Sindirim sistemi diyagram\u0131
\n Sindirim sistemi mekanik(fiziksel) ve kimyasal sindirim olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Mekanik(fiziksel) sindirim b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fclleri k\u00fcc\u00fck molek\u00fcllere ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r.Kimyasal sindirim ise besinleri en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131na kadar ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Sindirim sistemi , sindirim borusu (sindirim kanal\u0131 ) ile sindirim bezlerini i\u00e7eren, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayvanlarda yiyece\u011fin v\u00fccuda al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, sindirilmesi, gerekli besin ve enerjinin absorbe edilmesi ve at\u0131k maddelerin v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgilenen organ sistemidir.
\n Sindirim sistemi ve sindirim borusu hayvandan hayvana belirli oranda de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin baz\u0131 hayvanlar \u00e7ok odal\u0131 midelere sahiptirler.
\n \u00c7o\u011fu Antik \u00c7a\u011f ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f anatomistleri mide, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar gibi sindirim sistemi organlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kabaca do\u011fru fikirlere sahipti. Yine de bu yanl\u0131\u015f ve hatta bir bak\u0131ma abs\u00fcrd fikirler ortaya at\u0131lmad\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n \u00f6nemli bilgin ve sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Leonardo da Vinci sindirim sisteminin solunum sistemine yard\u0131m etti\u011fi fikrine sahipti. S\u0131k\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131n, i\u00e7lerinde \u00fcretilen s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f havayla, diyafram\u0131 yukar\u0131 do\u011fru itti\u011fine ve b\u00f6ylece diyafram\u0131n akci\u011ferlere bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktayd\u0131. Sindirim sisteminin ve sindirim sistemi organlar\u0131n\u0131n insan i\u00e7in \u00f6nemi eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri bilinmektedir.
\n Organlar\u0131
\n Yemek borusu
\n Normal bir yeti\u015fkin erke\u011fin sindirim borusu yakla\u015f\u0131k 7,5 metre uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve her b\u00f6l\u00fcmde sindirimin farkl\u0131 bir evresi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130nsanlarda sindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n ana k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: a\u011f\u0131z, dil, yutak, yemek borusu, mide, ince ba\u011f\u0131rsak, kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak, rektum ve an\u00fcs. Sindirim kanal\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki, sindirim i\u015flemine ve sindirim kanal\u0131ndaki organlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan organlar aras\u0131nda pankreas ve karaci\u011fer de bulunur. Bunlar sindirime yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak salg\u0131lar salg\u0131larlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, karaci\u011fer taraf\u0131ndan salg\u0131lanan ve safra kesesinde depolanan safra lipitlerin sindirimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir salg\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Sindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n duvar\u0131ndaki belli temel yap\u0131lar her k\u0131s\u0131mda ayn\u0131 kal\u0131r; sindirim kanal\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu saran epitel doku gibi. Doku g\u0131dan\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak veya onun sindirimine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak \u00e7e\u015fitli maddeler salg\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde belirli enzimlerle birlikte mukus salg\u0131larken baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde sadece mukus salg\u0131lan\u0131r.
\n Sindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n ana k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:
\n \u00dcst sindirim kanal\u0131
\n \u2022 A\u011f\u0131z, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu; t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck bezleri, mukoza, di\u015fler ve dili kapsar. G\u0131da ve suyun v\u00fccuda al\u0131nmas\u0131na yarayan bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bir \u00fcst ve alt dudak ile kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. karbonhidratlar\u0131n kimyasal sindirimi a\u011f\u0131zda ba\u015flar.
\n \u2022 Yutak, (farinks veya farenks) a\u011f\u0131z ve burnun hemen arkas\u0131ndaki boyun b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u0131dan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131zdan yemek borusuna ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Sindirim sisteminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra solunum sisteminde de yer alan bir organd\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Yemek borusu (\u00f6zofagus veya gullet) ve kardiya; yemek borusu g\u0131dan\u0131n mideye ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flayan kassal (m\u00fcsk\u00fcler) bir borudur. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f peristaltizm yard\u0131m\u0131yla olur. Kardiya ise yemek borusu ile midenin birle\u015fti\u011fi noktadaki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131r (a\u011f\u0131z).
