N\u00fckleer G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrallar\u0131n\u0131n Genel Tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 <\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrallar\u0131 ile Termik Santraller birbirleri ile benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Her iki santral tipinde de elde edilen buhar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l enerjisi t\u00fcrbinde mekanik enerjiye ve mekanik enerji de dejenerat\u00f6rlerde elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek elektrik \u00fcretilir. Bu santraller aras\u0131ndaki temel fark buhar\u0131n elde edili\u015f y\u00f6ntemidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r tiplerinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeden a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji buhar \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131r ve bu buhar \u00fcretimi do\u011frudan reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn korunda ya da buhar \u00fcrete\u00e7lerinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerdeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonu termik santrallarda fosil yak\u0131t yakmakla ayn\u0131 i\u015fleve sahiptir. \u0130lk olarak n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 santrallerini tan\u0131tmadan \u00f6nce b\u00f6l\u00fcnme (fisyon) reaksiyonu mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 anlatmakta yarar vard\u0131r.
\nN\u00fckleer reaksiyonda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji, temelde U235 izotopunun ya da herhangi bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yatk\u0131n (fisil) izotopun (Pu239, U233) n\u00f6tronla etkile\u015fmesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 olay\u0131 sonucunda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan fazlal\u0131k ba\u011flanma enerjisidir. N\u00f6tronla etkile\u015fen U235 \u00e7ekirde\u011fi karars\u0131z hale ge\u00e7erek, kendisinden daha hafif iki \u00e7ekirde\u011fe ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve bu esnada da ortalama olarak iki n\u00f6tron a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu reaksiyon sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00f6l\u00fcnme enerjisi yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 MeV’dir. Bu enerji buhar \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in so\u011futucuya aktar\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6tronlardan biri b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yatk\u0131n ba\u015fka bir izotopu par\u00e7alayarak zincirleme reaksiyonuna sebep olur. Di\u011fer n\u00f6tron ise reakt\u00f6r i\u00e7indeki di\u011fer malzemeler taraf\u0131ndan yutulur ya da sistemden ka\u00e7ar. N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rler bu zincirleme b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonunun kontroll\u00fc olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemlerdir. B\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonunun \u00f6nemini anlamak i\u00e7in 1 kg U235 izotopunun yanmas\u0131 sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.3 milyon kg k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcnkine e\u015fde\u011fer oldu\u011funu belirtmek yeterli olacakt\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonu sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6tronlar\u0131n etkili bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yatk\u0131n izotoplarla etkile\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak gerekir. Bu nedenle b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonlar\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00f6tronlar moderat\u00f6r ad\u0131 verilen yava\u015flat\u0131c\u0131 malzemeler yard\u0131m\u0131 ile yava\u015flat\u0131larak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yatk\u0131n malzemelerle etkile\u015fim olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir malzeme de yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 (reflector) d\u0131r. Bu malzeme korun etraf\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilerek n\u00f6tronlar\u0131n sistemden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 ka\u00e7ma olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Moderat\u00f6r malzemesi ayn\u0131 zamanda yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flevini de g\u00f6rebilir.
\n\u0130lk kontroll\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonu 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerinde in\u015fa edilen CPI Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu reakt\u00f6rde yak\u0131t malzemesi olarak do\u011fal uranyum ve moderator olarak grafit kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rde oldu\u011fu gibi n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n reakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7imleri do\u011fal uranyum (%0.71 U235, %99.27 U238) ya da %3, %4 oran\u0131nda zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranyumdur. E\u011fer yak\u0131t do\u011fal uranyum se\u00e7ilirse moderator olarak grafit ya da a\u011f\u0131r su kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan santrallar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Su Reakt\u00f6r\u00fc (PWR), Kaynar Su Reakt\u00f6r\u00fc (BWR), ve Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 A\u011f\u0131r Su Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr (PHWR). Bunlardan ilk ikisi, hafif su so\u011futmal\u0131 termal reakt\u00f6r s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girer, moderator ve reflekt\u00f6r malzemesi olarak da hafif su kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc reakt\u00f6r tipi ise d\u00fcnyada ilk olarak Kanada’da elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kurulan ve so\u011futucu olarak a\u011f\u0131r su kullanan Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 A\u011f\u0131r Su Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nBASIN\u00c7LI SU REAKT\u00d6R\u00dc (PWR)
\nBas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su reakt\u00f6rleri ticari olarak elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ABD’de kullan\u0131lan ilk reakt\u00f6r tipidir.
\nBu t\u00fcr reakt\u00f6rlerde korda \u00fcretilen enerji birincil devre so\u011futucu vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kordan \u00e7ekilir. \u0130kincil devrede buhar \u00fcrete\u00e7lerinden al\u0131nan buhar t\u00fcrbinlerinde geni\u015fletilerek jenerat\u00f6rde elektrik \u00fcretilir.
