H\u00fccreler canl\u0131 organizmalard\u0131r. Canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli maddelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bu maddeleri \u00e7evrelerinden al\u0131p kullan\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan at\u0131k maddeleri de h\u00fccreden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya atarlar. T\u00fcm h\u00fccrelerde h\u00fccreyi \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran Ak\u0131\u015fkan-Mozaik Zar yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 bulunur. Bu zar canl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir ve ancak belirli maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin verir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcller h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki porlardan ge\u00e7erken enerji harcanmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc molek\u00fcller kendili\u011finden ge\u00e7er. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccreye al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve at\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ATP enerjisi harcan\u0131r.
\n E\u011fer molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccreye al\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji harcanm\u0131yorsa buna Pasif ta\u015f\u0131ma, enerji harcan\u0131yor ve kofullar kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa Aktif Ta\u015f\u0131ma ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.
\n Aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma, az yo\u011fun ortamdan \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortama, b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin ge\u00e7i\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji harcanmas\u0131 olay\u0131na verilen isimdir. H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki porlardan ge\u00e7emeyecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki molek\u00fcller enzimler yard\u0131m\u0131yla al\u0131n\u0131r.
\n Aktif Ta\u015f\u0131ma 2 \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n \u2022 B\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Endositoz
\n \u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7erisindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Ekzositoz
\n Endositoz
\n Endositoz, h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan dif\u00fczyonla veya aktif ta\u015f\u0131mayla ge\u00e7emeyecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemidir. Madde h\u00fccreye al\u0131n\u0131rken aktif ta\u015f\u0131mada oldu\u011fu gibi enerji harcan\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00e7e\u015fit endositozdan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:
\n 1.Fagositoz: Kat\u0131 molek\u00fcllerin al\u0131nmas\u0131.Bu olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131ncak molek\u00fcl h\u00fccre zar\u0131na temas etti\u011finde ilk olarak yalanc\u0131 ayaklarla (pseudopodia) etraf\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 2.Pinositoz: S\u0131v\u0131 veya s\u0131v\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f molek\u00fcllerin al\u0131nmas\u0131. S\u0131v\u0131 maddeler yalanc\u0131 ayaklarla sar\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu y\u00f6ntemle h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmaz. Bunun yerine h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda minik cepler olu\u015fturularak al\u0131n\u0131r. Hormonlar\u0131n h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131nda da bu y\u00f6ntem b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Bitki h\u00fccrelerinde \u00e7eperin hareketi engellemesi sonucu endositoz yap\u0131lamaz.
\n Fagositoz
\n Fagositoz s\u00f6zl\u00fck manas\u0131yla \u00a8H\u00fccre yemesi\u00a8demektir. (Eski Yunanca Phago- yemek (fiil), sito h\u00fccre demektir.) Hayvansal h\u00fccrelerin, kat\u0131 besin maddelerini, vezik\u00fcl olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde, sitoplazmalar\u0131na almalar\u0131. Fagositoz hayvansal h\u00fccrelerin kendilerine gerekli maddeleri almalar\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli yollardan birisidir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, alkol kullanan birisi alkol\u00fc almadan \u00f6nce biraz zeytin ya\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erse daha ge\u00e7 sarho\u015f olur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc zeytinya\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in h\u00fccreye ilk ula\u015fan zeytinya\u011f\u0131d\u0131r bunun sonucundada onun h\u00fccreden ge\u00e7mesi zor oldu\u011fundan alkolde ge\u00e7emez ve ki\u015fi daha ge\u00e7 sarho\u015f olur.
\n 1-B\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n (besinlerin veya yok edilecek olan yabanc\u0131 maddelerin), yalanc\u0131 ayaklar yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisine al\u0131nmas\u0131.
\n 2-Bir maddenin h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. S\u0131ras\u0131yla;h\u00fccreye tutunma, h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nma, fagozom olu\u015fumu ve sindirim kademelerinden olu\u015fur.
