Antik D\u00f6nem Tarih Yazarlar\u0131<\/p>\n
AEL\u0130US LAMPR\u0130D\u0130US<\/p>\n
Diocletianus zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Latin tarih\u00e7ilerinden biri olan Aelius Lampridius, daha sonralar\u0131 Historia Augusta ismi alt\u0131nda toplanan imparator biyografilerinin alt\u0131 yazar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n
AEL\u0130US SPART\u0130ANUS<\/p>\n
Diocletianus zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir Latin tarih\u00e7isi olan Aelius Spartianus, daha sonralar\u0131 Historia Augusta ismi alt\u0131nda toplanan imparator biyografilerinin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Aelius Spartianus, Hadrianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla ve Geta’n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
AFR\u0130CANUS, SEXTUS IUL\u0130US (M.S. 180 -250)<\/p>\n
Haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evrensel kronolojiyle tan\u0131nan bir H\u0131ristiyan tarih\u00e7i olan Africanus’un hayat\u0131 \u00fczerine yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130mparator Severus Alexander’in korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na girdikten sonra, el\u00e7i olarak Roma’ya g\u00f6nderildi (222). En b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131 olan Chronographia (221), Africanus’un M.\u00d6. 5499’da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan M.S. 221’e de\u011fin ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemdeki dinsel ve din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olaylar\u0131n tarihini ele alan 5 ciltlik bir incelemedir.<\/p>\n
Africanus hesaplamalar\u0131nda temel olarak \u0130ncil’i kaynaklam\u0131\u015f, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Kalde kronolojilerini, Yunan mitolojisini ve Yahudi tarihini H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131kla birle\u015ftirerek e\u015fzamanl\u0131 hale getirmi\u015ftir. Bu yap\u0131t\u0131yla erken H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tarihsel \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtarak sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
AMM\u0130ANUS MARCELL\u0130NUS (M.S. 330 – 395)<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 son b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih\u00e7i olan Ammianus’un yap\u0131tlar\u0131, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun son d\u00f6nem tarihini 378’e de\u011fin getirir. Roma’da Nerva’n\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan Valens’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne de\u011fin Roma tarihini kaleme ald\u0131 ve bu Latince yap\u0131t\u0131yla Tacitus’un yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Rerum Gestarum Libri (Olaylar\u0131n Tarihi) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t, 31 kitaptan olu\u015fur. Ama yaln\u0131zca 357 – 378 aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan 18 kitab\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131t, olaylar\u0131n asker nitelikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ok okumu\u015f bir yazar\u0131n kalemiyle \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k, ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131, yans\u0131z bir anlat\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Roma tarihi, art\u0131k Roma kentinin tarihi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya imparatorluk politikas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn cephelerini kapsar. kendi deneyimlerinden yararlanan Ammianus, imparatorlu\u011fun ekonomik ve toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren canl\u0131 tablolar \u00e7izer. D\u00f6neminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel e\u011filimlerini yans\u0131z bir tutumla dile getirir. Son d\u00f6nem Roma tarih\u00e7ilerinin bilinen tekniklerini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: S\u00f6ylevlerde belagat; \u00f6rne\u011fin Hun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc betimlerken ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu uzun etnografik anlat\u0131mlar; karakter betimlemelerinde al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f biyografik kal\u0131plar ve bol s\u00fcsleme. <\/p>\n
APP\u0130NAOS, \u0130SKENDER\u0130YEL\u0130 (M.S. II. y.y.)<\/p>\n
Yunanl\u0131 bir tarih\u00e7i olan Appianos, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminden M.S. II. y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Roma fetihlerini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Appianos, bug\u00fcn kay\u0131p olan otobiyografisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Yunanca Romaika (Roam Tarihi). Yirmi d\u00f6rt kitaptan olu\u015fan bu yap\u0131t, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n fethetti\u011fi halklara (ve bunlar\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerine) g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f etnografik bir s\u0131ra izlemekteydi.<\/p>\n
Appianos’un kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil art\u0131k klasik say\u0131lmayan bir Yunancayd\u0131. yetenekli bir tarih\u00e7i olmamakla birlikte, \u00f6nceki kaynaklardan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bilginin korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Tiberius Gracchus (M.\u00d6. 133’te tribunus) ile Sulla (\u00f6. M.\u00d6. 78) aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemi ele alan, i\u00e7 sava\u015flar hakk\u0131ndaki ilk kitab\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir tarih kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
