H\u00dcCRE KAPS\u00dcLLER\u0130<\/p>\n
“H\u00fccre tedavisi”, hasarl\u0131 ya da i\u015flevini yitirmi\u015f h\u00fccre fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 h\u00fccreler ile gideriminin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tedavi. Uygun dokudan izole edilen h\u00fccre, \u00f6zellikleri belirlendikten sonra yeterli say\u0131 ve kalitede hedef organa yollan\u0131yor. Kilit nokta, bu h\u00fccrelerin nereden sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131. En iyi yakla\u015f\u0131m, hastan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden al\u0131nan h\u00fccrelerin (otolog h\u00fccre) v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131n da haz\u0131rlanan h\u00fccre k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131larak hastaya nakledilmesi. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince reddedilmemesi en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj\u0131; fakat \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fcretim i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki h\u00fccrenin al\u0131nmas\u0131 bile hastada doku kayb\u0131na neden olabiliyor. \u00d6zellikle ya\u015fl\u0131larda bu y\u00f6ntem pek kullan\u0131lam\u0131yor. H\u00fccrelerin ba\u015fka insandan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumdaysa, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi reddi en b\u00fcy\u00fck risk. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman verici (don\u00f6r) bulmak da zor. Baz\u0131 durumlarda farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerden, \u00f6rne\u011fin, hayvandan insana h\u00fccre nakli yap\u0131labiliyor. Fakat ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince reddedilmenin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, hayvanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen vir\u00fcslerin bula\u015fma ihtimali de b\u00fcy\u00fck. Yak\u0131n zamanda \u00f6nem kazanan bir di\u011fer h\u00fccre kayna\u011f\u0131ysa, “h\u00fccre hatlar\u0131” (cell line). De\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131ndan t\u00fcm\u00f6r olu\u015fturma riskleri var ve yine ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince red edilebiliyorlar. K\u0131sacas\u0131, otolog h\u00fccreler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in “ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi reddi” ortak problem. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulan y\u00f6ntemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda “kaps\u00fclasyon” geliyor.<\/p>\n
Canl\u0131 h\u00fccre veya dokular\u0131n yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen bir zar i\u00e7ine kaps\u00fcle edilme (hapsedilme) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilk kez 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lim taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f. 1980’de ise Lim ve Sun taraf\u0131ndan pankreas\u0131n ins\u00fclin salg\u0131layan Langerhans Badac\u0131k h\u00fccreleri, do\u011fal bir polimer olan aljinat i\u00e7erisine kaps\u00fcle edilmi\u015f ve bu kaps\u00fcller deney hayvan\u0131na enjekte edildi\u011finde, diyabetik durumun (\u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n) d\u00fczeldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n
H\u00fccre kaps\u00fcllerinin \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc var: Ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 cihazlar, mikrokaps\u00fcller ve makrokaps\u00fcller.<\/p>\n
Ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 cihazlar: Damar cihazlar\u0131 olarak da bilinen bu cihazlarda hastan\u0131n kan\u0131, bir plastik t\u00fcpe al\u0131n\u0131r. V\u00fccut i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015flevi sa\u011flayacak h\u00fccrelerse t\u00fcp\u00fcn kapal\u0131 b\u00f6lmesine yerle\u015ftirilir. T\u00fcp\u00fcn kanla etkile\u015fen kenarlar\u0131 g\u00f6zeneklidir. Kan, t\u00fcp i\u00e7erisinde akarken h\u00fccrelerce salg\u0131lanan maddeleri i\u00e7erisine al\u0131r ve h\u00fccrelere gerekli oksijeni ve besin maddelerini sa\u011flar. Bu cihaz\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131 1 milimetre civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mikrokaps\u00fcller: Tek h\u00fccreler veya h\u00fccre k\u00fcmeleri yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen bir zarla \u00e7evrili olurlar. Bu t\u00fcr sistemler