Omurgas\u0131zlar<\/p>\n
Omurgas\u0131zlar omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131 kapsar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bir altfilumu olu\u015fturan Vertebrata (omurgal\u0131lar) d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hayvanlar, eskiden Invertebrata (omurgas\u0131zlar) grubunda toplan\u0131yordu. Ama artan bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesi bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yapay duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve omurgas\u0131zlar ad\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6sterecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur.
\n Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren hayvanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019 \u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu omurgas\u0131zd\u0131r. Boyutlar\u0131, ancak mikroskop alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen tekh\u00fccreliler ile dev kalamarlar aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Omurgadan ve kaslar\u0131n ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sert bir i\u00e7 iskeletten yoksun olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu sa\u011flam bir d\u0131\u015f iskeletle korunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
1-S\u00fcngerler<\/p>\n
S\u00fcngerler latincede Porifera olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bin t\u00fcr\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, suda ya\u015fayan hayvan filumu olarak genelleme yapabiliriz. En ilkel \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayvanlar aras\u0131nda yer alan s\u00fcngerler, genellikle dallanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imleri ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcren lavra evreleri nedeniyle bitki san\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hayvanlara \u00f6zg\u00fc yap\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri ilk 1755\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n S\u00fcngerlerin yaln\u0131z 20 kadar t\u00fcr\u00fc (Spongilla cinsi) tatl\u0131 sularda, geriye kalan b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc denizlerde ya\u015far. En derin denizlerde bile rastlanabilen s\u00fcngerler, en \u00e7ok denizlerin tropik ve astropik kesimlerinde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu birka\u00e7 santimetreyi a\u015famazken, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n boyu 2m\u2019 yi ge\u00e7mektedir.
\n S\u00fcngerlerin belirli organlar\u0131, dokular\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcl bi\u00e7imi, belli bir bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yoktur. Ortadaki sindirim bo\u015flu\u011funu saran iki katl\u0131 bir \u00e7eperden (d\u0131\u015f deri ve i\u00e7 deri) olu\u015fan (diploblastik hayvanlar) \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lard\u0131r;i\u00e7 deri (endorm) yakal\u0131 kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fccrelilerden (koanosit) olu\u015fur. Bu hayvanlarda sinir sistemi yoktur. Hayvan\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en ve onun mikrofaj beslenmesini sa\u011flayan su ak\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da delikten girer; delikler titreyen sepet\u00e7iklere, onlarda bir merkezi giri\u015fe a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Su oradan, anusa benzetilebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir delikten (oskulum) d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. D\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 h\u00fccre katmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mesoglea denen ve i\u00e7inde serbest\u00e7e hareket eden amipsi h\u00fccrelerin (amibosit) bulundu\u011fu j\u00f6lemsi bir katman yer al\u0131r.
\n S\u00fcngerler 3 s\u0131n\u0131f alt\u0131da toplan\u0131r: Calcispongiae (Calcarea), Hyalospongiae (Hexactinellida) ve Demonspongiae. Calcispongiae yada kalkerli s\u00fcngerlerin \u00fcyeleri, kalsiyum karbonat i\u011fneciklerinden kurulu iskeletleriyle ay\u0131rt edilen deniz s\u00fcngerleridir.
\n Hyalospongiae yada silisli cam s\u00fcngerlerinin iskeleti silisli ve genellikle 6 eksenli i\u011fneciklerden kuruludur. \u0130\u011fnecikler kesintisiz bir a\u011f olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde birle\u015febilir. Demonspongiae yada silisli s\u00fcngerler 4.200 dolay\u0131nda t\u00fcrdeki en geni\u015f s\u00fcnger s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130skeletleri sponjin denen, yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcngerlere \u00f6zg\u00fc bir madde i\u00e7erebilen bu s\u0131n\u0131f \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu s\u0131\u011f sularda ya\u015far.