AR\u0130STEAS, PROKONNESOSLU (M.\u00d6. VI. y.y.)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi ve \u015fairi olan Aristeas’dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Arimaspoi \u00fcst\u00fcne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirden yaln\u0131z birka\u00e7 m\u0131sra kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
AR\u0130STOBULOS KASSANDRE\u0130ALI<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. \u0130skender’in seferine kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu seferin tarihini yazd\u0131; bu tarih bug\u00fcn kay\u0131pt\u0131r. Arrianos bu eserden geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde esinlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
ARRH\u0130ANOS [Lat. Flavius Arrianus] (d. M.S.105)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi ve filozofu. Nikomedeia’da do\u011fdu. Epiktetos’dan felsefe e\u011fitimi ald\u0131 ve onun \u00e7\u00f6mezi oldu. Hocas\u0131 i\u00e7in Diatribai Epiktetu’yu (Epiktetos ile G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler) ve Engkheiridion’u (Elkitab\u0131) kaleme ald\u0131. Bunlar, Stoac\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserlerin en \u00f6nemlileridir. B\u00fcy\u00fck askeri hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Roma yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Hadrianus, Kappadokia’n\u0131n y\u00f6netimini ona verdi.<\/p>\n
Arrhianos, Alanlar’a Kar\u015f\u0131 Seferberlik Plan\u0131’n\u0131 yazd\u0131. \u00f6nleyici tedbirler koymak amac\u0131yla Karadeniz \u00e7evresinde d\u00fczenlenen bir ke\u015fif gezisine kat\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, Periplus Pontu Eukseinu’yu (Karadeniz’de Ke\u015fif Gezisi) yazd\u0131. Bu ilgi \u00e7ekici eserin ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygunlu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphelidir. hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna doru Nikomedeia’da Anabasis Aleksandru’dan ba\u015fka (\u0130skenderin Seferi), askeri tab\u0131ya ile ilgili bir eser ve Hindistan gezisi \u00fczerine bir kitap (\u0130ndike) yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
ATHENODOROS<\/p>\n
Stoac\u0131 yunan filozofu ve tarih\u00e7i. Tarsos’da do\u011fdu. Filozof Athenodoros’un \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131, Utical\u0131 Cato’nun dostu. Octavianus’un \u00f6\u011fretmeni, sonra dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 oldu. Tarsos’un tarihini yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
AUREL\u0130US V\u0130CTOR<\/p>\n
Latin Tarih\u00e7isi. Afrika’da do\u011fdu. 360’da Augustus’dan Julianus’a kadar olan imparatorlar\u0131n k\u0131sa tarihini De Caesaribus (\u0130mparatorlar \u00dcst\u00fcne) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda anlatt\u0131. Bu eserden ba\u015fka bug\u00fcn elimizde \u015fu iki incelemesi vard\u0131r: Origo Gentis Romanae (Romal\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc), De Viris \u0130llustribus (\u00dcnl\u00fc Ki\u015filer \u00dcst\u00fcne). 400 y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru, bu son iki incelemesi ile bir \u00f6nceki eseri birle\u015ftirilerek b\u00fct\u00fcn Roma tarihini kapsayan bir inceleme meydana getirildi.<\/p>\n
CAEL\u0130US ANT\u0130PATER<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i. Gracchus’lar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131. ikinci P\u00f6n sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tarihini yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
CASS\u0130US SEVERUS LONGULANUS (\u00f6. M.S. 33)<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i ve yergi yazar\u0131. Patricilerin \u00e7ok \u00e7ekindi\u011fi bir adamd\u0131. Augustus onu Girit adas\u0131na, Tiberius’da Seriphos adas\u0131na s\u00fcrd\u00fc; Cassius orada yoksulluk i\u00e7inde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Eserlerinden hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
CORNEL\u0130US NEPOR (M.\u00d6. 99’a do\u011fru ? – M.\u00d6. 24′ e do\u011fru)<\/p>\n
Latin tarih\u00e7isi. \u00d6nce \u015fiir, sonra tarih eserleri yazd\u0131; Chronica (Tarih), Exempla (Se\u00e7meler), Cicero’nun Hayat\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yaln\u0131z bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ula\u015fan De Excellentibus Ducibus (\u0130ki Se\u00e7kin \u00d6nder \u00dcst\u00fcne). Ayr\u0131ca De Historicis Latinis’ten (Latin Tarihi \u00dcst\u00fcne), Cato’nun Atticus’un hayat\u0131, bir de Cornelia’n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki mektubu kald\u0131. Bir derleyici ve halk yazar\u0131 olan Cornelius do\u011fru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir kimseydi, okuyucuya hayat hikayeleri yoluyla e\u011fitici \u00f6rnekler vermek isterdi.<\/p>\n
CORNEL\u0130US S\u0130SENNA (M.\u00d6. 120’ye do\u011fru – 67)<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarihci ve hatip. “Miletos Masallar\u0131” ile, \u00f6zellikle sosyal sava\u015f\u0131 ve Sulla zaman\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Historiae (Tarihler) adl\u0131 eserleri yazd\u0131. bunlardan yaln\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
