u0130N G\u00d6REVLER\u0130
\n \u2022 Metabolizma sonucu meydana gelen art\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fczmek
\n \u2022 V\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimlerini ,doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ile h\u00fccredeki su miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 belirli yo\u011funlukta tutmak.
\n \u2022 Kandaki tuz ve di\u011fer maddeleri dengede tutmak.
\n \u2022 Kararl\u0131 bir i\u00e7 \u00e7evre sa\u011flamak (homeostasis)
\n \u2022 V\u00fccuttaki su miktar\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131 hipofizden salg\u0131lanan antidi\u00fcretik hormon (ADH) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r.ADH az salg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fekersiz diyabet hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.
\n \u2022 Kan\u0131n pH’\u0131n\u0131 ayarlar.Kan\u0131n pH’ \u0131 7,4 t\u00fcr.Bu Ph 7 – 7,7 olursa canl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fen Ph \u0131 b\u00f6brekler d\u00fczeltir.Kanda asitlili\u011fin artmamas\u0131 gerekir bunu akci\u011fer ve b\u00f6brek sa\u011flar.
\n \u2022 Fazla miktarda deniz suyu i\u00e7en insan \u00f6l\u00fcr.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc deniz suyunda % 3 tuz vard\u0131r.\u0130nsan kan\u0131ndaki tuz oran\u0131 ise % 0,9 dur.\u0130nsan b\u00f6bre\u011fi en \u00e7ok % 2 tuz i\u00e7eren s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 s\u00fczebilir.Deniz suyu yutan bir insan b\u00f6breklerinin atabilece\u011finden fazla tuz yo\u011funlu\u011fundaki sudan i\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00f6brek i\u015flemini yapamaz.Kandaki tuz miktar\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan h\u00fccrelerden ve doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndan kana su ge\u00e7er ,yani h\u00fccreler plazmoliz olur.
\n \u2022 K\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 kanala etki ederek minerallerin (Na, Cl iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n)geri emilimini aldosteron hormonu sa\u011flar. Bu hormon b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc bezinin kabuk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden salg\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00d6BREK-\u0130DRAR YOLLARI HASTALI\u011eI
\n 1. \u015eeker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131: Glikoz bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcnden idrara ge\u00e7ip ,geri emilemezse olur.
\n 2. Albumin hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131: B\u00f6brekteki idrar s\u00fczen kaps\u00fcllerin bozulmas\u0131ndan meydana gelir.
\n 3. Nefrit: Nefronlar\u0131n iltihaplanmas\u0131ndand\u0131r.
\n 4. Sar\u0131l\u0131k: \u0130drarda safra boyalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir.Safra kana emilir kandaki safra boyalar\u0131 idrara ge\u00e7er ve idrar\u0131n rengi koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.Hastan\u0131n g\u00f6z ak\u0131 ve derisi de sar\u0131ms\u0131 olur.
\n 5. B\u00f6brek ta\u015flar\u0131: \u0130drarda oksalat, \u00fcrat, fosfat eriyik halde bulunur.\u0130drar yollar\u0131nda bir iltihap yara ,t\u0131kanma olursa bunlar \u00e7\u00f6kelerek b\u00f6brek ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yapar.B\u00f6brek ta\u015flar\u0131 da b\u00f6brek kanamalar\u0131na ve \u015fiddetli a\u011fr\u0131lara sebep olur.Kanl\u0131 idrar \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 6. \u00dcremi: B\u00f6bre\u011fin yeterince \u00fcre s\u00fczememesi, durumunda kandaki \u00fcre miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
BO\u015eALTIMA YARDIMCI ORGANLAR
\n 1. Akci\u011fer: CO2 ve az H2O at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 2. Ter bezleri: Su \u00fcre ,\u00fcrik asit , tuz at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 3. Karaci\u011fer: Reaksiyonlar sonucunda olu\u015fan zehirli at\u0131klar\u0131 safra kanal\u0131 yolu ile ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa oradan da d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar.
\n 4. Solunga\u00e7lar: Bal\u0131klarda solunga\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinden NH3 gibi azotlu art\u0131klar ve fazla tuz at\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEM\u0130 \u2022 Metabolizma sonucunda olu\u015fan zararl\u0131 ve i\u015fe yaramayan maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m denir. \u2022 Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda \u00e7o\u011funlukla CO2 ve NH3 gibi art\u0131k maddeler do\u011frudan dif\u00fczyon veya osmozla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r. \u2022 Tatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015f\u0131yan canl\u0131larda (paramesyum gibi) fazla suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atan kontraktil kofullar bulunur. OMURGASIZ HAYVANLARDA BO\u015eALTIM \u2022 S\u00fcnger ve s\u00f6lenterlerde bo\u015falt\u0131m v\u00fccut …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2224,8490,2427,8492,8493,8393,2434,6091,8392,2299,3445,8491,8489,8488,8060],"class_list":["post-3717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-azot","tag-boceklerde-bosaltim","tag-bosaltim-sistemi","tag-bowman-kapsulu","tag-distal-kanal","tag-glomerulus","tag-henle-kulpu","tag-korteks","tag-medulla","tag-metabolizma","tag-osmoz","tag-pelvis","tag-protonefridyum","tag-solenter","tag-sunger"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3717"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3717\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}