\n S\u00fcngerlerde bulunan amipsi h\u00fccreler k\u00fcre bi\u00e7imli yumurtalar\u0131 \u00fcretir. D\u00f6llenmeden sonra olu\u015fan lavralar g\u00f6vdelerini \u00e7evreleyen kirpiklerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla uygun bir y\u00fczeye tutunana dek y\u00fczerler. Burada h\u0131zla geli\u015fen lavra \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden eri\u015fkin s\u00fcnger hayvan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrler tomurcuklanma yoluyla e\u015feysiz olarak da \u00fcrer. Tomurcuklar daha sonra ana s\u00fcngerden ayr\u0131larak geli\u015fimini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2-\u00d6r\u00fcmce\u011fimsiler<\/p>\n
Arachnidalar, Arthropoda (eklembacakl\u0131lar) filumunun, ba\u015fta \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler, akrepler, akarlar, keneler ve uyuz b\u00f6cekleri olmak \u00fczere, 70 bin kadar et\u00e7il ve karada ya\u015fayan omurgas\u0131z t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.. Arachnida \u00fcyelerinin en belirgin \u00f6zellikleri, iyi geli\u015fmi\u015f bir ba\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile sert (kitinle\u015fmi\u015f) bir d\u0131\u015f iskeletten olu\u015fan b\u00f6l\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00f6vde yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7ift say\u0131daki eklemli g\u00f6vde uzant\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n B\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcrecinde birka\u00e7 kez kabuk (d\u0131\u015f iskelet) de\u011fi\u015ftiren bu hayvanlar\u0131n g\u00f6vdesi ba\u015fl\u0131ca 2 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: Kabaca b\u00f6ceklerin ba\u015f ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fen ve sefalotoraks yada \u00f6n g\u00f6vde (prosoma) denen ba\u015fl\u0131-g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs ile art g\u00f6vde yada opistosoma denen kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesi. \u00d6n g\u00f6vde 6, kar\u0131n 12 b\u00f6l\u00fctten olu\u015fur. Ba\u015fl\u0131-g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesindeki 6 \u00e7ift uzant\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00e7ift genellikle kavrama organ\u0131d\u0131r; \u00f6r\u00fcmceklerde, zehir \u00e7engelleri denen bu k\u0131sa uzant\u0131n\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fc zehiri f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya yarayan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 organ\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dokunma ayaklar\u0131 ve \u00e7ene ayaklar\u0131 ad\u0131yla da bilinen ikinci \u00e7ift (pedipalp), ya baca\u011fa benzer dokunma organ\u0131d\u0131r yada hayvan\u0131n av\u0131n\u0131 yakalamas\u0131na yarayan, k\u0131skaca benzer kavrama organ\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde, dokunma ayaklar\u0131ndan her birinin en alt b\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fc kesici yada par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131 bir organa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek, beslenme s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131z par\u00e7alar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur; \u00f6r\u00fcmceklerde, dokunma ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n en u\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zel bir \u00e7iftle\u015fme organ\u0131 g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenir.
\n Arachnida s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fayan 11 tak\u0131m\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 3 b\u00fcy\u00fck grup i\u00e7inde toplanabilir. Araneida (\u00f6r\u00fcmcekler), Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones (yalanc\u0131 akrepler) ve Acarina (keneler, akarlar, uyuz b\u00f6cekleri) \u00fcyeleri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey b\u00f6lgelerinde olduk\u00e7a seyrek, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k tropik ve astropik b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7ok bulunan t\u00fcrler, Scorpionida (akrepler), Solifugae (b\u00f6\u011fler yada poylar), Amblypygi (kuyruksuz kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 akrepler) ve Uropygi (kuruklu kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 akrepler) tak\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u00c7ok dar ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren tak\u0131mlar ise Palpigradi, Ricunulei ve Schizomida\u2019d\u0131r.
\n Arachnida s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan eklembacakl\u0131lar\u0131n kur yapma ve \u00e7iftle\u015fme davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7tir. Genelleme yapmak pek kolay olmamakla birlikte, erkek \u00e7o\u011funlukla spermini di\u015fiye do\u011frudan aktarmaz. Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin erke\u011fi spermini yere yada a\u011f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r; akrep ve yalanc\u0131 akrepler, i\u00e7inde sperma h\u00fccresinin bulundu\u011fu bir s\u0131v\u0131 damlac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan, jelatinsi yap\u0131da bir sperma kesesi olu\u015ftururlar. \u00c7o\u011fu t\u00fcrlerde erkek kimyasal bir madde salg\u0131layarak di\u015fiyi e\u015fle\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r; g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc keskin olan t\u00fcrlerde ise g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 renkleriyle di\u015fini ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n Arachnida \u00fcyelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yumurtayla, baz\u0131 t\u00fcrler (\u00f6rn. akrep) ise do\u011furarak \u00fcrer. Bu t\u00fcrlerde, d\u00f6llenmi\u015f yumurtalar di\u015finin i\u00e7inde geli\u015fir ve yavrular canl\u0131 olarak do\u011far. Anal\u0131k duygusu pek geli\u015fmemi\u015ftir ama, di\u015fi akrep en az\u0131ndan kabuk de\u011fi\u015ftirinceye kadar yavrular\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131r.