DAMASTES, S\u0130GE\u0130ONLU (d. M.\u00d6. 400)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Tarih, co\u011frafya ve soy a\u011fac\u0131 ile ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r; bunlardan bug\u00fcne, ancak baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
DEKS\u0130PPOS (M.S. 210 – 270) [lat. Publius Herennius Dexippus]<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i ve Atinal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131. Atinal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck Kerykes ailesinden olan Deksippos, III. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi konusundaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca uzmanlardan biridir. \u0130stanbul patri\u011fi Photios’un IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bibliotheca adl\u0131 ansiklopedisinde \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131n yazar\u0131 olarak Deksippos’dan s\u00f6z edilir.<\/p>\n
Bunlar B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in ard\u0131llar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00f6rt ciltlik bir tarih, 238’den sonra Roma’n\u0131n Gotlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin tarihi; Skythika (\u0130skit destan\u0131) ve 270’e de\u011fin gelen tarihsel olaylar\u0131n s\u0131rayla kaydedildi\u011fi 12 ciltlik bir vakayinamedir (Khronika). Bu kitaplardan hi\u00e7 biri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015fsa da daha sonraki tarih\u00e7ilerin derlemelerinde onlardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ok b\u00f6l\u00fcm bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
DEMOKR\u0130TOS (M.\u00d6. veya M.S. I. y.y.)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki eserde kay\u0131pt\u0131r. Bunlar; Taktika en Biblios (Bir Orduyu sava\u015f D\u00fczenine Sokma Sanat\u0131) ve Yahudi aleyhtar\u0131 bir eser olan Peri \u0130udaion (Yahudiler \u00dcst\u00fcne).<\/p>\n
D\u0130O CASS\u0130US (M.S. 150 -235)<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i ve y\u00f6netici. Yunanca yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Roma tarihi Romaika, cumhuriyetin son y\u0131llar\u0131 ile imparatorlu\u011fun ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na ili\u015fkin en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biridir. Seksen kitaptan olu\u015fan Romaika, Aieneas’\u0131n \u0130talya’ya ayak basmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar ve Aleksander Severus’un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (222 – 235) d\u00f6neminde sona erer.<\/p>\n
Bu yap\u0131t\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc daha sonra VII. konstantinos Porphyrogennotos, VIII. \u0130oannes Ksiphilinos ve \u0130oannes Zonaras’\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dili konuyla uyumlu ve yapmac\u0131l\u0131ktan uzakt\u0131r. Romaika s\u0131radan bir derleme d\u00fczeyini \u00e7ok a\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131lar\u0131 ya da ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
D\u0130ODOROS S\u0130KEL\u0130OTES (M.\u00d6. I. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Sezar ve Augustus \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Diodoros, b\u00fcy\u00fck seyahatlere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (\u00f6zellikle M\u0131s\u0131r’a) ve uzun s\u00fcre Roma’da ya\u015fad\u0131. \u00d6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri bug\u00fcne kalan Bibliotheke Historike (Tarih Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 yazd\u0131. K\u0131rk kitaptan olu\u015fan yap\u0131t \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Yunanl\u0131 \u00f6teki kabilelerin Troia’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki efsanevi tarihi i\u015flenir; ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sona erer; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise Galya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na de\u011fin gelir.<\/p>\n
Bu tarihsel d\u00f6nemi kesintisiz i\u015fleyen \u00f6teki tarih yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 biri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu yap\u0131t b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r. Diodoros, kendinden \u00f6nce gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn yunanl\u0131 ve romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerden yararland\u0131. Yap\u0131tta, yazar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklar her zaman belirtilmemi\u015ftir; ama k\u0131rk kitaptan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fanlarda Yunan tarihine ili\u015fkin bilgilerin en \u00f6nemli kaynaklar\u0131 Ephoros (M.\u00d6. 480 – 340 d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in) ile Kardial\u0131 Hieronymos’tur (M.\u00d6. 323 302 d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in). Dili a\u00e7\u0131k ve kolay anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmakla beraber tenkit\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften uzak ve d\u00fczensiz bir \u00fcslubu vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