\n \u2022 Mide ki antrum, pilor ve pilorik sfinkteri de kapsar. Mide yemek borusu ile ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131 olan duodenum aras\u0131nda bulunur. Y\u00fcksek oranda asidik bir \u00e7evreye sahip mide (pH yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5-2) peptidaz sindirim emzimlerini i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
Alt sindirim kanal\u0131ndaki organlar\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izim.
\n Alt sindirim kanal\u0131
\n \u2022 Kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak, sindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n mide ile an\u00fcs aras\u0131nda bulunan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.Kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsakta besinler i\u00e7erisinde kalan su ve mineraller emilir.
\n o \u0130nce ba\u011f\u0131rsak, mide ile kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. 5 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki insanlarda genellikle 5-6 m uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u0130nce ba\u011f\u0131sakta ayr\u0131ca sindirim y\u00fczeyini geni\u015fleten villuslar(t\u00fcm\u00fcr) da vard\u0131r.Bu vill\u00fcslerin sayesinde emilim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.Bu villuslar girinti ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n \uf0a7 duodenum veya onikiparmak ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131, ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n ilk ve en k\u0131sa k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Mideyi jejunuma ba\u011flayan bir t\u00fcpt\u00fcr. pH seviyesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 9’dur.
\n \uf0a7 jejunum, ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n orta k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r, duodenum ile ileum aras\u0131nda bulunur. Yeti\u015fkin insanlarda boyu 2-8 metre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. pH seviyesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 7-8 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n \uf0a7 ileum, ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n son k\u0131sm\u0131. \u0130nsanlarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 metre uzulu\u011fundad\u0131r. \u0130leo\u00e7ekal valv ile \u00e7ekumdan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. pH seviyesi genellikle 7-8 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n o kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak, \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 vard\u0131r:
\n \uf0a7 \u00e7ekum veya k\u00f6r ba\u011f\u0131rsak, kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Apandis \u00e7ekumun bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \uf0a7 kolon, kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir terimdir. \u00c7ekumdan rektuma kadar ki k\u0131s\u0131m i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kendi i\u00e7inde d\u00f6rt k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7\u0131kan kolon, transvers kolon, inen kolon ve sigmoid kolon.
\n \uf0a7 rektum, kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n son k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Ayr\u0131ca kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak sindirime kat\u0131lmaz.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sindirim ince ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan besinlerin kana ge\u00e7mesi ile sona erer.Besinler kan yoluyla v\u00fccuda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. –
\n \u2022 anus, rektumun d\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kapanmas\u0131 sfinkter kaslarca kontrol edilir.
\n D\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar v\u00fccuttan an\u00fcsten ge\u00e7erek at\u0131l\u0131rlar.
\n \u0130lgili organlar
\n Sindirim sistemi ve sindirim borusu ile ilgili ba\u015fka organlar da vard\u0131r. Karaci\u011fer sindirimde rol oynayan safray\u0131 \u00fcretir. Pankreas ise bikarbonat ve tripsin, kemotripsin, lipaz ve panktreatik amilaz gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli enzimler i\u00e7eren bir s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa salg\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece bu bezler sindirimde yer alm\u0131\u015f olurlar.
\n Sindirim ve \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131m
\n Konu hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in Sindirim maddesine bak\u0131n\u0131z.
\n A\u011f\u0131zda, yiyecek di\u015fler ve dil taraf\u0131ndan mekanik olarak par\u00e7alan\u0131rken, t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck taraf\u0131ndan kimyasal olarak da bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde par\u00e7alan\u0131r. Daha sonra peristaltizm ile yemek borusundan (\u00f6zofagus) mideye ge\u00e7er. Burada par\u00e7alama i\u015flemi devam eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck yiyecek par\u00e7alar\u0131 (bolus) daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131r yani b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda mekaniktir. Bununla beraber, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarda kimyasal i\u015flem de meydana gelir; \u00f6zellikle proteinler midedeki enzimlerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla kimyasal olarak par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flar. G\u0131da daha sonra ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa girer ki burada enzimler ve bakteri yard\u0131m\u0131yla par\u00e7alama i\u015flemi meydana gelir ve yararl\u0131 partik\u00fcller kana emilir. Kalan partik\u00fcller ise kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan ge\u00e7er ve sonunda d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde v\u00fccuttan at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Sindirim hem hormonlar hem de otonom sinir sistemi taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenir:
\n \u2022 Sindirim sistemininin g\u00f6revlerini kontrol eden temel hormonlar mide ve ince ba\u011f\u0131rsak mukozas\u0131ndaki h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan salg\u0131lan\u0131r. Bu hormonlar, \u00f6rne\u011fin sekretin, gastrin ve kolesistokinin, kana sindirim borusu taraf\u0131ndan b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlar ve sindirim s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 uyar\u0131p organ hareketlerine neden olurlar.