\n Akarlar ve kenelerin geli\u015fme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00e7evrimi, Arachnida s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00fcyelerine g\u00f6re biraz daha de\u011fi\u015fiktir. Bu t\u00fcrlerde yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kan 6 bacakl\u0131 lavra (kurt\u00e7uk), eri\u015fkin duruma gelmeden \u00f6nce bir yada birka\u00e7 kez ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m evresinden ge\u00e7er (nemf). Acarina \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu yumurtlar; baz\u0131lar\u0131 ovovivipard\u0131r, yani yumurtlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda yada hemen ard\u0131ndan yavrular yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131r; bu t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda d\u00f6llenmesiz \u00e7o\u011falmaya da (partenogenez) rastlan\u0131r.
\n Beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 da t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6sterir. Opiliones tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00fcyeleri uzun bacaklar\u0131yla avlar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finde ko\u015far yada otlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda yiyecek ararken, yalanc\u0131 akrepler bir ava rastlay\u0131ncaya de\u011fin a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r dola\u015f\u0131rlar. Baz\u0131 kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 akrepler daha \u00e7ok geceleri avlan\u0131r, ger\u00e7ek akrepler ile \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler ise av\u0131n\u0131 yakalamak i\u00e7in sessizce beklemeyi tercih ederler. Arachnida \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7inde en de\u011fi\u015fik beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip grup, salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ipek iplik\u00e7iliklerini bazen bir avlanma arac\u0131 , bazen bir tuzak gibi kullanan \u00f6r\u00fcmceklerdir; a\u011f kuran t\u00fcrler genelde av\u0131n tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmesini sab\u0131rla beklerken, baz\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcek t\u00fcrleri de avlanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
3-Derisidikenliler<\/p>\n
Echinodermatalar, g\u00f6vdeleri ser ve dikenli bir kabukla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7ok say\u0131da deniz hayvan\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan filumdur. En derin okyanus \u00e7ukurlar\u0131ndan gelgit b\u00f6lgelerine kadar denizlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn derinliklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen derisidikenlilerin 20\u2019yi a\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu s\u0131n\u0131flardan \u00e7o\u011funun soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f, yaln\u0131zca be\u015f s\u0131n\u0131ftan 6 bin kadar t\u00fcr bug\u00fcne dek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015ftir.
\n Derisidikenlilerin bug\u00fcn var olan bu 5 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Crinoidea (denizlaleleri ve t\u00fcy y\u0131ld\u0131zlar), Asteroidea (deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131), Ophiuroidea (y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131), Echinoidea (deniz kestaneleri) ve Holothuriodea (deniz h\u0131yarlar\u0131)\u2019d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar Asterozoa altfilumu i\u00e7indeki Asteroidea ve Ophiuroidea s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131, aralar\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiye dayanarak Stelleroidea s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n alts\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 olarak kabul ederler.