D\u0130ONYS\u0130OS, HAL\u0130KARNASSOSLU (\u00f6. M.\u00d6. 8’e do\u011fru)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi ve hitabet hocas\u0131. M.\u00d6. 29 y\u0131l\u0131na do\u011fru Roma’ya gitti ve orada belagat \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi yapan Dionysios, kurulu\u015fundan birinci Kartaca sava\u015f\u0131na kadar Roma tarihini kapsayan 20 ciltlik En \u00f6nemli eseri olan Antiquitates Romanae’i (Roman\u0131n Eski Tarihi) yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Roma tarihiyle ilgili bir derleme olan bu eserde Dionysios, Roma tarihini ele al\u0131r ve Roma kurumlar\u0131yla Yunan kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Roma yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, titiz bir ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. tarih kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n vakayiname \u00fcslubuna bir uyarlamas\u0131 olan bu yap\u0131t, Livius’un yap\u0131t\u0131yla birlikte erken d\u00f6nem Roma tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan en de\u011ferli kaynaklar aras\u0131nda say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze 20 kitab\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca 10’u ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 yazar\u0131n s\u00f6z sanat\u0131 ve edebi tenkitle ilgili eserleri vard\u0131r: Rhetorikai Prognateiai (Belagat Patri\u011fi); Peri Mimeseos (Taklit Sanat\u0131); Periton Arkhaion Rhetoron Hypmnenatisma (Eski Belagat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00dcst\u00fcne Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar); Epistole Pros Ammaion Prote (Ammaios’a birinci mektup); Epistole Pros Ammaion Deutera (Ammaios’a \u0130kinci Mektup); Domosthenous Deinotetos (Demosthenos’un Belagat sanat\u0131nda G\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Ustal\u0131k). Ayr\u0131ca, Peri Sunteseos Onomaton (S\u00f6z Dizimi \u00dczerine) adl\u0131 eseri, eski Hatipler \u00fczerine ve s\u00f6zc\u00fck d\u00fczeni ile ses uyumu ilkeleri konusunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015f tek klasik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u0130ONYS\u0130OS, M\u0130LETOSLU (M.\u00d6. V. y.y.’\u0131n sonu)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Eserlerinden baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: “Pers Tarihi” ve “Darius tarihi”.<\/p>\n
D\u0130YLLOS, AT\u0130NALI (M.\u00d6. III. y.y.’\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Ephoros’un ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fe devam etti. 357’den 296’ya kadar Yunanistan ve Makedonya tarihlerini yazd\u0131. eserlerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ancak baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar kald\u0131. <\/p>\n
DUR\u0130S, SAMOSLU (M.\u00d6. 340’a do\u011fru – 260’a do\u011fru)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Atina’da Theopharastos’un \u00f6\u011frencisi idi; Samos’a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra tiran oldu. Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan bug\u00fcne sadece birka\u00e7 par\u00e7a kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
EPHOROS (M.\u00d6. 405 – 330)<\/p>\n
Yunan tarih\u00e7isi. Kyme’de do\u011fan Ephoros, ilk d\u00fcnya tarihinin (Historia) yazar\u0131d\u0131r. 30 kitaptan meydana gelen eser eksik ve yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler de vermi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ilk\u00e7a\u011fda sayg\u0131n bir yer kazand\u0131. Historia, 30. kitab\u0131 yazan o\u011flu Demophilos taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131t Peloponnesos’a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle ba\u015flar ve Makedonyal\u0131 II. Philippos’un Perinthos’u ku\u015fatmas\u0131yla (M.\u00d6. 340) biter.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 kitaplara ay\u0131ran ilk tarih\u00e7i olan Ephoros, her kitap i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6ns\u00f6z yazm\u0131\u015f ve elindeki malzemeyi tarih s\u0131ras\u0131yla incelemek yerine \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ephoros, her zaman olmasa da, \u00e7o\u011fu kez mitos ile tarihsel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r ve \u00e7ok eski tarihlere dayanan bilgilerin ku\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7i Diodoros Sikeliotes, Bibliotheke Historike’yi (Tarih Kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131) yazarken Ephoros’un yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015f, ama Ephoros’un yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vakayiname bi\u00e7imine sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131nca zaman dizimsel yanl\u0131\u015flar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polybios ise Ephoros’un deniz sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011fer vermekle birlikte, kara sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmser. Ephoras’a biri ke\u015fifler, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc Kyme’nin tarihi ve eski uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine iki inceleme ile \u00fcslup \u00fczerine bir denemeyi i\u00e7eren birka\u00e7 yap\u0131t daha atfedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
FAB\u0130US P\u0130CTOR,QU\u0130NTUS (y. M.\u00d6. 200)<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i. yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczyaz\u0131yla yazan ilk Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerden olan Fabius Pictor’un g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olan tarih kitab\u0131nda ilk d\u00f6nemlerinden ba\u015flayarak Roma’n\u0131n geli\u015fimini anlat\u0131r. yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 Yunanca yazmas\u0131n\u0131n bir nedeni Yunanl\u0131lara Roma politikas\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131 ger\u00e7eklere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek istemesidir. Daha sonraki tarih\u00e7ilerden Polybios, Dionysios ve Titus Livius bu kitaptan yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
