BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEMLER\u0130
\nMetabolizma sonucu h\u00fccrelerde olu\u015fan zararl\u0131 , yarars\u0131z ve gereksiz olan maddelere bo\u015falt\u0131m maddesi , bu maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m , bo\u015falt\u0131m yapmaya yarayan organlar toplulu\u011funa bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi denir.<\/p>\n
1) TEK H\u00dcCREL\u0130LERDE BO\u015eALTIM
\n Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda art\u0131k maddeler dif\u00fczyon veya osmozla v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131r.Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lardan amip, \u00f6glena ve paramesyum gibi bo\u015falt\u0131m maddeleri pelikula denilen h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan dif\u00fczyon ve osmozla at\u0131l\u0131r. Tatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015fayan amip, \u00f6glena ve paramesyum gibi organizmalar metabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyi ile att\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, h\u00fccre hacmine g\u00f6re h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyi fazlad\u0131r. Bu nedenle h\u00fccreye s\u00fcrekli su girer. Bu su h\u00fccrenin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fi\u015ferek patlamas\u0131na neden olabilir. H\u00fccrenin patlamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in fazla su kontraktil kofullarla dif\u00fczyonun tersi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2) B\u0130TK\u0130LERDE BO\u015eALTIMBitkilerde \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f bir bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi yoktur. Bitkilerde bu olay bir problem de\u011fildir.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc:
\n-Bitkilerde metabolik h\u0131z ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki veya k\u00fctledeki bir hayvana g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.Bitki sabit bir yerde ya\u015far.
\n -Ye\u015fil Bitkiler katabolizma sonucu olu\u015fan art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini Anabolizma reaksiyonlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131rlar.
\n -Bitkilerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda karbonhidratlar proteinlere g\u00f6re daha \u00e7ok bulunur. Karbonhidrat metabolizmas\u0131 sonucu CO2 ve H2O olu\u015fur.
\n Kara bitkilerinde CO2 molek\u00fcler halde Suyun fazlas\u0131 terleme ile stomalardan dif\u00fczyonla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r. Stoma ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lamayan fazla su yapraklar\u0131n kanarlar\u0131nda bulunan hidatotlar\u2019la (Su sava\u011f\u0131) damla halinde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 verilir. Bu olaya damlama (Gutasyon) denir.
\n Hidatotlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6zel ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n a-)Hava neme doymu\u015ftur.
\n b-)Toprak ya suland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in veya ya\u011f\u0131\u015ftan dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok suludur.
\n c-)Terleme h\u0131z\u0131 minimumdur.(Havadaki nem oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in)
\n Hidatotla at\u0131lan su miktar\u0131 terleme ile at\u0131lan su miktar\u0131ndan daha azd\u0131r. Damlama esnas\u0131nda bir miktar Tuzda at\u0131l\u0131r.Baz\u0131 Bitki t\u00fcrleri ihtiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 organik bile\u015fikleri ve CO2\u2019in bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kleri ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 verirler.Baz\u0131 Bitkilerde zehirli maddeler suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen Tuzlar \u015fekline \u00e7evrilmekte ve zarars\u0131z hale getirilmektedir.Bunlar kofullarda \u00e7o\u011funlukla kalsiyum oksalat kristalleri halinde birikir,yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3) OMURGASIZLARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\n S\u00fcnger ve s\u00f6lenterlerde, bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bo\u015falt\u0131m v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n Yass\u0131 solucanlardan Planarya da bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 olarak \u201calev h\u00fccreleri\u201d bulunur.
\n Alev h\u00fccresinin esas g\u00f6revi hayvan\u0131n v\u00fccudundaki su dengesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n Halkal\u0131 solucanlar da (toprak solucan\u0131) karbondioksiti v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. Bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131, olarak nefridyum bulunur.<\/p>\n
Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alarda da bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 nefridyumlard\u0131r. Nefridyumlar kirpikli hunilerle ba\u015flar ve d\u00fcz bir kanalla manto bo\u015flu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Midye ve Salyangoz.
\n B\u00f6ceklerde olu\u015fan karbondioksitin organizmadan at\u0131lmas\u0131, trake borular\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bo\u015falt\u0131m art\u0131klar\u0131 ise \u201cMalpighi t\u00fcpleri” ile at\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
4) OMURGALILARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\nOmurgal\u0131larda \u00fcreme sistemi ile bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi birbirine ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olup, bo\u015falt\u0131m b\u00f6brekler ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Su ve Kara Hayvanlar\u0131nda Azotlu Art\u0131k Maddelerin Bo\u015falt\u0131mla At\u0131lmas\u0131
\n Suda ya\u015fayan tek h\u00fccrelilerle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck basit yap\u0131l\u0131 su hayvanlar\u0131 amonya\u011f\u0131 bol su ile birlikte atarlar. Seyreltildi\u011fi i\u00e7in amonya\u011f\u0131n zehirli etkisi azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.