\n 3-H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyen b\u00fcy\u00fck kat\u0131 molek\u00fcllerin yalanc\u0131 ayaklarla h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Pinositoz
\n Pinositoz (Eski Yunanca pino i\u00e7mek, sito h\u00fccre demektir.) hayvansal h\u00fccrelerin s\u0131v\u0131 haldeki maddeleri, vezik\u00fcl olu\u015fturarak, sitoplazmalar\u0131na almalar\u0131na verilen isim. H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ile olu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cepler, daha sonra zar\u0131n kapanmas\u0131 ile i\u00e7i s\u0131v\u0131 dolu pinositotik vakuollere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu yolla h\u00fccre iyonlar\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fclleri s\u0131v\u0131 ile birlikte b\u00fcnyesine al\u0131r.
\n Ekzositoz
\n Ekzositoz, Endositoz ile birlikte Aktif ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 olu\u015fturur. H\u00fccre i\u00e7indeki b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015feklidir. H\u00fccre i\u00e7indeki molek\u00fcllerin sindirlemeyen at\u0131klar\u0131, koful i\u00e7inde h\u00fccre zar\u0131na getirilip, koful zar\u0131 ve h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fmesi yoluyla at\u0131l\u0131r. Koful zar\u0131, birle\u015fim yerinden a\u00e7\u0131larak at\u0131k maddeleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. Enerji harcanmas\u0131, kofullar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve enzimlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle aktif ta\u015f\u0131maya dahil edilir.
\n Diyaliz
\n B\u00f6brekler insanlarda genellikle iki adet olup arkada bel omurlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda her iki taraftad\u0131r.Boyu yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 cm,eni 6cm, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u01313cm,a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 150gr civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.B\u00f6bre\u011fin temel g\u00f6revi idrar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.
\n B\u00f6brek kalp taraf\u0131ndan pompalanan kan\u0131 alarak glomer\u00fcllerden ge\u00e7irir ve idrar olu\u015fturur. B\u00f6brek idrar yap\u0131m\u0131, sayesinde; al\u0131nan g\u0131dalar\u0131n sindirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan zehirli maddelerin ve fazla suyun uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.B\u00f6brekler ayr\u0131ca renin hormonu sayesinde kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde, eritropoetin hormonu sayesinde kan h\u00fccrelerinin \u00fcretiminde ve kalsiyum fosfor dengesini d\u00fczenleyerek kemik metabolizmas\u0131nda etkilidir. B\u00f6brek fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n % 80 – 90’n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f olan hastalarda diyaliz tedavisine ba\u015flanmal\u0131d\u0131r <\/p>\n
Diyaliz Tedavisi \u0130ki \u015eekilde Uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hemodiyaliz: Hasta kan\u0131n\u0131n damardan al\u0131narak \u00f6zel makineler kullan\u0131larak temizlenip tekrar hastaya verilmesi sistemidir. Hastan\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re bir veya \u00fc\u00e7 defa uygulan\u0131r.
\n Periton Diyalizi: Hastan\u0131n kar\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funa verilen s\u0131v\u0131ya at\u0131k maddelerin ge\u00e7mesi ve daha sonra bu s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in makineye ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. <\/p>\n
Diyaliz Tedavisi Gereken Hastalar
\n – B\u00f6brek fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n % 80 – 90’n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f hastalarda
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 tedavisi \u00f6nlenemeyen kusma,
\n – Tedaviye cevaps\u0131z s\u0131v\u0131 fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kanama e\u011filimi,
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 bilin\u00e7 bulana\u011f\u0131
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 perikardit
\n Hemodiyaliz uygulamadan \u00f6nce bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Hasta kan\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p makineye vermek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir damar yolu gereklidir. Bu ama\u00e7la hastan\u0131n atardamar\u0131 ve toplardamar\u0131 cerrahi olarak birle\u015ftirilir. Buna Arterio-Ven\u00f6z Fist\u00fcl denir. Ancak acil \u015fartlarda diyaliz uygulanacaksa damar i\u00e7i kateterizasyon uygulan\u0131r
\n B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011finde Belirtiler
\n B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011finde yak\u0131nmalar genellikle b\u00f6brek fonksiyonun % 80 – 90 n\u0131 kaybetti\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n
\u0130drar Miktar\u0131, S\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Miktar\u0131 ve G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc:
\n Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck 0,5 lt. idrar yeterlidir. Ancak su t\u00fcketimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1,5lt ile 2,5 lt aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Su t\u00fcketimi art\u0131k\u00e7a idrar miktar\u0131 ve idrar \u00e7\u0131kma say\u0131s\u0131 artar. Gece uyurken nadiren idrara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Yine s\u0131v\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015febilir. Ancak daha \u00f6nce olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde aniden fazla idrara \u00e7\u0131kma, gece idrara \u00e7\u0131kma ba\u015flad\u0131ysa b\u00f6bre\u011fin idrar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan bir sorun olabilir. \u0130drar\u0131n renginde v\u00fccuduna al\u0131nan s\u0131v\u0131 miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131kla\u015f\u0131r veya koyula\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u0130drarda kan g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder.S\u0131k idrara \u00e7\u0131kma ve a\u011fr\u0131 beraberse idrar yolunda iltihap d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
– V\u00fccutta \u015fi\u015flik
\n \u00d6demin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fareti olabilir. \u00d6demin \u00f6nce g\u00f6z etraf\u0131nda ba\u015flar.