\n Derisidikenlilerin en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kalsiyum karbonattan olu\u015fan iskeletleri ve eri\u015fkinlerde be\u015fli \u0131\u015f\u0131nl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6steren g\u00f6vde yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130skelet yap\u0131s\u0131 ya deniz kestanelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi sert levhalar\u0131n kayna\u015fmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f, i\u00e7i oyuk bir kabuk bi\u00e7imindedir yada p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kemik levhac\u0131k kaslarla birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deniz laleleri ile t\u00fcy y\u0131ld\u0131zlarda her iki iskelet bi\u00e7imi birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; as\u0131l g\u00f6vde b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde iskelet levhac\u0131klar\u0131 kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f, sap b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise eklemli bir yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yumu\u015fak g\u00f6vdeli deniz h\u0131yarlar\u0131nda ise, iskelet levhac\u0131klar\u0131 iyice k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclerek mikroskobik par\u00e7ac\u0131klara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n Ya\u015fayan derisidikenlilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flarda egemen olan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m (simetri) d\u00fczeni, genellikle 5 eksenli olan \u0131\u015f\u0131nsal bak\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r; soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen iki yanl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m ise, ya\u015fayan t\u00fcrlerden \u00e7o\u011funun yaln\u0131zca lavra evresine \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ununla birlikte, deniz kestanelerinin baz\u0131 t\u00fcrleri eri\u015fkinlikte iki yanl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 korurken, eri\u015fkin deniz h\u0131yarlar\u0131 da d\u0131\u015ftan iki yanl\u0131, i\u00e7ten \u0131\u015f\u0131nsal (be\u015fli) bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6zellikle savunmaya, ayr\u0131ca istenmeyen par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lmas\u0131na yarayan k\u0131ska\u00e7s\u0131 organlar (pedisel) deniz kestanelerinde ve deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu halde, \u00f6b\u00fcr 3 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00fcyelerinde bulunmaz. Deniz kestanelerinde ayr\u0131ca 40 iskelet levhas\u0131 ile kaslardan olu\u015fan karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7i\u011fneme ayg\u0131t\u0131 (Aristo feneri) vard\u0131r.
\n Derisidikenlilerin \u00e7o\u011fu ayr\u0131 e\u015feylidir. \u00dcreme genellikle sperman\u0131n yumurtay\u0131 d\u00f6llemesiyle e\u015feysel yoldan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir; yaln\u0131z deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 ile deniz h\u0131yarlar\u0131n\u0131n birka\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcnde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyle e\u015feysiz \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. E\u015feyli \u00fcremede yumurta ve spermalar denize d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr ve d\u00f6llenme su i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Di\u015filer genellikle y\u0131lda bir kez ve milyonlarca yumurta d\u00f6ker. D\u00f6llenen yumurtalar, yumurtan\u0131n irili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak iki ayr\u0131 geli\u015fme \u00e7izgisi izler. Az besin i\u00e7eren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yumurtalardan serbest\u00e7e y\u00fczebilen lavralar \u00e7\u0131kar; bunlar bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine planktonlarla beslendikten sonra ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m ge\u00e7irir ve deniz taban\u0131na yerle\u015fir. Daha bol besin i\u00e7eren iri yumurtalarda, embriyon geli\u015fmesini yumurta i\u00e7inde tamamlar ve lavra evresinden ge\u00e7meksizin do\u011frudan eri\u015fkine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n Derisidikenlilerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kopan g\u00f6vde par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca yenileyebilir.\u00d6rne\u011fin denizy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131nda, ortadaki g\u00f6vde diskinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7an\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla, tek bir koldan yeni bir birey geli\u015febilir.
\n Derisidikenlilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, dibe \u00e7\u00f6kelmi\u015f yada y\u00fczen \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck organik maddelerle, denizkestaneleri ile denizy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ise bitkilerle beslenir. Yaln\u0131z baz\u0131 deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle yumu\u015fak\u00e7alara dadanan et\u00e7il hayvanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4-\u00c7ok bacakl\u0131lar<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok bacakl\u0131lar, \u00e7ok ayakl\u0131lar olarak da bilinir. Omurgas\u0131zlar\u0131n Arhropoda (eklembacakl\u0131lar) filumundan Diplopoda (k\u0131rkayak) , Chilopoda (\u00e7\u0131yan), Psuropoda ve Symphyla s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ile soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f Achipolypoda grubunun \u00fcyelerine verilen ortak add\u0131r. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar bu hayvanlar\u0131 Myriapoda s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplar ve yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 birer alts\u0131n\u0131f olarak kabul eder. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grup olan \u00e7ok bacakl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin 11 bin ya\u015fayan t\u00fcr\u00fc say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n \u00c7ok bacakl\u0131lar bir \u00e7ift duyarga, \u00e7i\u011fneyici \u00e7eneler ve solunum trakerleri gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ift bacakla donanan kara eklembacakl\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ok bacakl\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla birbirinin ayn\u0131 bir\u00e7ok halkas\u0131n\u0131n her biri bir yada iki \u00e7ift bacak ta\u015f\u0131r. Cinsellik deli\u011fi ya bir tanedir ve arkada bulunur (Chilopoda s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131) yada iki tanedir ve \u00f6ndedir (\u00fcyelerinin her halkas\u0131nda iki bacak bulunan k\u0131rkayaklar ve geli\u015fmemi\u015f sineklere benzeyen Symphyla alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131). B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ok bacakl\u0131lar yumurtlayarak \u00fcrer.
