Lise 2 Tarih 1.d\u00f6nem \u00d6zeti… <\/p>\n
14.Y.Y.’DA YAKIN DO\u011eU<\/p>\n
Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu:
\nAnadolu, \u0130ran, Mezomotamya, Filistin, Arabistan ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 kapsayan b\u00f6lgeye verilen add\u0131r.
\n14.Y.Y.’da bulunan devletler ve imparatorluklar
\n\u2022 \u0130ran ve civar\u0131nda \u0130lhanl\u0131 Devleti,
\n\u2022 Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti,
\n\u2022 Do\u011fu Karadeniz’de Trabzon Rum \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu,
\n\u2022 Anadolu’da Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti,
\n\u2022 M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, Filistin’de Meml\u00fck Devleti,
\n\u2022 Anadolu’da Kocaeli Yar\u0131madas\u0131yla G\u00fcney Marmara k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu’daki baz\u0131 kentlerde Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu.<\/p>\n
14.Y.Y.’DA AVRUPA<\/p>\n
14.Y.Y.’da Avrupa’da bulunan devletler ve imparatorluklar
\n\u2022 Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda S\u0131rp,Bulgar ve Macar Krall\u0131klar\u0131 ile Arnavutluk, Bosna, Hersek, Efl\u00e2k, Bo\u011fdan ve Erdel Beylikleri,
\n\u2022 Balkanlarda Trakya, Makedonya, Yunanistan’da Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu,
\n\u2022 Merkezi Viyana olan Kutsal Roma- Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu,
\n\u2022 \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda Venedik ve Ceneviz Cumhuriyetleri,
\n\u2022 \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda Napoli Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\n\u2022 \u0130spanya’da Beni \u00c2hmer Devleti, Kastilya ve Aragon Krall\u0131klar\u0131,
\n\u2022 Do\u011fu Avrupa’da Lehistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Litvanya D\u00fck\u00e2l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Moskova Knezli\u011fi,
\n\u2022 Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Men\u015fei
\n24 O\u011fuz boyundan biri olan Bozoklar\u0131n G\u00fcnhan Soyunun Kay\u0131 boyuna mensupturlar.<\/p>\n
Kay\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu’ya \u0130lk Geli\u015fleri
\n13.Y.Y. ba\u015f\u0131nda Ertu\u011frul Bey Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ankara’n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Karacada\u011f mevkiine gelip yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Not: T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti Y\u0131k\u0131lana kadar bu devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir u\u00e7 beyli\u011fi olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.Bu devlet y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca 1299’da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n edip Osmanl\u0131 Devletini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Osman Bey zaman\u0131nda fethedilen yerler
\nEski\u015fehir yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Karacahisar, Sakarya boylar\u0131nda Sorkun, tarakl\u0131 ve G\u00f6yn\u00fck, Bilecik, Yarhisar, \u0130neg\u00f6l, Yurthisar ve Yeni\u015fehir.<\/p>\n
Koyunhisar Sava\u015f\u0131
\nBizans ve Osmanl\u0131 Aras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Nedeni:
\nOsmanl\u0131lar\u0131n tek tek Bizans topraklar\u0131n\u0131 fethedip, Bizans’\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015eehirlerinden biri olan \u0130zmit’i tehdit etmeleri.<\/p>\n
Sonucu:
\nOsmanl\u0131 galip geldi. Bu sava\u015ftan sonra Bursa ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130zmit yolu T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
\u00d6nemi:
\nBizansla Osmanl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Orhan Bey’in fethetti\u011fi yerler
\nBursa, Kand\u0131ra, Karam\u00fcrsel, Semendire, Aydos, \u0130znik, \u0130zmit ve Tekirda\u011f’dan Bolay\u0131r’a kadar olan yer.<\/p>\n
OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130
\n1-Kurulu\u015f Devri (1299-1453)
\nOsman Gazi’nin Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti taraf\u0131ndan u\u00e7 beyi olarak atanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flay\u0131p \u0130stanbul’un fethiyle sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
2-Y\u00fckselme Devri (1453-1579)
\n\u0130stanbul’un fethiyle ba\u015flay\u0131p Sokullu Mehmet Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
3-Duraklama Devri (1579-1699)
\nSokullu Mehmet Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015flay\u0131p Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
4-Gerileme Devri (1699-1792)
\nKarlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flay\u0131p Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
5-Da\u011f\u0131lma ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Devri (1792-1922)
\nYa\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flay\u0131p 1 Kas\u0131m 1922’de Saltanat\u0131n Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile sona eren d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Genel \u00d6zellikleri
\n\u2022 T\u00fcrk tarihinin en uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc devletidir.