\n Y\u00fczde , kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesi bacaklar ve uyluk b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6zlenebilir.
\n – A\u011fr\u0131
\n B\u00f6\u011f\u00fcr a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 kar\u0131n yada kas\u0131k a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 idrar yolu iltihab\u0131na veya b\u00f6brek ta\u015f\u0131na i\u015faret edebilir.
\n – Di\u011fer
\n Halsizlik, bulant\u0131, kusma, kilo kayb\u0131, nefes darl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ka\u015f\u0131nt\u0131<\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011finde Tan\u0131
\n – \u0130drar testi: Kan, protein, \u015feker tespit edilebilir.
\n – \u0130drar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc : \u0130drar yolu iltihab\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde \u00f6nemlidir.
\n 24 saatlik idrarda protein kayb\u0131 tespit edilebilir.
\n Kan testleri : \u00dcre, kreatinin, sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum fosfor d\u00fczeyleri tan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.
\n USG(Ultrasaund): B\u00f6brekler, idrar yollar\u0131, idrar torbas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenebilir.
\n IVP(intra-ven\u00f6z pyelografi) : Damardan boyal\u0131 ila\u00e7 verilerek b\u00f6brek, idrar yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemesi sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n B\u00f6brek Biyopsisi : B\u00f6brekten par\u00e7a al\u0131narak incelemesi esas\u0131na dayal\u0131.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011fine Tedavi
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011finde kans\u0131zl\u0131k tedavisi: B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011finde kans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedeni, b\u00f6breklerden salg\u0131lanan ve kan yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan eritropoetin denilen hormonun yetersizli\u011fidir. Bu hormon hastalara cilt alt\u0131na i\u011fne ile uygulan\u0131r.
\n – B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011finde demir tedavisi :b\u00f6brek hastalar\u0131nda kan kayb\u0131 ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kan h\u00fccrelerin artmas\u0131 ile besinlerle gerekli demirin al\u0131nmamas\u0131 sonu\u00e7unda demir eksikli\u011fi geli\u015fir. Bu hastalarda a\u011f\u0131zdan veya damar yoluyla uygulan\u0131r.
\n B\u00f6rek yetmezli\u011finde kemik hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavisi: Kan fosfor d\u00fczeyin y\u00fckselmesinin \u00f6nlenmek i\u00e7in kalsiyum tuzlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (Kalsiyum Karbonat ve Kalsiyum Asetat) Kan kalsiyum d\u00fczeyin y\u00fckseltilmesi D vitamini takviyesi<\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011finde Hipertansiyon Tedavisi
\n – Tuz k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131
\n – Diyalize giren hastalarda su fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kuru a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k dengesi,
\n – Di\u00fcretikler
\n – AT-2 enzim inhibit\u00f6rleri
\n – Kalsiyum kanal blokerleri
\n – Beta blokerler
\n – Alfa blokerler <\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011finde Beslenme:
\n B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011finde b\u00f6brekten fosfor potasyum ve \u00fcre at\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kan seviyeleri y\u00fckselir. Bu y\u00fczden fosfor, potasyum ve protein bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin besinlerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n S\u00fct, yo\u011furt, dondurma,peynir, yumurta sar\u0131s\u0131, kuruyemi\u015f, kuru baklagiller, kolal\u0131 i\u00e7ecekler, sakatat, et, bal\u0131k fosfor ve proteinden zengindir. Meyveler (muz, kay\u0131s\u0131, kavun, incir),sebzeler (pancar, lahana, domates, \u0131spanak vs.) potasyumdan zengin g\u0131dalard\u0131r.