\n \u00c7ok bacakl\u0131lar genellikle seyrek g\u00f6r\u00fclen hayvanlard\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 geni\u015f kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerle dikkat \u00e7ekerken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da ev ve \u00f6b\u00fcr yap\u0131lar\u0131n kuytu k\u00f6\u015felerinde bar\u0131n\u0131r. Ya\u015fayan 4 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile tropik ve \u0131l\u0131man b\u00f6lgelere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ok bacakl\u0131lar, baz\u0131 yerlerde topra\u011f\u0131n organik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (humus) kaplayarak toprak faunas\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karlar. \u00c7e\u015fit ve say\u0131ca en \u00e7ok ormanda bulunursalar da, \u00e7\u0131yanlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere kimi k\u0131rkayak t\u00fcrleri otlak yada yar\u0131 kurak \u00e7evrelerde bulunur.<\/p>\n
5-Solucanlar<\/p>\n
Solucan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Platyhelminthes (yass\u0131 solucanlar), Anelida (halkal\u0131 solucanlar), Aschelminthes (yuvarlak solucanlar) ve Pogonophora (sakall\u0131 solucanlar) filumlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bazen Aschelminthes grubunu olu\u015fturan Nematoda (iplik solucanlar), Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha ve Pripalida s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 filum d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckseltilerek s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yer solucanlar\u0131, Oligochaeta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan halkal\u0131 solucanlar\u0131n karada ya\u015fayan en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fcyeleridir.
\n Solucanlar\u0131n g\u00f6vdesi ince uzun, silindir bi\u00e7iminde yada yass\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve genellikle uzant\u0131lardan yoksundur. Uzunluklar\u0131 1mm \u2018nin alt\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak 15m\u2019yi a\u015fabilir. Denizlere, tatl\u0131 sulara ve karalara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu hayvanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc asalak, \u00f6b\u00fcrleri serbest ya\u015far. <\/p>\n
6-B\u00f6cekler<\/p>\n
B\u00f6cekler Arhropoda (eklembacakl\u0131lar) filumunun Insecta (b\u00f6cekler) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. B\u00f6cekler hayvanlar aleminin en geni\u015f filumudur: hem birey say\u0131s\u0131 hem de uyum sa\u011flama ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcne da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan.
\n B\u00f6cekler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 2 alt s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r: Apterygota (kanats\u0131z b\u00f6cekler) ve Pterygota (kanatl\u0131 b\u00f6cekler). Apterygota alts\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Protura, Thysanura (k\u0131lkuyruk), Diplura ve Collembola (yay kuyruk) gibi 4 tak\u0131m i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fcyeleri ilkel, kanats\u0131z ve genellikle ba\u015fkala\u015fmas\u0131z b\u00f6ceklerdir; bunlarda, eri\u015fkinlerin a\u011f\u0131z par\u00e7alar\u0131 ba\u015f kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne tek bir noktada eklemlenir. 27 tak\u0131mdan olu\u015fan Pterygota alts\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyeleri daha \u00fcst\u00fcn yap\u0131l\u0131, kanatl\u0131, kanatl\u0131 ve ba\u015fkala\u015fma ge\u00e7iren b\u00f6ceklerdir; bunlarda, eri\u015fkinlerin a\u011f\u0131z par\u00e7alar\u0131 ba\u015f kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne iki noktada eklemlenir. Bu alts\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden biri olan Exopterygota, yar\u0131 ba\u015fkala\u015fmal\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri i\u00e7erir ve 17 tak\u0131ma ayr\u0131l\u0131r: g\u00fcn sinekleri, hamamb\u00f6ce\u011fi, c\u0131rc\u0131rb\u00f6ce\u011fi, kula\u011fa ka\u00e7anlar, cad\u0131 \u00e7ekirgeleri, e\u015fkanatl\u0131lar, termitler, \u0131s\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bitler, tahta kurusu… Alts\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan ve t\u00fcm ba\u015fkala\u015fmal\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri i\u00e7eren Endopterygota b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise 10 tak\u0131ma ayr\u0131l\u0131r: deve sinekleri, kelebek, ar\u0131, kar\u0131nca, sinekler,pireler…