\n\u2022 Merkeziyet\u00e7i bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahiptir.
\n\u2022 Siyasal, sosyal, askeri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en geli\u015fmi\u015f T\u00fcrk devletidir.
\n\u2022 3 k\u0131taya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde 20’den fazla millet bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir imparatorluk haline gelmi\u015ftir.
\n\u2022 Siyasal ve sosyal alanda g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bir \u00e7ok bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7inin ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Kurtulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131
\n\u2022 Osman Bey (1283-1324)
\n\u2022 Orhan Bey (1324-1362)
\n\u2022 I.Murat (1362-1389)
\n\u2022 I.Bayezit (1389-1402)
\n\u2022 Fetret D\u00f6nemi (1402-1413)
\n\u2022 I.Mehmet (1413-1421)
\n\u2022 II.Murat (1421-1444, 1444-1451)
\n\u2022 II.Mehmet (1444-1444, 1451-1481)<\/p>\n
Orhan Bey D\u00f6nemi
\nAskeri, Sosyal, K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Alanda Geli\u015fmeler
\n\u2022 1327’de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ilkg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ak\u00e7esi bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 Yaya ve m\u00fcsellem ad\u0131nda iki askeri s\u0131n\u0131f a\u00e7\u0131larak Kap\u0131kulu Ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u0130lk divan \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kuruldu ve vezir atamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u015eehzadelerin yeti\u015ftirilmesinde sancak sistemi uyguland\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u0130znik’te ilk Osmanl\u0131 Medresesi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 Sancaklara kad\u0131 ve suba\u015f\u0131lar atand\u0131.<\/p>\n
Not:Orhan Bey babas\u0131ndan devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7 beyli\u011fi te\u015fkilatl\u0131 bir devlet haline getirdi.<\/p>\n
I.Murat
\n\u2022 Ahilerin isyan\u0131 nedeniyle elden \u00e7\u0131kan Ankara’y\u0131 2. kez almak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Bizans ve Bulgar kuvvetlerinden olu\u015fan bir ordu Sazl\u0131dere Sava\u015f\u0131 ile yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Edirne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Edirne ba\u015fkent yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 S\u0131rp S\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
S\u0131rp S\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131
\nNedeni:
\nEdirne’yi geri almak ve T\u00fcrkleri Rumeli’den atmak.<\/p>\n
Sonucu:
\nHac\u0131 \u0130lbey komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nc\u0131 birlikleri ani bask\u0131nla Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemi:
\nHa\u00e7l\u0131larla yap\u0131lan ilk sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 1371’de S\u0131rplarla \u00c7irmen Sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131lara Makedonya yolu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Anadolu T\u00fcrk birli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131ndan K\u00fctahya, Tav\u015fanl\u0131, Simav ve Emet al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Hamito\u011fullar\u0131ndan 80.000 alt\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Isparta, Yalva\u00e7, E\u011fridir ve Karaa\u011fa\u00e7 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve beyli\u011fin Osmanl\u0131’ya itaati sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 1388’de Balkanlarda Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nc\u0131 birlikleri Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Plo\u015fnik’te yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Balkanlardaki ilk yenilgisidir.
\n\u2022 Plo\u015fnik yenilgisi Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131, T\u00fcrkleri Rumeli’den atmak i\u00e7in \u00fcmitlendirmi\u015fti.Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin giderek Balkanlarda g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n tekrar harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve I.Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131 meydana gelmi\u015ftir.Sava\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 galip gelmi\u015ftir.I.Kosova zaferi Balkan Hakimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirken Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndanda sadece Balkan milletlerinden olu\u015fan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Ordular\u0131 ile T\u00fcrlerin Rumeli’den at\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Balkan devletleri bundan sonraki Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ittifaklar\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131 Devletlerden de yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir.
