H\u00dcCREDE MADDE ALI\u015eVER\u0130\u015e\u0130
\n H\u00fccreler ya\u015famsal faaliyetleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in organik ve inorganik maddelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar.B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccre madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yaparak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.Ancak se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fleri farkl\u0131 olurken h\u00fccre baz\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fler s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji harcar bazende harcamaz.B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccrede madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi enerji harcay\u0131p harcanmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r;
\n 1.PAS\u0130F TA\u015eIMA
\n a)Dif\u00fczyon
\n b)Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyon
\n -Osmos
\n -Plazmoliz
\n -Deplazmoliz
\n 2.AKT\u0130F TA\u015eIMA
\n a)Endositoz
\n Fagositoz
\n Pinositoz
\n b)Ekzositoz
\n 1.PAS\u0130F TA\u015eIMA:S\u0131v\u0131 yada gaz i\u00e7indeki molek\u00fcller \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamdan az yo\u011fun ortama do\u011fru hareket ettiklerinden kinetik enerjiye sahiptirler. B\u00f6ylece madde ge\u00e7i\u015fi kinetik enerji sayesinde oldu\u011fundan ATP harcanmaz. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve hareket kinetik enerjiyle do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ikisinden biri yada ikisi de artarsa kinetik enerji artaca\u011f\u0131ndan dif\u00fczyon h\u0131zlan\u0131r. Pasif ta\u015f\u0131ma canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z t\u00fcm h\u00fccrelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunun nedeni de h\u00fccrenin ATP harcamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Sonucunda h\u00fccre madde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ATP harcam\u0131yorsa pasif ta\u015f\u0131ma yapmaktad\u0131r.
\n a)Dif\u00fczyon:H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilen molek\u00fcllerin molek\u00fcl yo\u011funlu\u011funun \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu ortamdan az oldu\u011fu ortama ge\u00e7i\u015fidir. Ge\u00e7i\u015f sonunda t\u00fcm molek\u00fcller ortama e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Odan\u0131n bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde s\u0131k\u0131lan bir parf\u00fcm\u00fcn bir s\u00fcre sonra odan\u0131n di\u011fer ucundaki bir ba\u015fka ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan hissedilmesi gaz molek\u00fcllerinin havadaki dif\u00fczyonudur.
\n Osmoz:Su molek\u00fcllerinin se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen bir zardan dif\u00fczyonudur. Di\u011fer maddelerde oldu\u011fu gibi su molek\u00fcllerinin \u00e7ok yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu ortamdan az oldu\u011fu oldu\u011fu ortama do\u011fru hareket ederler. Dif\u00fczyon kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re glikoz molek\u00fclleri \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamdan az yo\u011fun ortama do\u011fru hareket ettiklerinden glikoz molek\u00fcllerinin hareket y\u00f6n\u00fc A’dan B’ye do\u011frudur. Su molek\u00fcllerinin ozmosu dif\u00fczyon kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7oktan aza do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan su molek\u00fcllerinin hareket y\u00f6n\u00fc B’den A’ya do\u011frudur. Dif\u00fczyon sona erdi\u011finde yani t\u00fcm molek\u00fcller kaba e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kab\u0131n durumu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi olur.<\/p>\n
Bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 o \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 belirler.Buna dayanarak yandaki d\u00fczenekte B \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131 a \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden fazlad\u0131r. os.ba.B > os.ba.A Bu durumda h\u00fccre su kaybeder .H\u00fccrenin su kaybederek b\u00fcz\u00fclmesine plazmoliz denir .E\u011fer h\u00fccre tekrar sulu ortama konursa su alarak eski haline d\u00f6ner .Buna deplazmoliz denir .Ayr\u0131ca A \u00e7\u00f6zeltisindeki su oran\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7 \u00e7eperine do\u011fru bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular .Bu bas\u0131nca turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 denir .Osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark su emme kuvvetini olu\u015fturur. Emme kuvveti = os.ba-tu.ba os.ba.B > os.ba.A ise tu.ba.A > tu.ba.B olur. Osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6zeltide su emme kuvveti olu\u015fur ve b\u00f6ylece A \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden B \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine su ge\u00e7i\u015fi ba\u015flar .Emme kuvveti osmotik ve turgor bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 e\u015fitlendi\u011finde s\u0131f\u0131r olur ve molek\u00fcllerin su ge\u00e7i\u015fi tamamlan\u0131r. H\u00fccrenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplam \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fit ortam vard\u0131r;
\n 1.Hipertonik Ortam
\n 2.Hipotonik Ortam
\n 3.\u0130zotonik Ortam
\n 1.Hipertonik Ortam:H\u00fccre koyuldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6zelti ortam\u0131nda su kaybediyorsa kendi madde yo\u011funlu\u011fundan daha yo\u011fun bir ortamdad\u0131r.B\u00f6yle ortamlara hipertonik ortam denir.
\n os.ba.\u00e7\u00f6zelti > os.ba. h\u00fccre \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki os.ba. > tu.ba oldu\u011fundan emme kuvveti olu\u015fur ve h\u00fccre su kaybederek b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 2.Hipotonik Ortam:H\u00fccre koyuldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6zelti ortam\u0131nda su alarak turgor haline geliyorsa hipotonik ortamdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
os.ba.h\u00fccre > tu.ba. oldu\u011fundan emme kuvveti olu\u015fur ve h\u00fccre su alarak turgor hale gelir.