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn eklem bacakl\u0131larda oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00f6ceklerin de bacaklar\u0131 eklemli, g\u00f6vdeleri b\u00f6l\u00fctl\u00fc ve genellikle bir d\u0131\u015f iskeletle korunmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00fcyelerini eklembacakl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran temel \u00f6zellikler ise \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00d6b\u00fcr eklembacakl\u0131larda g\u00f6vde 2 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015furken, b\u00f6ceklerde ba\u015f, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs ve kar\u0131n olmak \u00fczere 3 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur; \u00d6b\u00fcr eklembacakl\u0131lar\u0131n hi\u00e7birinde kanat bulunmazken, bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu kanatl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00f6b\u00fcr eklembacakl\u0131lardaki en az 4 \u00e7ift baca\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6ceklerin 3 \u00e7ift baca\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Nitekim baz\u0131 uzmanlar b\u00f6cekler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, alt\u0131 bacakl\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen Hexapoda terimiyle adland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n B\u00f6ceklerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olan kanat yap\u0131s\u0131 ise, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ve adland\u0131rmada temel olarak al\u0131n\u0131r: D\u00fczkanatl\u0131lar, yar\u0131m kanatl\u0131lar, k\u0131n kanatl\u0131lar, pul kanatl\u0131lar, zar kanatl\u0131lar gibi.
\n B\u00f6ceklerin ya\u015fam \u00e7evrimi genellikle yumurtayla ba\u015flar. T\u00fcrlerin \u00e7o\u011funda, \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131k\u00e7a lavra yumurtan\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kmaz ve t\u00fcrden g\u00f6re ya duraklama durumuna ge\u00e7erek geli\u015fmesini erteler yada geli\u015fmesini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra uyku durumuna ge\u00e7erek ko\u015fullar\u0131n d\u00fczelmesini bekler. Yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kan lavra, kitinli kabu\u011fu sertle\u015finceye de\u011fin hava yutarak \u015fi\u015fer. Bu d\u0131\u015f iskelet bir kez sertle\u015ftikten sonra art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, b\u00f6cek geli\u015ftik\u00e7e bu daralan kabu\u011fu at\u0131p, yeni ve daha geni\u015f bir kabuk olu\u015fturarak birka\u00e7 kez deri de\u011fi\u015ftirir. B\u00f6ceklerin lavra bi\u00e7imleri 5 grupta toplanabilir : t\u0131rt\u0131la benzeyen lavralar, tombul ve k\u0131vr\u0131k lavralar, uzun,yass\u0131 ve hareketli lavralar, telkurduna benzeyen lavralar ve bacaks\u0131z lavralar.
\n Hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6ceklerde e\u015feyli \u00fcreme, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda d\u00f6llenmesiz \u00e7o\u011falma, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de tek e\u015feylilik g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
7-Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar<\/p>\n
Latince ad\u0131 Molusca d\u0131r. Tipik bir yumu\u015fak\u00e7an\u0131n bedeni bir ba\u015f, bir i\u00e7 organlar k\u00fctlesi ve bir ayaktan olu\u015fur; bunlar\u0131n hepsi manto denilen bir zarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Mantonun ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6revi kavk\u0131 salg\u0131lamakt\u0131r. Kavk\u0131 iki \u00e7enetli, koni bi\u00e7iminde, helezon gibi k\u0131vr\u0131k, deri alt\u0131nda k\u00f6relmi\u015f durumda, bir\u00e7ok levhaya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f (kiton), sarmal b\u00f6lgelere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (Nautilus) olabilir; kavk\u0131 eri\u015fkinde b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn yok olabilir ama embriyonda muhakkak bulunur.
\n Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alarda bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m hemen hemen iki yanl\u0131d\u0131r; beden b\u00f6l\u00fctl\u00fc de\u011fildir, ama baz\u0131 organlarda b\u00f6l\u00fctlenme izlerine rastlan\u0131r Genellikle etli olan ayak \u00e7o\u011funda s\u00fcr\u00fcnerek y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye (kar\u0131ndan bacakl\u0131lar), yeri delmeye (iki \u00e7enetliler), y\u00fczmeye ve besinleri yakalamaya yarar(kafadan bacakl\u0131lar).
