M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Devletleri
\n\u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131’ndan sonra ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletleri, Karahanl\u0131lar, Gazneliler ve Sel\u00e7uklular’d\u0131. Karahanl\u0131lar, 944 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130sl\u00e2m’\u0131 resm\u00ee din olarak kabul etti. Karahanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00eeninin yay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Han’\u0131n o\u011flu Musa Bayta\u015f oldu. Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, 999 senesinde, Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifesi taraf\u0131ndan \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, Balasagun, \u00d6zkend ve havalisine, Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131na, Balka\u015f G\u00f6l\u00fcne, Hinduku\u015f, Karakurum Da\u011flar\u0131 dolaylar\u0131na kadar yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dclke, do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 diye ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar 1090, Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar ise 1089’da Sel\u00e7uklulara ba\u011fland\u0131lar. Karahanl\u0131lar devrinde, 200 000 \u00e7ad\u0131r T\u00fcrk halk\u0131, \u0130sl\u00e2m’\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.
\n962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alptekin (Alb Tegin) adl\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk kumandan\u0131, Afganistan’\u0131n Gazne \u015fehrini zaptederek Gazneliler Devletini kurdu. 977’de devletin ba\u015f\u0131na Seb\u00fck Tekin ge\u00e7ti. Seb\u00fck Tekin, iyi bir devlet adam\u0131, m\u00e2hir bir kumandand\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn Afganistan ile Horasan ve \u0130ran’\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Hindistan’a, zaferle neticelenen bir zafer d\u00fczenledi. O\u011flu ve halefi olan Mahmud, yaln\u0131z Gazneli Devletinin de\u011fil T\u00fcrk tarihinin de en b\u00fcy\u00fck simalar\u0131ndan biridir. Hindistan’a onyedi defa sefer d\u00fczenleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferler kazand\u0131. Bu \u00fclkede \u0130sl\u00e2m’\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde yerle\u015fip geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. Gazneli Mahmud, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u0130ran’\u0131n orta eyaletleriyle Harezm topraklar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fclkesine katarak zaman\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu ve Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifesinden ilk defa olarak, sultan unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Gazneliler, 1040 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Sel\u00e7uklulara t\u00e2bi oldular. 1186 senesinde de G\u00fbrlular taraf\u0131ndan tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar.
\n10. asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Seyhun nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 ile bunun kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan O\u011fuzlar, Semerkand ve Buhara taraflar\u0131na inmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Buhara taraflar\u0131na inen O\u011fuzlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, K\u0131n\u0131k boyundan Sel\u00e7uk Bey’in o\u011fullar\u0131 vard\u0131. Sel\u00e7uk Bey’in torunlar\u0131ndan Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 beyler, \u00e7etin \u015fartlar i\u00e7inde Sel\u00e7uklu Devletini kurdular. Tu\u011frul, 1064 senesinde vefat etti\u011fi zaman, kurdu\u011fu devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, Ceyhun’dan F\u0131rat’a kadar uzan\u0131yordu. Yerine ge\u00e7en Alparslan, 1071’de Malazgirt ovas\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131 yenerek Anadolu’nun T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 (Bkz. Malazgirt Zaferi). Bu zaferden Anadolu’nun fethine Kutalm\u0131\u015f Bey’in o\u011fullar\u0131 memur edildiler. Kutalm\u0131\u015fo\u011flu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferler kazanarak \u00dcsk\u00fcdar’a kadar geldi ve \u0130znik’i h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezi yaparak T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’ni kurdu. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah’tan sonra I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan, I. Mesud ve II. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan, T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devletinin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7erek, T\u00fcrk Milletine b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetler verdiler. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011fol istil\u00e2s\u0131, \u0130ran, Horasan ve M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir taraflar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00e2limlerin hemen hepsinin Anadolu’ya gelmelerine sebep oldu. Bu istil\u00e2, Sel\u00e7uklu Devletinin de ortadan kalkmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Fakat \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, y\u00fcksek yaylalarda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkmen beyleri, Anadolu’yu istil\u00e2c\u0131lar\u0131n elinden kurtarmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Bu T\u00fcrkmen beylerinden birisi de Osman Bey’di. 1299’dan itibaren geli\u015fen Osmanl\u0131lar, m\u00e2nev\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131 ve te\u015fkilat\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Sel\u00e7uklu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok de\u011ferlerle cihan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerinden birini kurmaya muvaffak olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nS\u00f6\u011f\u00fct’te kurulan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, k\u0131sa zamanda Bat\u0131 Anadolu’ya hakim olarak, 1356’da Rumeli’ye ayak bast\u0131. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f, \u00e7ok m\u00fctevaz\u0131 ba\u015flamakla birlikte, \u015fiddetli Ha\u00e7l\u0131 mukabelesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat, \u00fcst\u00fcn vas\u0131flara sahip Osmanl\u0131lar, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 1363’te, Edirne civar\u0131nda S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevkiinde, 1389’da Kosova’da ve 1396’da Ni\u011fbolu’da hezimete u\u011fratt\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece devlet Rumeli’de sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fti. Bu arada Anadolu’da yap\u0131lan ilhaklarla da geni\u015fledi ve Malatya’ya kadar uzand\u0131. Ni\u011fbolu Zaferi, T\u00fcrk ilerleyi\u015fini durdurman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan Avrupal\u0131lara g\u00f6sterdi. H\u0131ristiyan Bat\u0131 \u00e2lemine galip gelen Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, do\u011fuda Timur Han’a ma\u011flup olmas\u0131, Anadolu’daki birli\u011fi tekrar sarst\u0131. Ancak Fetret Devri’nde sars\u0131nt\u0131, Rumeli’den daha \u00e7ok Anadolu’da meydana geldi.
\nFetret Devrinden sonra devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en ve “ikinci kurucu” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00c7elebi Sultan Mehmed Han, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini tekrar canland\u0131rd\u0131. O\u011flu II. Murad Han, 1444’te Varna ve 1448’de II. Kosova meydan sava\u015flar\u0131nda, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 yeni zaferler kazand\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar, bu suretle Anadolu’da T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve kendilerinden \u00f6nceki di\u011fer \u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerinin madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee miras\u0131n\u0131 toplayarak, yeni bir medeniyet kurdular.
\nT\u00fcrk tarihinde ilk defa olarak, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n merkez\u00ee bir devlet sistemi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir siyas\u00ee yenilik oldu. Ger\u00e7ekte Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131, di\u011fer Anadolu beyleri gibi, mill\u00ee \u00f6rf ve geleneklerini muhafaza etti\u011fi halde, devletin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez kutsal bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011funu kavram\u0131\u015f, \u015fehzadelerin ve boy beylerinin siyas\u00ee hakimiyete ortak olmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n vermemi\u015f ve bu sayede merkeziyet\u00e7i, sa\u011flam, istikrarl\u0131 bir devlet ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han, Anadolu beylerinin ve kendi i\u00e7inde geli\u015fen devleti sars\u0131c\u0131 hanedanlar\u0131n geriye kalanlar\u0131n\u0131 bertaraf ederek merkeziyet\u00e7i otoriteyi daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Daima devlet birli\u011fi \u015fuuruna ba\u011flanan Osmanl\u0131 inanc\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Sultan II. Bayezid Han’\u0131n; “Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00f6yle namuslu bir gelindir ki, iki ki\u015finin talebine tahamm\u00fcl edemez” s\u00f6z\u00fc anlaml\u0131d\u0131r.
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n birli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve Anadolu’dan \u015ei\u00ee-S\u00e2fev\u00ee propagandas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak isteyen Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, \u015eah \u0130smail \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenledi. \u015eah \u0130smail’i saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra (Bkz. \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131), y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r ordular\u0131n\u0131 1516 Mercidab\u0131k ve 1517 Ridaniye zaferleriyle ma\u011flup etti. Bu zaferlerden sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn Arap \u00fclkeleri Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyeti alt\u0131na girdi. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131yla, k\u0131talar\u0131n fethini sekiz senelik saltanat\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bu b\u00fcy\u00fck fatihin, cihan hakimiyeti giri\u015fimine ve Avrupa’y\u0131 fethetmeye kararl\u0131 olmas\u0131 tabiiydi. Fakat ecel, onun d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tek ve y\u00fcksek nizama kavu\u015fturmas\u0131na f\u0131rsat vermedi.