hidrojellerden, \u00e7o\u011funlukla da aljinatdan yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Canl\u0131 h\u00fccreler sodyumaljinat \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra, bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m bir mikrodamla olu\u015fturucu cihaz i\u00e7erisinden ge\u00e7irilerek yakla\u015f\u0131k 0.5 milimetre \u00e7ap\u0131nda mikrokaps\u00fcller olu\u015fturulur. Kalsiyum klor\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine damlat\u0131lan bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m, \u00e7apraz ba\u011flanarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez hale gelir. Mikrokaps\u00fcllerin ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi, mekanik dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve biyouyumlulu\u011fu, polianyonlar \u00f6rne\u011fin poli(lisin) ile kaplanarak istenilen de\u011fere getirilir. Enjekte edilebilir bu k\u00fcrelerin \u00fcretimi kolay ve \u00e7abuk. Fakat k\u0131r\u0131lgan olu\u015flar\u0131 ve istenmeyen bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda v\u00fccut i\u00e7erisindeki yerlerinin saptan\u0131p d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok zor.<\/p>\n
Makrokaps\u00fcller: \u00c7ok say\u0131da h\u00fccre veya h\u00fccre k\u00fcmesi \u00e7ubuk, disk veya i\u00e7i bo\u015f silindir (hollowfiber) \u015feklindeki yap\u0131lara yerle\u015ftiriliyor. Kaps\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki h\u00fccrelere oksijen ve besin maddesi ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck dezavantaj\u0131. Makrokaps\u00fcller ve ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 cihazlar genellikle akrilonitrilvinil klor\u00fcr kopolimerinden haz\u0131rlan\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm kaps\u00fcllerin ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi, yar\u0131ge\u00e7irgen bir zara sahip olu\u015flar\u0131. Bu zar, 10 nanometrelik g\u00f6zeneklere sahip. B\u00f6ylelikle, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi elementleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin IgG antikorlar ve lenfositler, kaps\u00fcl i\u00e7erisine giremiyor ve h\u00fccrelerin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince reddi engellenmi\u015f oluyor. Fakat g\u00f6zenekler h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in gerekli besin maddelerinin giri\u015fine ve \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na izin veriyor. Kaps\u00fcl haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak polimerlerin v\u00fccut ortam\u0131nda par\u00e7alanmamas\u0131 ve h\u00fccrelerin i\u015flevlerini kaps\u00fcl i\u00e7erisinde de devam ettirmeleri y\u00f6ntemin kritik noktalar\u0131.<\/p>\n
1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda “kronik a\u011fr\u0131” \u015fikayeti olan bir ki\u015fi, kaps\u00fcllerle tedavinin ilk dene\u011fi oldu. Cerrah, hastan\u0131n omurili\u011fine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir plastik t\u00fcp yerle\u015ftirdi. \u0130ki ucu kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu t\u00fcp, 5 santimetre uzunlu\u011funda ve dar olup, do\u011fal a\u011fr\u0131kesicileri salacak “buza\u011f\u0131 h\u00fccreleri”yle doldurulmu\u015ftu. \u0130deal olarak, a\u011fr\u0131kesiciler plastik \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zeneklerden s\u0131zarak omurilikdeki sinir h\u00fccrelerine ula\u015facak ve b\u00f6ylece a\u011fr\u0131 sinyalleri beyine g\u00f6nderilecekti. G\u00f6zenekler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 besin maddeleri ve oksijenin bu t\u00fcpe giri\u015fine izin verecek, fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fini engelleyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oluyor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131. V\u00fccuda yerle\u015ftirilen h\u00fccrelerin ne kadar s\u00fcreyle canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacaklar\u0131 ve i\u00e7erdikleri analjezik maddeleri salacaklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek amac\u0131yla tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sistem ger\u00e7ekten de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra, \u00e7ok say\u0131da hastada da ayn\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan 5 y\u0131l sonra, benzer olarak bir karaci\u011fer destek sistemi geli\u015ftirildi. H\u00fccre kaps\u00fcllerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tedaviler “imm\u00fcnoizolasyon tedavisi” veya “biyohibrid organlarla tedavi” olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta. Kronik a\u011fr\u0131 ve karaci\u011fer yetmezli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Parkinson ve Huntington hastal\u0131klar\u0131, hemofili (kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmamas\u0131), anemi (kans\u0131zl\u0131k) ve \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6z hastal\u0131klar\u0131 bu tedavinin di\u011fer adaylar\u0131.<\/p>\n