\n Tatl\u0131 su bal\u0131klar\u0131nda NH3 ve \u00fcre solunga\u00e7lar ve a\u011f\u0131z epitelinden dif\u00fczyonla d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya at\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6brekler daha \u00e7ok su dengesini ayarlamada g\u00f6rev yapar.
\n Deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131nda glomerulus k\u00f6relmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6brek kandan \u00e7ok az su s\u00fczer. Fazla tuz solunga\u00e7lardaki tuz bezleriyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Kara hayvanlar\u0131ndan b\u00f6cekler, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve ku\u015flar v\u00fccutlar\u0131na \u00e7ok az su ald\u0131klar\u0131ndan amonya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcrik asit kristallerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atarlar. B\u00f6ylece zehirli amonya\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok az zehirli \u00fcrik asit halinde ve su kayb\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirerek atm\u0131\u015f olurlar.
\n \u0130nsanlar ve memeli hayvanlar amonya\u011f\u0131 daha az zehirli \u00fcreye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. \u00dcrenin v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lmas\u0131 da bir miktar suyla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n \u00dcrenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek at\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan su, amonyak i\u00e7in gerekenden \u00e7ok az, \u00fcrik asit i\u00e7in gerekenden biraz fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dcre olu\u015fumu ornitin devri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir tepkime dizisiyle sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130nsanda \u00fcre ku\u015f ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerde ise \u00fcrik asit olu\u015fumunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer karaci\u011ferdir.
\n Karaci\u011ferde olu\u015fan \u00fcre, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00f6breklere ula\u015f\u0131r. Kan b\u00f6breklerden ge\u00e7erken s\u00fcz\u00fclen \u00fcre idrarla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5) \u0130NSANDA BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n\u0130nsan bo\u015falt\u0131m sisteminin ba\u015fl\u0131ca organlar\u0131 b\u00f6brekler, idrar kanallar\u0131 ve idrar torbas\u0131d\u0131r. Her b\u00f6brekten \u00e7\u0131kan birer adet idrar kanal\u0131 (\u00fcreter), idrar torbas\u0131na (mesane) ba\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130drar torbas\u0131 da idrar kanal\u0131 (\u00fcretra) ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek
\n \u0130nsanda, kar\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funun arka taraf\u0131nda, bel hizas\u0131nda ve omurgan\u0131n iki yan\u0131nda fasulye tanesi bi\u00e7iminde, \u00e7ukur k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 birbirine d\u00f6n\u00fck bir \u00e7ift b\u00f6brek bulunur.B\u00f6brekler 10-15 cm uzunlu\u011funda 120-200 gram a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00f6brek d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru kabuk(korteks) ve \u00f6z (medulla) b\u00f6lgesinden olu\u015fur. B\u00f6bre\u011fin tam ortas\u0131nda idrar bo\u011frusuna ba\u011flanan huni \u015feklinde havuzcuk (pelvis) bulunur.<\/p>\n
\u0130drar kanallar\u0131 ve idrar kesesi b\u00f6bre\u011fe yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir; fakat kankda at\u0131k maddeleri se\u00e7ici olarak s\u00fczen esas k\u0131s\u0131m nefronlard\u0131r. B\u00f6brekte g\u00f6rev yapan temel birim nefrondur. Bir b\u00f6brekte yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon nefron bulunur.<\/p>\n
Nefron: Malpighi cismi ile proksimal t\u00fcp, henle kulpu, distal t\u00fcp ve toplama kanal\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Malpighi cismi k\u0131lcal kan damarlar\u0131 yuma\u011f\u0131 ve Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcnden meydana gelir. Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc yass\u0131 h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fmu\u015f, i\u00e7i bo\u015f bir yar\u0131 k\u00fcre \u015feklindedir.
\n Nefron kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn devam\u0131nda k\u0131vr\u0131mlar yapar. Bu k\u0131vr\u0131mlar proksimal t\u00fcp\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Nefronun malpighi cismi,proksimal t\u00fcp\u00fc b\u00f6bre\u011fin kabuk b\u00f6lgesinde yer al\u0131r.proksimal t\u00fcp \u00f6z b\u00f6lgesine inilerek Henle kulpunu olu\u015fturur. Henle kulpu tekrar kabuk b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7\u0131karak, ikinci k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m olan toplama kanallar\u0131 b\u00f6bre\u011fin \u00f6z b\u00f6lgesinde bulunur.<\/p>\n
a) Nefronlardan Kan\u0131n S\u00fcz\u00fclmesi<\/p>\n
B\u00f6breklere gelen kan\u0131n s\u00fcz\u00fclmesi bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki k\u0131lcal damar a\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u00fcz\u00fclme tamamen fizikseldir. K\u0131lcal damarlardaki y\u00fcksek kan bas\u0131nc\u0131, kan plazmas\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine sebep olur.