\nKanun\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman’\u0131n yar\u0131m as\u0131r s\u00fcren saltanat\u0131, T\u00fcrk ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 dav\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek ve kudretli devrini te\u015fkil eder. Zaman\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ordusu, 1526’da mutlak bir zafer kazand\u0131 ve Orta Avrupa yolu T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (Bkz. Moha\u00e7 Zaferi). Art\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Orta Avrupa’y\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fniyor, Viyana’y\u0131 geride b\u0131rakarak, Gratz, Merburg, Gunis gibi bir\u00e7ok Alman kentini fethediyordu.
\n16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131yla 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 siyas\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc gibi sosyal d\u00fczeni de kuvvetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Devlet; liyakat, ahl\u00e2k, madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee disiplin ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu. Osmanl\u0131larda \u015fahs\u00ee meziyet ve yetenekten ba\u015fka bir \u015feye de\u011fer verilmezdi. Herkes, liyakat, bilgi, ahl\u00e2k ve seciyesine g\u00f6re bir mevkie tayin edilirdi. ahl\u00e2ks\u0131z, bilgisiz ve tembel ki\u015filer, hi\u00e7bir zaman y\u00fcksek mevkilere \u00e7\u0131kamazd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyaya hakim olmalar\u0131n\u0131n hikmeti buydu.
\n17. asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra, devletin siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee kudretinde zaaf ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, idar\u00ee ve ilm\u00ee m\u00fcesseselerde bozukluklar meydana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bunun neticesinde gerileme ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anadolu’da \u00e7\u0131kan ve memleketi harap ve peri\u015fan eden K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f te\u015fvikli Cel\u00e2l\u00ee ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck gayretler sarfetmek ve uzun seneler u\u011fra\u015fmak gerekmi\u015ftir. Amerika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffinden sonra g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6leler, nice zul\u00fcmlerle, Avrupal\u0131 zalimler i\u00e7in bol bol g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Avrupa yoluyla Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine de bol miktarda giren g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, fiyatlar\u0131 alt\u00fcst etti. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olan Osmanl\u0131 ak\u00e7esinin de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Devletin, d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zor durumdan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman zaman h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015febb\u00fcsleri, olumlu neticeler verdiyse de, bilhassa yeni\u00e7erilerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyanlar, bunlar\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 baltalad\u0131.
\nT\u00fcrkler, 17. as\u0131rda da Avrupa’ya medeniyet verici durumdayken, 18. as\u0131rdan itibaren al\u0131c\u0131 olmaya ve iktibaslar yapmaya mecbur bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir. 18. asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren, tahta ge\u00e7en padi\u015fahlar\u0131n hemen hepsi, bu gerilemenin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015flar, bat\u0131dan faydalanarak \u0131slahat yapmak istemi\u015flerdir. Sultan II. Mahmud Han, yeni, d\u00fczenli bir ordu kurdu\u011fu gibi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet te\u015fkilat ve usullerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu faydal\u0131 yenilik hareketleri yan\u0131nda, siyas\u00ee bak\u0131mdan bir\u00e7ok felaket vuku buldu. Frans\u0131z \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ilik fikirlerinin, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u015feklinde yay\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f tahrikli S\u0131rp ve Yunan isyanlar\u0131, Avrupa devletlerinin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in olaylara m\u00fcdahale ederek i\u015fi \u00e7\u0131kmaza sokmalar\u0131, Rusya’n\u0131n emperyalist ve geleneksel siyasetine uygun olarak sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r valisi Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n isyanlar\u0131 bu felaketlerin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131d\u0131r.