\nBirincil devre bas\u0131nc\u0131, so\u011futucu suyun kaynamas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in, 15-16 MPa civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. So\u011futucunun kora giri\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 290-300 C, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 320-330 C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Reakt\u00f6r korundan \u00e7\u0131kan so\u011futucu t\u00fcrbinlerde kullan\u0131lan buhar\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in buhar \u00fcrete\u00e7lerine g\u00f6nderilir. Reakt\u00f6rlerin birincil so\u011futucu devreleri iki, \u00fc\u00e7 ya da d\u00f6rt tane benzer d\u00f6ng\u00fcden olu\u015fur. Her bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcde bir buhar \u00fcretici, bir reakt\u00f6r so\u011futucu pompas\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131 borular\u0131 bulunur. Ayr\u0131ca reakt\u00f6r bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilmek i\u00e7in bir bas\u0131n\u00e7lay\u0131c\u0131 bu d\u00f6ng\u00fclerden biri \u00fczerinde bulunur.
\nYak\u0131t i\u00e7inde fisyondan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6tronlar so\u011futucuda yava\u015flat\u0131larak zincirleme fisyon reaksiyonunu sa\u011flarlar. Ayn\u0131 anda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan kinetik enerjinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yak\u0131t i\u00e7inde \u0131s\u0131l enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve bu enerji \u0131s\u0131 iletimi ile so\u011futucuya aktar\u0131l\u0131r, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00f6tronlar taraf\u0131ndan moderasyon an\u0131nda moderator vazifesi de g\u00f6ren so\u011futucuya aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nReakt\u00f6r koru dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f silindirik bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 kab\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 kab\u0131 bu tip reakt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlayan en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fendir.
\nHemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn reakt\u00f6r tiplerinde reakt\u00f6r bas\u0131n\u00e7 kab\u0131 ve so\u011futucu sistemleri koruma kab\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7elik bir kabu\u011fun i\u00e7indedir. Bu \u00e7elik kabuk betondan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ikinci bir koruyucu yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer al\u0131r. Bu sistem d\u0131\u015f etkilerden reakt\u00f6r sistemini korumak ya da reakt\u00f6rden bir kazadan dolay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kabilecek radyasyonun \u00e7evreye s\u0131zmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
KAYNAR SU REAKT\u00d6R\u00dc (BWR)
\nKaynar su reakt\u00f6r\u00fc d\u00fcnyada bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su reakt\u00f6r\u00fcnden sonra en yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan reakt\u00f6r tipidir.
\nKaynar su reakt\u00f6rleri (BWR) bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden PWR reakt\u00f6r\u00fcne benzemekle birlikte, temel fark reakt\u00f6r koru i\u00e7inde kaynama olay\u0131na izin verilmesidir.
\nBWR tipi reakt\u00f6rlerin di\u011fer hafif sulu reakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc reakt\u00f6r koru i\u00e7inde do\u011frudan elde edilen buhar\u0131n t\u00fcrbinlere g\u00f6nderilmesidir. Bu nedenden dolay\u0131 BWR reakt\u00f6rleri do\u011frudan \u00e7evrim ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\nBas\u0131nc\u0131n PWR tipi reakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle (7 MPa) bas\u0131n\u00e7 kab\u0131 et kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\nBASIN\u00c7LI A\u011eIR SU REAKT\u00d6R\u00dc (PHWR)
\nBas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 A\u011f\u0131r Su Reakt\u00f6rleri, Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 Su Reakt\u00f6rleri ile benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131rlar. A\u011f\u0131r su reakt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni moderator ve so\u011futucu i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r su (D20) kullanmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr reakt\u00f6rlerin en yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke Kanada’d\u0131r. Kanadal\u0131lar son 40 y\u0131lda CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri Kanada reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc tasarlay\u0131p geli\u015ftirerek Bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 A\u011f\u0131r Su Reakt\u00f6r\u00fc teknolojisinde lider olmu\u015ftur.
\nCANDU reakt\u00f6rlerinde yak\u0131t olarak do\u011fal uranyum kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zenginle\u015ftirme tesislerine ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7ta moderator, a\u011f\u0131r su (D20) ve yatay silindir \u015feklinde bir reakt\u00f6r kab\u0131 vard\u0131r. Reakt\u00f6r kab\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde yatay \u015fekilde ge\u00e7en 380 adet yak\u0131t kanal\u0131 bulunur. Yak\u0131t kanallar\u0131 do\u011fal uranyum yak\u0131t ve a\u011f\u0131r su so\u011futucusundan olu\u015fur. Yak\u0131t kanal\u0131ndaki yak\u0131t elemanlar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 t\u00fcp\u00fc i\u00e7indedir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u00fckleer G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrallar\u0131n\u0131n Genel Tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 N\u00fckleer G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrallar\u0131 ile Termik Santraller birbirleri ile benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Her iki santral tipinde de elde edilen buhar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131l enerjisi t\u00fcrbinde mekanik enerjiye ve mekanik enerji de dejenerat\u00f6rlerde elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek elektrik \u00fcretilir. Bu santraller aras\u0131ndaki temel fark buhar\u0131n elde edili\u015f y\u00f6ntemidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r tiplerinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeden a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[1435,1433,1434],"class_list":["post-386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-agir-su-reaktoru","tag-basincli-agir-su-reaktorleri","tag-basincli-su-reaktorleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=386"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/386\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}