\n B\u00f6brek Yetmezli\u011finden Korunma Yollar\u0131:
\n -\u015eeker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kan \u015feker d\u00fczeyinin kontrol\u00fc
\n -Hipertansiyonda kan bas\u0131nc\u0131 kontrol\u00fc
\n -Enfeksiyonlar(\u00e7ocuklarda bo\u011faz enfeksiyonu, akut romatizmal ate\u015f hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131)
\n -B\u00f6brek fonksiyonunu bozabilen ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131
\n -B\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fi geli\u015ftikten sonra enfeksiyonlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc
\n Ozmoz
\n Ozmoz su i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklidir. Se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen bir zardan suyun ge\u00e7mesine veya diff\u00fczyonuna ozmoz denir. Su, h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan kolayca ge\u00e7erek zar\u0131n her iki yan\u0131ndaki deri\u015fimini dengeler. Ancak, zardan ge\u00e7emeyen maddelerin deri\u015fimi dengelenemez ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin birinin hacmi artarken di\u011ferinin hacmi azalm\u0131\u015f olur. Bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7inde ozmoz sonucunda geli\u015fen su bas\u0131nc\u0131na ozmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 denir. Ozmoz ve ozmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 h\u00fccrenin i\u015flevlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmesi ve hayatta kalabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.
\n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddelerin yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen zardan diff\u00fczyonuna diyaliz denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, glikoz molek\u00fcllerini ge\u00e7irebilen bir zarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f bir torba \u015fekeri, saf su i\u00e7erisine dald\u0131r\u0131rsak, glikoz molek\u00fclleri, zardan, deri\u015fimi her yerde ayn\u0131 oluncaya kadar su i\u00e7erisine ge\u00e7meye devam eder. Fakat zar\u0131n porlar\u0131 glikoz molek\u00fcllerini ge\u00e7irmeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, bu sefer su molek\u00fclleri glikoz \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flar. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta torba ve d\u0131\u015f otama konan iki k\u0131lcal boru ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyi g\u00f6stermelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, bir zaman sonra kese i\u00e7erisine girecek su ile i\u00e7teki k\u0131lcal boruda su y\u00fckselecektir. Torba i\u00e7erisindeki su deri\u015fimini %95 kabul edersek (%5’lik glikoz \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinde) d\u0131\u015fta su deri\u015fimi %100’d\u00fcr; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla deri\u015fik ortamdan seyreltik ortama bir ak\u0131m vard\u0131r. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fe zaten ozmoz denir. Su d\u00fczeyi o derece y\u00fckselir ki, y\u00fckselen suyun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u015feker torbas\u0131na girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan su molek\u00fcllerinin bas\u0131nc\u0131 dengeye gelir. K\u0131lcal boruda y\u00fckselen suyun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u015fekerli suyun o deri\u015fimdeki “osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131” denir. Buradan, diyaliz ve ozmozun, dif\u00fczyonun \u00f6zel bir \u015fekli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00fccreler canl\u0131 organizmalard\u0131r. Canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli maddelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bu maddeleri \u00e7evrelerinden al\u0131p kullan\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan at\u0131k maddeleri de h\u00fccreden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya atarlar. T\u00fcm h\u00fccrelerde h\u00fccreyi \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran Ak\u0131\u015fkan-Mozaik Zar yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 bulunur. Bu zar canl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir ve ancak belirli maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin verir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcller h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6114,2669,8577,6113,6110,6111,8810,8902,4502,8903,6112],"class_list":["post-3908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aktif-tasima","tag-bobrek-yetmezligi","tag-diyaliz","tag-ekzositoz","tag-endositoz","tag-fagositoz","tag-hemodiyaliz","tag-kalsiyum-asetat","tag-kalsiyum-karbonat","tag-ozmoz","tag-pinositoz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3908"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3908\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3908"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3908"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}