\n Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar be\u015f s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r: \u0130lkel yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar(kiton), kar\u0131ndanbacakl\u0131lar (genelde sarmal kavk\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rlar), Scaphopoda (say\u0131ca \u00e7ok azd\u0131rlar), iki \u00e7enetliler ve kafadan bacakl\u0131lar(ahtapot,m\u00fcrekkep bal\u0131\u011f\u0131).
\n S\u00f6lom iki bo\u015fluk halindedir; birinde e\u015feysel bez, \u00f6tekinde perikart bulunur. Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131n yumurtalar\u0131 bol vitell\u00fcsl\u00fc oldu\u011fundan genellikle iridir. Yumurtalar genellikle \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k organlarda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yada bir arada bulunabilir. Lavra y\u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bir perdeyle kapl\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir evre ge\u00e7irir; bu evre kafadan bacakl\u0131larda yoktur ve kar\u0131ndan bacakl\u0131 kara yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131nda lavra iri bir vitell\u00fcsle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
8-Kabuklular<\/p>\n
Kabuklular\u0131n iki \u00e7ift duyargalar\u0131, birle\u015fik g\u00f6zleri, \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir ba\u015flar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fa \u0131stakoz, yenge\u00e7 gibi solunga\u00e7larla donanan eklem bacakl\u0131lar dahildir.
\n Kabuklular temel \u00f6zellikleriyle \u00f6b\u00fcr hayvanlardan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bedenleri bir ba\u015f ile iki ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgede toplanan (g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs ve kar\u0131n) bir dizi b\u00f6l\u00fct (yada halka) i\u00e7eren bir g\u00f6vdeden olu\u015fur. B\u00f6l\u00fctlerin say\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f kabuklularda 19 yada 20\u2019dir. \u00c7o\u011funlukla bir yada bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fcyle kayna\u015farak ba\u015f, bir ba\u015fl\u0131g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs olu\u015fturur. G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6l\u00fctlerinin her birinde, pereiopot ad\u0131 verilen ve \u00e7i\u011fneyici organlara, k\u0131ska\u00e7lara yada ayaklara(y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye yada y\u00fczmeye yarar) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilen bir \u00e7ift eklenti vard\u0131r. Malacostraca cinsinin her kal\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fcnde pleopot denen bir \u00e7ift eklenti bulunursa da \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00f6beklerin \u00fcyelerinde genellikle bu eklentilere rastlanmaz.
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn kabuklulardaki ortak tek \u00f6zellik, embriyo geli\u015fmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yada lavra ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Nauplius ad\u0131 verilen bir evreden ge\u00e7meleridir.
\n Kabuklular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ayr\u0131 e\u015feylidir. E\u015fey belirleyen genlerin erkelerde androjen bezlerinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hormonlar\u0131 denetledi\u011fi san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n Kabuklular \u00f6zellikle denizlerin en derin yerlerine kadar ve tatl\u0131 sulara yay\u0131lan hayvanlard\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, baz\u0131lar\u0131 karada ya\u015famaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 (karayengecigiller) yaln\u0131zca \u00fcremek i\u00e7in suya d\u00f6nerler; baz\u0131lar\u0131ysa (Cloporta) ya\u015fama \u00e7evrimlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc karada ge\u00e7irirler. Kabuklular karada iken genellikle kayalar\u0131n kovuklar\u0131nda yuvalan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Omurgas\u0131zlar Omurgas\u0131zlar omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131 kapsar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bir altfilumu olu\u015fturan Vertebrata (omurgal\u0131lar) d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hayvanlar, eskiden Invertebrata (omurgas\u0131zlar) grubunda toplan\u0131yordu. Ama artan bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesi bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yapay duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve omurgas\u0131zlar ad\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6sterecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren hayvanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019 \u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu omurgas\u0131zd\u0131r. Boyutlar\u0131, ancak mikroskop alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[8600,5631,5630,8596,8598,7880,8597,8601,5971,8599,8594,2900,8595,2626,5958],"class_list":["post-3766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-arachnidalar","tag-arthropoda","tag-bocekler","tag-calcarea","tag-demonspongiae","tag-derisidikenliler","tag-hexactinellida","tag-kabuklular","tag-omurgasizlar","tag-orumcegimsiler","tag-porifera","tag-solucanlar","tag-spongilla","tag-sungerler","tag-yumusakcalar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3766"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3766\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}