HEGES\u0130PPOS, AZ\u0130Z (M.S. II. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Yunanl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan tarih\u00e7i. Gnostisizm’e kar\u015f\u0131 yerle\u015fik kilise \u00f6\u011fretisini savunmu\u015f olan Hegesippos’un bilinen tek yap\u0131t\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerindeki kilisenin \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131s\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olu\u015fturan be\u015f kitapl\u0131k an\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. yakla\u015f\u0131k 180 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu an\u0131lar\u0131 tarihsel veriler, \u00f6\u011freti sorunlar\u0131, polemikler ve inan\u00e7 ilkeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmaya elveri\u015flidir. An\u0131larda, Papa Eleutherius’a (175 -189) Roma piskoposlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer al\u0131r; ama bu s\u0131ralamada papal\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f tarihlerinden \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011fretilere \u00f6nem verilir. <\/p>\n
HEKATA\u0130OS, M\u0130LETOSLU (M.\u00d6. VI. – V. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Yunan yazar\u0131. Pers istilas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130onlar\u0131 Perslere kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmaktan vazge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M.\u00d6. 494 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130onlar Perslerle anla\u015fma yapmak zorunda kal\u0131nca Pers satrab\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen el\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131 ve satrab\u0131 ikna ederek\u0130onia kentlerinin yeniden eski yasal konumlar\u0131na kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Hekataios’un bilinen iki yap\u0131t\u0131ndan biri olan Genelogiai (Soya\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131) ya da \u00f6teki ad\u0131yla Historiai (Tarih\u00e7eler), Eski Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n gelenekleri ve mitolojileri \u00fczerine sistemli bi\u00e7imde bilgi vermektedir; ama bu yap\u0131t\u0131n \u00e7ok az bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan Ges Periodos ya da \u00f6teki ad\u0131yla Periegesis (D\u00fcnya Turu) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan par\u00e7alar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 300’\u00fc ge\u00e7er. Bu yap\u0131t biri Avrupa’y\u0131, \u00f6teki Asya’y\u0131 (M\u0131s\u0131r ve Kuzey Afrika’yla birlikte) kapsayan iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hekataios, Eski Yunan tarih\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00e7ekicili\u011fini kaybetmeyen co\u011frafya ve etnografya alanlar\u0131nda genellikle \u00f6nc\u00fc olarak kabul edilir. M.\u00d6. V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7i Herodotos, Hekataios’un yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullanm\u0131\u015f, ama ad\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca ele\u015ftirecek bir konu bulundu\u011funda s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
HELLAN\u0130KOS, LESBOSLU (M.\u00d6. V. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i. yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla tarih yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan Hellanikos’un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lan 30 kitab\u0131n yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hiereiai tes Heras en Argei (Argos’daki Hera Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rahibeleri) de bunlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Hellanikos, \u015fairler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcleri yinelemekle yetinmeyip bunlar\u0131 belirli y\u00f6relerde an\u0131msad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde aktarmay\u0131 denedi.<\/p>\n
\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f kay\u0131tlara benzer baz\u0131 y\u00f6netici ya da rahip listelerini kullanarak, bilimsel kronolojinin temellerini atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan bilgilerden de\u011fil, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Argos’daki Hera tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 rahibelerinin dizininden, ayr\u0131ca Atina arkhon’lar\u0131n\u0131n listesinden ve Do\u011fu’daki tarihlemelerden yararland\u0131. \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ileri, yerle\u015fmi\u015f gelenekten \u00e7ok ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Hellanikos’u g\u00fcvenilmez sayd\u0131lar. Hellanikos, yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde kullanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 Herodotos’dan farkl\u0131 olarak y\u00f6resel ve etnik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir tarihsel ak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi de kuramad\u0131.<\/p>\n
HERODOTOS (M.\u00d6. 484 – 430\/420)<\/p>\n
Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i. Halikarnassos’un \u00f6nde gelen ailelerinden birinden oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan Herodotos,<\/p>\n