\n\u2022 Sava\u015ftan sonra I.Murat sava\u015f alan\u0131nda gezerken bir S\u0131rp taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 I.Murat d\u00f6neminde Kazaskerlik makam\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve ilk kazaskeri olarakta Bursa kad\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7andarl\u0131 Kara Halil Hayrettin Pa\u015fa atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Yine bu d\u00f6nemde Gelibolu’da acemi olanlar oca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6ylece yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Manast\u0131r merkezli olarak Rumeli beylerbeyi kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n\u2022 Maliye te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu.\u0130lk defterdarl\u0131k atamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 T\u0131mar Sistemi Rumeli’de uygulanmaya konuldu.<\/p>\n
I.Bayezit(Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m) 1389-1402
\nY\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m tahat ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez Anadolu’da T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.1390’da 1398’e kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede Anadolu’da Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 ve Ramazano\u011fullar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki beylikler Osmanl\u0131’ya kat\u0131ld\u0131.B\u00f6ylece Anadolu T\u00fcrk birli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sa\u011fland\u0131.
\nY\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezit d\u00f6neminde \u0130stanbul d\u00f6rt kez ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsada bu ku\u015fatmalar;
\n\u2022 Bat\u0131’da Ha\u00e7l\u0131 tehlikesi,
\n\u2022 Anadolu’daki beyliklerle m\u00fccadele,
\n\u2022 Etkili silahlar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi,
\n\u2022 Do\u011fu’da Timur tehlikesi nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezit son \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda Do\u011fu’da Timur tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Do\u011fu’da Timur tehlikesi belirince Bizansla bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nAnla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re;
\n\u2022 \u0130stanbul’da bir T\u00fcrk mahallesi kurulacak, cami yapt\u0131r\u0131lacak,
\n\u2022 \u0130stanbul’da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin davalar\u0131na bakmak \u00fczere bir kad\u0131 tayin edilecek,
\n\u2022 T\u00fcrkler ticaret yapmak amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul’a serbest\u00e7e girip \u00e7\u0131kabilecek,
\nBizans Osmanl\u0131’ya vergi \u00f6deyecekti.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 ile Timur aras\u0131nda 1402’de Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131
\nNedenleri:
\n\u2022 Ba\u011fdat Celayirleri hakimi Ahmet Celayir ve Karakoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kara Yusuf’un Timru’un \u00f6n\u00fcnden ka\u00e7arak Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m’a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131 ,
\n\u2022 Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrk beyliklerinin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m’a kar\u015f\u0131 Timur’dan yard\u0131m isteyip Anadolu’ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmalar\u0131,
\n\u2022 Timur’un daha \u00f6nceden Anadolu’ya gelerek Sivas’\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131kmas\u0131, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Erzincan ve \u00e7evresini yak\u0131p y\u0131kmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 Timur’un do\u011fu’ya \u00e7\u0131kca\u011f\u0131 sefer \u00f6ncesi bat\u0131’y\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak istemesi,
\n\u2022 Her iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar aras\u0131nda gidip gelen hakaret dolu mektuplar,
\n\u2022 Her iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131nda D\u00fcnya hakimiyetini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden kaynaklanan \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi.(Sava\u015f\u0131n temel nedeni)<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\n\u2022 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Timur’a esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve 8 ay sonrada \u00f6ld\u00fc,
\n\u2022 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda taht m\u00fccadelesi ba\u015flad\u0131 ve fetret devri ya\u015fand\u0131.
\n\u2022 Anadolu T\u00fcrk siyasi birli\u011fi bozuldu.Beyliklerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu yeniden kuruldu.
\n\u2022 \u0130stanbul’un al\u0131nmas\u0131 gecikti.Bizans’\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc yar\u0131m as\u0131r kadar uzad\u0131.
\n\u2022 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Balkanlarda ilerleyi\u015fi bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in durdu. <\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00f6neminde Gelibolu’da ilk Osmanl\u0131 tersanesi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nK\u00fctahya merkezli olarak Anadolu beylerbeyi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Nedenleri:
\n\u2022 Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130slam \u00fclkesindeki bolluk ve refah\u0131 g\u00f6rmeleri bundan etkilenerek varl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fama ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yeni kaynak aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmeleri.
\n\u2022 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ticaret merkezlerini ele ge\u00e7irmesi ile Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerine yeni ticaret alanlar\u0131 bulma gereksinimi.
\n\u2022 Avrupa’daki siyasi ve ekonomik m\u00fccadelelerde yenik d\u00fc\u015fenlerin yerle\u015febilecekleri toprak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131.
\n\u2022 Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7in’den ve Hindistan’dan getirilen mallar\u0131 do\u011frudan ve ucuza kendilerinin almak istemeleri.
\n\u2022 Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaymak istemesi.