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n halli i\u00e7in \u00e7areler arayan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 II. Mahmud Han, Avrupa’daki teknik ilerlemeden istifade niyetiyle hocalar getirtti. \u0130lk defa 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa’ya \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6nderdi. Avrupa ba\u015fkentlerinde daim\u00ee b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilikler kurdu. Fakat Avrupa’ya g\u00f6nderilen baz\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciler, fen alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemeleri alacak yerde, H\u0131ristiyan Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6hnele\u015fmi\u015f ahl\u00e2k\u0131na talip oldular. Ahl\u00e2k\u00ee ve manev\u00ee de\u011ferlerini kaybederek Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nen bu \u00f6\u011frencilerin ilk i\u015fi, kendilerini para ve kad\u0131nla elde eden Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flamak oldu. \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirilip mason yap\u0131lan Londra b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, II. Mahmud Han’\u0131n vefat\u0131ndan sonra onalt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131nda padi\u015fah olan Abd\u00fclmecid Han\u0131 G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu’nun (Tanzimat Ferman\u0131) ilan\u0131na ikna etti.
\nB\u00f6ylece 3 Kas\u0131m 1839’da ilan edilen Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile, yeni d\u00fczene ait esaslar belirlendi. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n isteklerinden \u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n arzular\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlanan bu fermanda, T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan \u00e7ok, H\u0131ristiyan tebaan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmi\u015fti. Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriye Ferman\u0131 denilerek yeni ve parlak bir devir a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen bu fermanla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve gayrim\u00fcslim b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n \u0131rz, namus ve can g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 vergi ve askerlik i\u015flerinin d\u00fczenli bir usule ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 vaad ediliyor ve bu fermana dayan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak kanunlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilece\u011fi belirtiliyordu. Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde hukuk, askerlik, e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim ve y\u00f6netim alanlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fclhane hatt\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitlik ilkesine ra\u011fmen, askerlik m\u00fckellefiyetine yaln\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tebaa t\u00e2bi k\u0131l\u0131narak, gayrim\u00fcslimler muaf tutuldu.
\nFrans\u0131z \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 sonucu d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan milliyet\u00e7ilik fikirleriyle, \u00fclkede isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Neticede \u00e2s\u00eelere idar\u00ee ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve \u00f6zerklik verilmesi, Avrupa’ya ilim i\u00e7in giden gen\u00e7lerin, Avrupa bilim ve siyaset adamlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye ve T\u00fcrkler hakk\u0131ndaki olumlu ve olumsuz fikir ve kanaatlerini \u00f6\u011frenmeye ba\u015flamalar\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 sebepler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitli kavimlerin mill\u00ee \u015fuur ve mill\u00ee devlet fikirlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme hareketleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, tebaan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ve siyas\u00ee haklar konusundaki e\u015fitli\u011fini yeterli g\u00f6rmeyerek, me\u015frut\u00ee bir idarenin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fen ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 devletler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar’da idareye kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fnutsuzluk ba\u015fg\u00f6sterdi. Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n fikirlerini payla\u015fan Midhat Pa\u015fa, padi\u015fah\u0131n fikir ve icraat\u0131na muhalefet eden Serasker H\u00fcseyin Avni Pa\u015fa ve R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa, birlik olup Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz Han\u0131 \u015fehit ederek Be\u015finci Murad’\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Be\u015finci Murad Han, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra tahttan indirilerek, veliahd Abd\u00fclhamid, A\u011fustos 1876’da tahta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.
\nII. Abd\u00fclhamid Han’\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1876 y\u0131l\u0131, T\u00fcrk tarihinin ger\u00e7ek d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biri oldu. \u0130\u00e7eride pek \u00e7ok mesele vard\u0131. D\u0131\u015far\u0131da ise Midhat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n arzu ve iste\u011fiyle, Rusya ile bir sava\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. Avrupa devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetindeki H\u0131ristiyan tebaay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Balkanlar’da birka\u00e7 eyaletin kan, ate\u015f, isyan ve huzursuzluk i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Mal\u00ee durum bir hayli zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f, Tanzimat’la verilen tavizlerle, Osmanl\u0131 sanayii ve ticareti \u00e7\u00f6kertilmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca devletin co\u011fraf\u00ee durumu, yabanc\u0131 istil\u00e2 ve m\u00fcdahalelere a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrk olmayan eyaletler, Avrupa devletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge muamelesi g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi, anavatan\u0131n birer par\u00e7as\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, d\u0131\u015fa dayal\u0131 isyanlar durmak bilmiyordu. Devaml\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar ve bitip t\u00fckenmek bilmeyen sava\u015flar, devletin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engelliyordu. Avrupa devletlerinin, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in tahrik ettikleri Ermenilerin \u00f6zerklik elde etmek amac\u0131yla ihtilalci komitalar kurarak \u00fclkede olay \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131, devlet i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir me\u015fgale oldu. Ayr\u0131ca Bulgar, Yunan ve S\u0131rp \u00e7etelerinin meydana getirdikleri olaylar, devleti u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yabanc\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelere de yol a\u00e7t\u0131.
\nSultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid, bat\u0131 devletleri ve Rusya’n\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bask\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, devlet birli\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in tek \u00e7\u0131kar yolun, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tebaay\u0131 din ba\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirmek oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve bu birli\u011fin yaln\u0131z Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde de\u011fili di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ars\u0131nda da kurulmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. \u00dclkenin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verdi. Ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve haberle\u015fme alanlar\u0131nda \u0131slahat, e\u011fitim konusunda cidd\u00ee hamleler yapt\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa’n\u0131n dostluk ve yard\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00fcvenilmedi\u011finden, Alman dostlu\u011funa \u00f6nem vererek denge sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zamanla Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid idaresine kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fan muhalefet, Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler denilen ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan ilerletilerek, \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda siyas\u00ee bir te\u015fkilat kuruldu. Bunlar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla, 23 Temmuz 1908’de Me\u015frutiyet rejimi, yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konuldu. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n tertibi ile, 31 Mart Vakas\u0131 olarak bilinen bir ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Hadiseyle ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde Padi\u015fah, bu bahaneyle tahttan indirilip, yerine Be\u015finci Mehmed Re\u015fat \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ktidara cemiyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 getirildi ve o zamana kadar idar\u00ee i\u015flere kar\u0131\u015fmayan \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti, s\u00f6z sahibi oldu. 1912’de ba\u015flayan Balkan Harbi’nde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun yenilmesi \u00fczerine, Enver Bey’in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir subay toplulu\u011fu, Ocak-1913’te B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li’yi basarak sadrazam K\u00e2mil Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 istifaya zorlad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u0130ttihat ve Terakk\u00ee Cemiyeti, devletin mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan eline ald\u0131 ve sonunda k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u00e2k\u0131bete yol a\u00e7t\u0131.
\nYeni iktidar zaman\u0131nda felaketler birbirini takip etti ve devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131. Trablusgarp, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve nihayet ittifak devletleri saf\u0131nda girilen I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, devletin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Sava\u015f sonunda imzalanan Mondros M\u00fctarekesi ile, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa i\u015fgal edildi.
\nBug\u00fcn, Uzakdo\u011fu’daki Sakalin Adalar\u0131ndan, Bat\u0131daki Balkan Adac\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar iki Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir alanda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ile \u00c7in ve \u0130ran hudutlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrk Milletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mill\u00ee devleti olarak T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nDi\u011fer taraftan, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Rus i\u015fgaline u\u011frayan Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Birlikleri uzun y\u0131llar bu devletin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve zulm\u00fc alt\u0131nda kald\u0131ktan sonra, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve 1991’de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015flerdir. Bunlar, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Tacikistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan Cumhuriyetleridir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Devletleri \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131’ndan sonra ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletleri, Karahanl\u0131lar, Gazneliler ve Sel\u00e7uklular’d\u0131. Karahanl\u0131lar, 944 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130sl\u00e2m’\u0131 resm\u00ee din olarak kabul etti. Karahanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00eeninin yay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, Abd\u00fclkerim Satuk Bu\u011fra Han’\u0131n o\u011flu Musa Bayta\u015f oldu. Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, 999 senesinde, Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifesi taraf\u0131ndan \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, Balasagun, \u00d6zkend ve havalisine, Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131n\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1452,1455,1429,1428,1453,1425,1454,1430,1456,1451],"class_list":["post-398","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-alparslan","tag-caldiran-savasi","tag-gazneliler","tag-karahanlilar","tag-malazgirt","tag-musluman-turk-devletleri","tag-ridaniye","tag-selcuklular","tag-tanzimat-fermani","tag-tugrul-ve-cagri-beyler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/398","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=398"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/398\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=398"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=398"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=398"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}