HOMEROS (M.\u00d6. IX. ya da VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Eski Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck destanlar\u0131 \u0130lyada ve Odysseia’n\u0131n yazar\u0131 olan Homeros’un ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin hemen hemen hi\u00e7 bir bilgi yoktur. bununla birlikte \u00e7o\u011fu tarih\u00e7i Homeros’un M.\u00d6. IX. ya da VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir \u0130on oldu\u011fu konusunda birle\u015fmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelene\u011fe dayanarak \u0130lyada’y\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015f ve en az\u0131ndan Odysseia’n\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Eski yunanl\u0131lar bu destanlar\u0131 Helenistik birlik ve kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n simgeleri, ahlaki ve yol g\u00f6sterici bir kaynak olarak kabul etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130lyada ve Odysseia Antik \u00e7a\u011fdan bu yana bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 da derinden etkilemi\u015f, modern dillere say\u0131s\u0131z \u00e7evirileri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131n as\u0131l de\u011feri, tanr\u0131lar ve kahramanl\u0131k ser\u00fcvenleriyle ile ilgili y\u00fcceltici anlat\u0131mdan zaman zaman s\u0131yr\u0131larak derin insani duygular\u0131 da i\u015fleyen \u015fiirsel dilinden gelir. <\/p>\n
IUST\u0130NUS, MARCUS IUN\u0130ANUS (M.S. III. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/p>\n
Iustinus, Pompeius Trogus’un kay\u0131p Historia Philippicae (Philippos tarihleri) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyen Epitome (\u00d6zetler) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 yazd\u0131. temelde, Makedonya ve Hellenistik d\u00f6nem krall\u0131klar\u0131yla Part tarihini anlatan yap\u0131t orta\u00e7a\u011fda s\u0131k s\u0131k ba\u015fvurulan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Hellenistik d\u00fcnyay\u0131 inceleyenler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KADMOS, M\u0130LETOSLU (M.\u00d6. VI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131)<\/p>\n
Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i. Miletos’un ve baz\u0131 \u0130onia \u015fehirlerinin kurulu\u015funun nesi halinde tarihini yazd\u0131. Bu eserle, tarih efsaneden ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
KALL\u0130STHENES, OLYNTHOSLU (M.\u00d6. IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortas\u0131)<\/p>\n
Kallisthenes, amcas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmeni olan Aristoteles’in \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in Asya seferinin resmi tarih\u00e7isi olarak atand\u0131. Kral Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131’ndan (M.\u00d6. 386) Phokis Sava\u015f\u0131’na (M.\u00d6. 355) de\u011fin Yunanistan tarihi ile Phokis Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in Asya seferinin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaleme ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fka yap\u0131tlarda verdi. baz\u0131 Do\u011fu geleneklerini benimsemesini ele\u015ftirerek \u0130skender’i g\u00fccenderince hapse at\u0131ld\u0131 ve orada \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Arkada\u015f\u0131 Theoprastos, Kallisthenes’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Kallisthenes e Peri Penthous (Kallisthenes ya da Ac\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Kallisthenes’in yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7biri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan \u0130skender’in tanr\u0131 soyundan geldi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00f6yk\u00fcye yer verdi\u011fi bilinmekte ve bu \u00f6yk\u00fcden s\u00f6z eden ilk yazar olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
MEGASTHENES (M.\u00d6. 350 – 290)<\/p>\n
Hindistan’\u0131 konu alan Indika adl\u0131 d\u00f6rt ciltlik kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 olan tarih\u00e7i ve diplomat Megasthenes, \u0130onial\u0131 idi. Megasthenes, bu eserini I Seleukos taraf\u0131ndan el\u00e7i olarak Hindistan kral\u0131 \u00c7andra Gupta Maurya’ya g\u00f6nderildi\u011finde yazd\u0131. Yanl\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ermekle birlikte Indika, Hindistan \u00fczerine o g\u00fcne de\u011fin Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en kapsaml\u0131 kitap oldu. <\/p>\n
MELA, POMPON\u0130US (M.S. I. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131)<\/p>\n
Mela, ilk\u00e7a\u011fda co\u011frafya \u00fczerine klasik Latince’yle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tek inceleme olan De Situ Orbis (D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Konumu \u00dczerine) adl\u0131 eseri yazd\u0131. De Chorographia (Haritac\u0131l\u0131k \u00dczerine) ad\u0131yla da bilinen yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 M.S. 43 ya da 44 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap 13 y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra a\u00e7\u0131lan ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na de\u011fin etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Pilinius (Ya\u015fl\u0131) do\u011fa bilimleri ansiklopedisinde, her d\u00fczeydeki okuyucu i\u00e7in yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lan bu kitaptan yetkin bir kaynak olarak s\u00f6z eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Eski Yunan kaynaklar\u0131ndan aktarmalara dayanmas\u0131na ve bir \u00e7ok eskimi\u015f bilgi i\u00e7ermesine kar\u015f\u0131n Mela’n\u0131n yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ilk\u00e7a\u011f co\u011frafya kitaplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yeri vard\u0131r. Yap\u0131tta, evrenin merkezi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen yery\u00fcz\u00fc be\u015f ku\u015fa\u011fa ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu: Kuzey so\u011fuk ku\u015fak, g\u00fcney \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fak ve g\u00fcney so\u011fuk ku\u015fak.<\/p>\n