\n\u2022 Pusulan\u0131n Avrupa’ya gelmesi.
\n\u2022 Kaliteli gemilerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131.
\n\u2022 Cesur gemicilerin yeti\u015fmesi.
\n\u2022 Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan d\u00fcnya co\u011frafyas\u0131 ile ilgili yeni bilgiler \u00f6\u011frenmeleri. <\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\n\u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131talar\u0131ndan; Afrika’n\u0131n tamam\u0131 ve Amerika ke\u015ffedildi.
\n\u2022 B\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorluklar\u0131 kuruldu:
\n\u2022 Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6nem kazan\u0131rken, soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybetti.
\n\u2022 Avrupa’dan Amerika’ya g\u00f6\u00e7lerle, Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 Amerika’dan Avrupa’ya bol miktarda alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f geldi.Zenginli\u011fin esas\u0131 toprak olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n\u2022 Deniz ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.
\n\u2022 Bilinmeyen hayvanlar ve bitki t\u00fcrleri tan\u0131nd\u0131.
\n\u2022 K\u00f6le ticareti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n\u2022 Hristiyanl\u0131k yeni yerlere yay\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 Avrupa’da kilise ve papaya olan g\u00fcven azald\u0131.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans\u0131n Nedenleri:
\n\u2022 Matbaan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131yla eski d\u00f6neme ait eserlerin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6\u011frenilmesi.
\n\u2022 Co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerin sonras\u0131nda, Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesi ve ya\u015fam seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi sonucunda Avrupa’da sanattan ve edebiyattan zevk alan bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131.
\n\u2022 Edebiyat\u00e7\u0131, \u015fair ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan ki\u015filerin bulunmas\u0131.
\n\u2022 15. ve 16.y\u00fczy\u0131lda dahi sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yeti\u015fmesi ve bunlara kilise bask\u0131s\u0131 olmadan sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyma f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmesi.
\n\u2022 Orta\u00e7a\u011f’dan beri geli\u015fmekte olan g\u00fczel sanatlar\u0131n 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda olgunla\u015fmas\u0131.
\n\u2022 T\u00fcrklerin \u0130stanbul’u fethetmeleri \u00fczerine Bizans’ta bulunan baz\u0131 bilginlerin \u0130talya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek eski Yunanca’y\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeleri ve bu d\u00f6neme ait eserleri tan\u0131tmalar\u0131.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\n\u2022 Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yerine, deney, g\u00f6zlem ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayanan pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminin gelmesi.
\n\u2022 Reformun do\u011fu\u015funa sebep oldu.<\/p>\n
Reformun Nedenleri:
\n\u2022 Matbaan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131yla \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u0130ncil bas\u0131ld\u0131.\u0130ncili okuyan insanlar ger\u00e7ekleri \u00f6\u011frendi ve kiliseye kar\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheleri, ele\u015ftirileri artt\u0131.
\n\u2022 R\u00f6nesans ile,skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce do\u011fdu.\u0130nsanlar \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dini konulur\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
\nPapalar\u0131n dini g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kullanarakekonomik y\u00f6nden halk\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131.<\/p>\n
Reformun Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\n\u2022 Avrupa’da mezhep birli\u011fi bozuldu.Protestan,Kalvenizm,Anglikanizm gibi yeni mezhepler ortaya \u00e7\u0131lt\u0131.
\n\u2022 Papalar eski g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti.Katolik kilisesi kendini yenilemek zorunda kald\u0131.
\n\u2022 E\u011fitim dinin etkisinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak laikle\u015ftirildi.
\n\u2022 Katolik kilisesinden ayr\u0131lan \u00fclkelerde kilisenin mallar\u0131 elinden al\u0131nd\u0131.
\n\u2022 Avrupa’da siyasal a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00f6l\u00fcnme oldu.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131’da ya\u015fayan Hristiyanlar reformdan etkilenmi\u015fler midir?Neden?
\nEtlilenmemi\u015ftir.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem ortodoks hem de Katolik Hristiyanlar geni\u015f bir inan\u00e7 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptiler.<\/p>\n
Feodalite y\u00f6netimi nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?