\n 3.\u0130zotonik Ortam:H\u00fccre koyuldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6zelti ortam\u0131nda madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapm\u0131yorsa izotonik ortamdad\u0131r.Bunun nedeni osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n ve turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011finden su emme kuvvetinin olu\u015fmamas\u0131d\u0131r. os.ba.h\u00fccre=os.ba.\u00e7\u00f6zelti \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki os.ba.=tu.ba oldu\u011fundan emme kuvveti=0
\n b)Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyon:H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilen ve osmotik bas\u0131nca neden olan glikoz gibi tanecikler, yo\u011funluk fark\u0131yla zardan ge\u00e7erler. Bu tanecikler osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7la y\u00fcksek olan ortamdan (hipertonik ortam ) h\u00fccreye ge\u00e7erler. Ancak madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda h\u00fccrenin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 dif\u00fczyon yapmas\u0131 gerekebilir. B\u00f6yle zamanlarda maddeler zardan bir enzim yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131narak dif\u00fczyon h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dif\u00fczyon \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin; glikoz =G ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 molek\u00fcl = T E1 ve E2 =permeaz(glikozu ay\u0131rmaya ve tutturmaya yarar)
\n Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyonun \u00d6zellikleri
\n Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dif\u00fczyonla h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine zardan ge\u00e7ebilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddeler al\u0131n\u0131r. Yo\u011funluk fark\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. H\u00fccre ATP harcamaz. Enzimler olmasada y\u00fcr\u00fcr ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 y\u00fcr\u00fcyece\u011finden bir i\u015fe yaramaz. H\u00fccre i\u00e7i be d\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki yo\u011funluk fark\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dif\u00fczyon h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez.
\n 2.AKT\u0130F TA\u015eIMA:Canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerin glikoz,baz\u0131 amino asitler ile sodyum ve potasyum iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n enerji harcayarak zardaki enzimler yard\u0131m\u0131yla az yo\u011fun ortamdan \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortama do\u011fru h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine yada d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma denir. \u0130nce ba\u011f\u0131rsak i\u00e7indeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn glikoz molek\u00fclleri kana emilir. Bu durum ince ba\u011f\u0131rsak epitellerinin aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin;glikoz = G ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 molek\u00fcl = T Enzim = E<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilen maddeler i\u00e7erde \u00e7ok yo\u011fun d\u0131\u015farda az yo\u011funsa h\u00fccre aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma yapar.B\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcller h\u00fccreye pinositoz fagositoz yoluyla al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
a)Endositoz:H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki maddelerin h\u00fccreye al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Fagositoz:B\u00fcy\u00fck kat\u0131 molek\u00fcllerin yalanc\u0131 ayaklar yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. H\u00fccre fagositozla besini al\u0131rken ATP harcar. \u00d6rne\u011fin; amibin beslenmesi
\n 1.Amip besine do\u011fru y\u00f6nelir ve yalanc\u0131 ayaklar belirir.<\/p>\n
2.Amip besini yalanc\u0131 ayaklar\u0131 aras\u0131na alarak yakalar.<\/p>\n
3.Amip yalanc\u0131 ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 kapatarak besini sindirim kofuluna al\u0131r. Lizozomdan salg\u0131lanan enzimler yard\u0131m\u0131yla besin sindirilir. Sindirilen maddeler sitoplazmaya ge\u00e7er .Art\u0131klar bo\u015falt\u0131m kofuluyla d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Pinositoz:Tatl\u0131 suda ya\u015fayan paramecium ve ba\u015fka baz\u0131 canl\u0131larda suda erimi\u015f kompleks yap\u0131l\u0131 organik molek\u00fcller zar\u0131n i\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle i\u00e7eriye al\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u0130\u00e7e do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclen cep gibi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye pinositoz cebi denir. Zar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u00fccre ATP harcar. Pinositoz ceple besin al\u0131n\u0131rken bol miktarda su da i\u00e7eri al\u0131n\u0131r. Pinositik kese ile protein,glikojen,ya\u011f gibi zardan ge\u00e7emeyen molek\u00fcller i\u00e7eri girer ve h\u00fccre i\u00e7indeki besin kofullar\u0131nda sindirildikten sonra sitoplazmaya ge\u00e7er.
\n b)Ekzositoz:H\u00fccre i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan molek\u00fcllerin sindirilmeyen at\u0131klar\u0131 koful i\u00e7ine h\u00fccre zar\u0131na gelir.Kofulun zar\u0131 ile h\u00fccrenin zar\u0131 birle\u015fir.Koful zar\u0131 h\u00fccre zar\u0131yla birle\u015fti\u011fi yerden a\u00e7\u0131larak at\u0131k maddeler d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00dcCREDE MADDE ALI\u015eVER\u0130\u015e\u0130 H\u00fccreler ya\u015famsal faaliyetleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in organik ve inorganik maddelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar.B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccre madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yaparak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.Ancak se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcll\u00fc maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fleri farkl\u0131 olurken h\u00fccre baz\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fler s\u0131ras\u0131nda enerji harcar bazende harcamaz.B\u00f6ylece h\u00fccrede madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi enerji harcay\u0131p harcanmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r; 1.PAS\u0130F TA\u015eIMA a)Dif\u00fczyon b)Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyon -Osmos …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[5613,3444,6113,6111,2305,8575,8912,8576,8913,8914,6112,3446],"class_list":["post-3917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-deplazmoliz","tag-difuzyon","tag-ekzositoz","tag-fagositoz","tag-glikoz","tag-hipertonik-ortam","tag-hucrede-madde-gecisleri","tag-izotonik-ortam","tag-organik-ve-inorganik-maddeler","tag-osmos","tag-pinositoz","tag-plazmoliz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3917","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3917"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3917\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3917"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3917"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3917"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}