\n \u2022 Otonomik sinir sisteminin iki kolu da sindirim i\u015flemini etkiler; parasempatik sinirler salg\u0131lar\u0131 ve peristaltizmi uyar\u0131rken, sempatik sinirlerin etkisi daha bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k g\u00f6revi
\n Sindirim borusu ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr (Coico et al 2003). Midenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pH (1-4 aras\u0131) seviyesi, mideye giri\u015f yapan bir\u00e7ok mikroorganizma i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcld\u00fcr. Benzer bir \u015fekilde, mukus (IgA antikorlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir) bu mikroorganizmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu n\u00f6tralize eder. Sindirim borusundaki di\u011fer farkt\u00f6rler de ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar; safra ve t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fckteki enzimler dahil. Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa yard\u0131mc\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131rsak bakterileri de potansiyel olarak zararl\u0131 olabilecek sindirim borusundaki bakterilerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
\n Hastal\u0131klar\u0131
\n T\u0131bb\u0131n sindirim sistemi fonksiyonlar\u0131 ve bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131 konu edinen dal\u0131 gastorenterolojidir. Sindirim sistemi ile ilgili en s\u0131k yap\u0131lan \u015fikayetlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 bulant\u0131 ve kusma, dispepsi, ishal ve kab\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00dclser ve refl\u00fc \u00f6zellikle son d\u00f6nemlerde ad\u0131n\u0131 fazlaca duyurmu\u015f hastal\u0131klardand\u0131r. En s\u0131k rastlanan sindirim sistemi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r;
\n \u2022 \u00dclser (onikiparmak ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131 ve yaralar)
\n \u2022 Gastrit (mide i\u00e7 dokusu iltihab\u0131)
\n \u2022 Siroz (Hepatit B ve Hepatit C gibi sar\u0131l\u0131k vir\u00fcsleri ve uzun s\u00fcreli yo\u011fun alkol al\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda geli\u015fen, ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda tedavi edilmezse, kanama ve koma sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7an hastal\u0131k)
\n \u2022 Spastik kolon (\u00e7ok yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclen sanc\u0131l\u0131 kramplar, ishal ve kab\u0131zl\u0131k \u015feklinde seyreden bir kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131)
\n \u2022 Safra kesesi ta\u015flar\u0131 ve iltihaplar\u0131 (yemek borusu, mide, ba\u011f\u0131rsak, karaci\u011fer, pankreas ve safra kesesi kanserleri)
\n \u2022 Kanamalar (onikiparmak ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131 \u00fclseri, mide \u00fclseri ve erozyonlar\u0131, yemek borusu, mide ve kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsak kanserleri ve yemek borusu varislerinin neden oldu\u011fu kanamalar)
\n \u2022 Hemoroitler (basur, mayas\u0131l)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sindirim sistemi diyagram\u0131 Sindirim sistemi mekanik(fiziksel) ve kimyasal sindirim olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Mekanik(fiziksel) sindirim b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fclleri k\u00fcc\u00fck molek\u00fcllere ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r.Kimyasal sindirim ise besinleri en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131na kadar ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Sindirim sistemi , sindirim borusu (sindirim kanal\u0131 ) ile sindirim bezlerini i\u00e7eren, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayvanlarda yiyece\u011fin v\u00fccuda al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, sindirilmesi, gerekli besin ve enerjinin absorbe edilmesi ve at\u0131k …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[8920,8918,7574,8194,8919,8916,8915,2295,8917],"class_list":["post-3919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-hemoroitler","tag-jejunum","tag-kimyasal-sindirim","tag-mukoza","tag-otonomik-sinir-sistemi","tag-sindirim-sistemi-diyagrami","tag-sindirim-sistemi-nasil-calisir","tag-tukuruk-bezleri","tag-yemek-borusu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3919","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3919"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3919\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3919"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3919"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}