\n Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f olay\u0131na s\u00fcz\u00fclme denir. Bo\u015flu\u011fa ge\u00e7en s\u0131v\u0131da inorganik tuzlar, glikoz, \u00fcre ve su gibi maddeler bulunur. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir insanda yakla\u015f\u0131k bir g\u00fcnde 180 lt lik s\u0131v\u0131 s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu kan bas\u0131nc\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
b) Geri Emilim ve \u0130drar Olu\u015fumu<\/p>\n
E\u011fer bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131 aynen d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lsayd\u0131 v\u00fccut \u00e7ok miktarda su ile birlikte glikoz, amino asit, ve inorganik tuzlar gibi faydal\u0131 maddeleri de kaybetmi\u015f olurdu.
\n Fakat durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. S\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7indeki faydal\u0131 maddeler ve suyun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kanalc\u0131k h\u00fccreleri taraf\u0131ndan emilerek tekrar kana geri verilir. Su d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer maddeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla aktif ta\u015f\u0131mayla geri emilir.<\/p>\n
Emilen su miktar\u0131 v\u00fccudun o s\u0131radaki ihtiyac\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olup hipofizden salg\u0131lanan \u201cantidi\u00fcretik\u201d(vazopressin) hormon taraf\u0131ndan ayarlan\u0131r. S\u00fcz\u00fclme ile b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne ge\u00e7emezler kanalc\u0131k h\u00fccrelerini saran k\u0131lcal damarlardaki bu maddeler (H+ ve NH+4) aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ile kanalc\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7irilerek idrar olu\u015fturulur. Bu olaya salg\u0131lama veya aktif bo\u015falt\u0131m denir.
\nBelirli bir pH\u2019ta olan idrarda su, \u00fcre, \u00fcrik asit vard\u0131r. \u0130drar \u00f6z b\u00f6lgesindeki toplama kanallar\u0131ndan havuzcu\u011fa bo\u015falarak idrar kanal\u0131 ile idrar torbas\u0131nda biriktirilir ve zaman zaman idrar torbas\u0131 d\u00fcz kaslar\u0131n\u0131n otonom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
c) B\u00f6bre\u011fin D\u00fczenleyici Rol\u00fc
\n B\u00f6brekler, kan\u0131n bile\u015fimini, pH derecesini, ve v\u00fccuttaki su, sodyum ve potasyum gibi maddelerin miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemede g\u00f6rev yaparlar.
\n Ayr\u0131ca doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndaki su ve tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. B\u00f6breklerin bu d\u00fczenlemede g\u00f6revini yapmas\u0131nda b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc bezlerinden salg\u0131lanan \u201caldosteron\u201d ve hipofiz bezinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cantidi\u00fcretik\u201d hormonun etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
d) B\u00f6bre\u011fin G\u00f6revleri
\n -Metabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131 ve zehirli maddeleri atmak.
\n -Organizman\u0131n su dengesini ayarlamak.
\n -\u0130\u00e7 ortam\u0131n iyon dengesini d\u00fczenlemek.
\n -Kan plazmas\u0131n\u0131n osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek.
\n -Organizman\u0131n asit \u2013 baz dengesini d\u00fczenleyerek kan PH s\u0131n\u0131n 7,4 te kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEMLER\u0130 Metabolizma sonucu h\u00fccrelerde olu\u015fan zararl\u0131 , yarars\u0131z ve gereksiz olan maddelere bo\u015falt\u0131m maddesi , bu maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m , bo\u015falt\u0131m yapmaya yarayan organlar toplulu\u011funa bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi denir. 1) TEK H\u00dcCREL\u0130LERDE BO\u015eALTIM Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda art\u0131k maddeler dif\u00fczyon veya osmozla v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131r.Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lardan amip, \u00f6glena ve paramesyum gibi bo\u015falt\u0131m maddeleri pelikula …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[8763,8764,2385,6024,8393,2549,6091,2431,8762,2303,5884,8761,8395],"class_list":["post-3852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-bobregin-duzenleyici-rolu","tag-bobregin-gorevleri","tag-bobrek","tag-bosaltim-sistemleri","tag-glomerulus","tag-karbonhidrat","tag-korteks","tag-nefron","tag-nefronlardan-kanin-suzulmesi","tag-protein","tag-stoma","tag-tek-hucreli-canlilar","tag-ure"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3852"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3852\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}