\u0130ki \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fak ya\u015famaya elveri\u015fliydi, ama bunlardan yaln\u0131zca kuzeydeki biliniyordu. Kuzeyde ya\u015fayanlar g\u00fcneydeki \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fa\u011fa, arada bulunan k\u0131zg\u0131n ku\u015faktaki dayan\u0131lmaz s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle ula\u015fam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Mela’ya g\u00f6re, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc ku\u015fatan okyanus yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6rt deniz alan\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi Akdeniz’di. Mela, uzakl\u0131k gibi teknik ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 dikkate almam\u0131\u015f, ama and\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerleri k\u0131sa t\u00fcmcelerle betimlemi\u015fti. Bilinen yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerle ilgili az \u015fey yazm\u0131\u015f, uzak b\u00f6lgeler hakk\u0131nda ise efsanelere bile yer vermi\u015fti. <\/p>\n
NEPOS, CORNEL\u0130US (M.\u00d6. 100 – 25)<\/p>\n
Atticus’un ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yazan Nepos, Cicero ve Catullus’un yak\u0131n dostuydu. Cattulus gibi Nepos’da \u0130talya’n\u0131n kuzeyine do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca yap\u0131tlar\u0131, \u00f6nde gelen Romal\u0131lar\u0131n ve baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n k\u0131sa ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fclerini i\u00e7eren De Viris \u0130llustribus (\u00dcnl\u00fc Ki\u015filer \u00dczerine), Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 d\u00fcnya tarihi kronolojisini Roma’ya tan\u0131tan Chronica (Kronoloji), ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc yazar\u0131 Maximus’a esin kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan anekdotlar\u0131n\u0131 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Exampla (\u00d6rnekler), b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Chronica’y\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya co\u011frefyas\u0131 kitab\u0131yla Ya\u015fl\u0131 Cato ve Cicero’nun ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcleridir. De Viris \u0130llustribus’dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze biri tam, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc eksik iki kitap kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nepos’un yal\u0131n ama incelik ve ar\u0131l\u0131ktan yoksun \u00fcslubu fazla bir edebi de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p>\n
PAUSAN\u0130AS (M.S. 143 – 176)<\/p>\n
Lidya do\u011fumlu bir gezgin ve Co\u011frafyac\u0131 olan Pausanias, Periegesistes Hellados (Yunanistan Betimlemesi) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131yla antik\u00e7a\u011f kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bilgiler sunmu\u015ftur. Pausanias, Yunanistan’a gitmeden \u00f6nce Anadolu, Suriye, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r, Makedonya ve Epir (Epiros) ile \u0130talya’n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc dola\u015ft\u0131. \u00dcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131nda, Attika’dan ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yunanistan gezisini anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
On ciltlik yap\u0131t\u0131n ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131 143 – 161 aras\u0131nda bir tarihte tamamlad\u0131. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda 176 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraki olaylara ili\u015fkin bilgi yoktur. \u00d6nemli kentlerle ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 kentin k\u0131sa bir tarihiyle ba\u015flar ve topografik \u00f6zellikleriyle s\u00fcrer. G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fama, dinsel t\u00f6renlere, halk\u0131n bo\u015f inan\u00e7lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin k\u0131sa bilgiler verir. ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilgi alan\u0131 sanat yap\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Olympia ve Delphoi’nin dinsel sanat\u0131n\u0131 ve mimarisini betimlemi\u015f, Atina’da portre ve yaz\u0131tlarla ilgilenmi\u015f, Akropolis’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck tun\u00e7 Athena heykelinden ve kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki an\u0131tlardan s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar betimlemelerinin do\u011frulu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Sir James Frazer’a g\u00f6re Pausanias Yunanistan’daki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz bir l\u00e2birent ya da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz bir bilmece olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n
POLYB\u0130OS (M.\u00d6. 200 – 118)<\/p>\n