Tip I \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, pankreas ins\u00fclin salg\u0131lamay\u0131 durdurmakta. \u0130ns\u00fclin, kandaki \u015fekeri normal d\u00fczeyde tutan bir hormon. Bu hastalara yap\u0131lan g\u00fcnl\u00fck ins\u00fclin enjeksiyonlar\u0131, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmelerini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Fakat bir yandan da, pankreas\u0131n sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 normal ins\u00fclinden farkl\u0131 bir sal\u0131m \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor. Uzun y\u0131llar sonra, bu hastalarda k\u00f6rl\u00fck ve b\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fi gibi arazlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta. Bu nedenle, h\u00fccre kaps\u00fcllerinin \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavisinde kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli; ancak \u015fu anda insanlarda ba\u015far\u0131 \u00e7ok zor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bu tedavi i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon betah\u00fccresi gerekli ki, bu rakam \u015fu ana kadar klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131labilen say\u0131n\u0131n 1000 kat\u0131. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, gen m\u00fchendisli\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011falan, glikozduyarl\u0131, ins\u00fclinsalan h\u00fccre hatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde meyvelerini vermesi umut ediliyor.<\/p>\n
H\u00fccre kaps\u00fcllerinin yaln\u0131zca v\u00fccuda yerle\u015ftirilerek, yani implant \u015feklinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin, karaci\u011ferdestek sistemleri v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor (ekstrakorporeal cihaz). Bu sistemin amac\u0131, transplantasyon s\u0131ras\u0131 gelene kadar karaci\u011feryetmezli\u011fi \u00e7eken hastaya ya\u015fam \u015fans\u0131 vermek. Bu makine, hasta kan\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 alarak plazmas\u0131n\u0131, yani s\u0131v\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bir aktif karbon kolonuna yolluyor. Bu kolon, kandaki baz\u0131 zehirli maddeleri uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Kolon \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir oksijenlendirme \u00fcnitesi var. Cihaz\u0131n kaps\u00fcl k\u0131sm\u0131naysa domuzdan al\u0131nan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 karaci\u011fer h\u00fccreleri (hepatositler) doldurulmu\u015f. Plazmadan h\u00fccrelere ge\u00e7en (s\u0131zan) toksinler zehirsiz hale getiriliyor ve temizlenmi\u015f plazma hastaya geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00dcCRE KAPS\u00dcLLER\u0130 “H\u00fccre tedavisi”, hasarl\u0131 ya da i\u015flevini yitirmi\u015f h\u00fccre fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 h\u00fccreler ile gideriminin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tedavi. Uygun dokudan izole edilen h\u00fccre, \u00f6zellikleri belirlendikten sonra yeterli say\u0131 ve kalitede hedef organa yollan\u0131yor. Kilit nokta, bu h\u00fccrelerin nereden sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131. En iyi yakla\u015f\u0131m, hastan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden al\u0131nan h\u00fccrelerin (otolog h\u00fccre) v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131n da haz\u0131rlanan h\u00fccre k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[9138,5872,9144,9139,5873,9141,9143,9142,2164,9140],"class_list":["post-4064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-biyohibrit-malzemeler","tag-hemofili","tag-hidrojeller","tag-hucre-tedavisi","tag-kanin-pihtilasmamasi","tag-kapsulasyon","tag-makrokapsuller","tag-mikrokapsuller","tag-oksijen","tag-otolog-hucre"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}