\nSoylular,tasarruflar\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki topraklarda mutlak haklara sahiptiler.D\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kraldan yard\u0131m g\u00f6rmeyen toprak sahibi soylular kendilerini korumak i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6valye denilen sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar toplam\u0131\u015flar,\u015fatolar ve kaleler yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca devam edecek feodalite y\u00f6netimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Amasya Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi:
\nOsmanl\u0131larla \u0130ranl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda imzalanan ilk resmi antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ferhat Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi:
\nBu antla\u015fmayla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, do\u011fuda en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131br\u0131s’\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmesinin ne gibi \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r?
\nDo\u011fu Akdeniz tamamen Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girdi.M\u0131s\u0131r deniz yolunun ve G\u00fcney Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Not:
\n\u0130syan sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ilk padi\u015fah Gen\u00e7 Osman’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cel\u00e2l\u00ee \u0130syanlar\u0131:
\nNedeni:
\nEkonomik kriz <\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\nOsmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin iyice bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu.Anadolu’nun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 harabe haline geldi.\u0130syanc\u0131lardan, askerlerden ve halktan y\u00fczbinlerce insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.G\u00fcvenlik nedeniyle k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesi sonucu \u00fcretim azald\u0131, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k geriledi.<\/p>\n
17.YY’da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin D\u0131\u015f Siyaseti
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin do\u011fu siyaseti(\u0130ran)<\/p>\n
Nasuh Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131(1611)
\n\u2022 Osmanl\u0131lar, Ferhat Pa\u015fa Antla\u015fmas\u0131’yla \u0130ran’dan ald\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri geri verdiler.
\n\u2022 Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131lara y\u0131lda 200 deve y\u00fck\u00fc ipek vermeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n
Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131(1639)
\n\u2022 Azerbaycan ve Revan \u0130ranl\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 Ba\u011fdat, Musul ve Diyarbak\u0131r Osmanl\u0131larda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemi:
\nBug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bu antla\u015fmayla \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131-Lehistan ili\u015fkileri:
\nBuca\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131(1672)
\n\u2022 Podolya Osmanl\u0131larda kalacak,
\n\u2022 Lehistan kuvvetleri Ukrayna’dan \u00e7ekilecek,
\n\u2022 Lehistan Osmanl\u0131lara her y\u0131l vergi vercekti.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemi:
\nOsmanl\u0131lar\u0131n bat\u0131da toprak elde etti\u011fi son antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131- Avusturya ili\u015fkileri:
\nZitvatoruk Antla\u015fmas\u0131(1606)
\n\u2022 Avusturya’n\u0131n eskiden beri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne verdi\u011fi 30.000 alt\u0131nl\u0131k vergi kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Avuturya bir defaya \u00f6zg\u00fc olarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne sava\u015f zarar\u0131 \u00f6demesi yapacakt\u0131.
\n\u2022 Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nan E\u011fri, Kanije ve estergon kaleleri Osmanl\u0131larda kalacak; Avusturya \u0130mparatoru, protokol y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131na e\u015fit say\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemi:
\n\u2022 Osmanl\u0131-Avusturya aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk antla\u015fmad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Orta Avrupa’daki Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sona erdiren bir belge oldu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Lise 2 Tarih 1.d\u00f6nem \u00d6zeti… 14.Y.Y.’DA YAKIN DO\u011eU Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu: Anadolu, \u0130ran, Mezomotamya, Filistin, Arabistan ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 kapsayan b\u00f6lgeye verilen add\u0131r. 14.Y.Y.’da bulunan devletler ve imparatorluklar \u2022 \u0130ran ve civar\u0131nda \u0130lhanl\u0131 Devleti, \u2022 Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti, \u2022 Do\u011fu Karadeniz’de Trabzon Rum \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u2022 Anadolu’da Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti, \u2022 M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, Filistin’de Meml\u00fck Devleti, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1476,1480,1477,1459,1491,1479,1490,1489,1478,1485,1487,1482,1483,1475,1488,1484,1343,1486,1481],"class_list":["post-407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-14-y-y-da-yakin-dogu","tag-altin-orda-devleti","tag-anadolu","tag-anadolu-selcuklu-devleti","tag-ankara-savasi","tag-filistin","tag-i-bayezityildirim","tag-i-murat","tag-iran","tag-istanbulun-fethi","tag-karlofca-antlasmasi","tag-kayi-boyu","tag-koyunhisar-savasi","tag-lise-2-tarih-1-donem-ozeti","tag-orhan-bey","tag-osman-gazi","tag-ronesans","tag-sokullu-mehmet-pasa","tag-trabzon-rum-imparatorlugu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=407"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/407\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}