Polybios, Roma’n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet konumuna y\u00fckseldi\u011fi d\u00f6neme kaleme alm\u0131\u015f olan Yunanl\u0131 bir devlet adam\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7idir. Gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta askeri konulara duydu\u011fu ilgiyle Akhaial\u0131 komutan Philopoimen’in ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmayan Taktikai (Taktikler) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 yazd\u0131. Numantia sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tarihini (M.\u00d6. 133’ten sonra) ve Ekvator b\u00f6lgesinin ya\u015famaya elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir inceleme yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
Polybios’a as\u0131l \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan Istoriai (Tarihler) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t 40 kitaptan olu\u015fur. Bunlardan yaln\u0131zca ilk be\u015fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polybios’un ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki amac\u0131 Hannibal’\u0131n \u0130spanya seferinden Pydna \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na de\u011fin s\u00fcren ve Roman\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle belirginle\u015fen 53 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 220 – 168) aktarmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Kartacal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenledikleri Sicilya seferiyle (M.\u00d6. 264) ba\u015flayan daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemi ve ba\u015fta Akhai olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerindeki geli\u015fmeleri ele alan ilk iki kitap yap\u0131t\u0131n giri\u015fi niteli\u011findedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kitapta Kartaca’n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 146’da y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011fin ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreyi de kapsayan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir taslak yer al\u0131r. Bu olaylar 30-39. kitaplarda anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Polybios’un yap\u0131t\u0131nda Roma devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve ordusunun incelendi\u011fi, kentin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgiler verdi\u011fi d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kitap \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. <\/p>\n
SALLUST\u0130US [GAIUS SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS] (M.\u00d6. 86 – 34)<\/p>\n
Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u00fcslupla d\u00f6neminin tarihsel olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve politik ki\u015filiklerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Romal\u0131 bir tarih\u00e7i ve yazard\u0131r. De Catilinae coniuratione (M.\u00d6. 43-42; Catilina Tertibi) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda Catilina’n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 63’te cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenledi\u011fi komplodan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, Roma siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki yozla\u015fmay\u0131 anlatan Sallustius Bellum Iugurthinum’da (M.\u00d6. 41-40; Iugurtha Sava\u015f\u0131 ), M.\u00d6. II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Roma’ya ba\u015f kald\u0131ran Numidya kral\u0131 Iugurtha’ya sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Roma’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hizip \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini inceledi.<\/p>\n
Yazar\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7ler Meclisi’ne duydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k Bellum Iugurthinum ve Historiae (Tarihler) adl\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Roma’n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 78 – 67 aras\u0131ndaki tarihini anlatan ve be\u015f kitaptan olu\u015fan Historia’nin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “Caesar’a Mektuplar” ve “Cicero’ya S\u00f6vg\u00fc” adl\u0131 yap\u0131tlar, \u00fcsluplar\u0131ndaki benzerlikler nedeniyle Sallustius’a mal edilmekle birlikte ger\u00e7ek yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n o olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Antik D\u00f6nem Tarih Yazarlar\u0131 AEL\u0130US LAMPR\u0130D\u0130US Diocletianus zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Latin tarih\u00e7ilerinden biri olan Aelius Lampridius, daha sonralar\u0131 Historia Augusta ismi alt\u0131nda toplanan imparator biyografilerinin alt\u0131 yazar\u0131ndan biridir. AEL\u0130US SPART\u0130ANUS Diocletianus zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir Latin tarih\u00e7isi olan Aelius Spartianus, daha sonralar\u0131 Historia Augusta ismi alt\u0131nda toplanan imparator biyografilerinin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Aelius Spartianus, Hadrianus, Septimus Severus, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1423,1420,1419,1424,1422,1421],"class_list":["post-382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-aelius-lampridius","tag-antik-donem","tag-antik-donem-tarih-yazarlari","tag-historia-august","tag-latin-tarihcileri","tag-tarih-yazarlari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=382"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/382\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}