Kulak (auris), i\u015fitme i\u015flevini g\u00f6ren ve denge organ\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunduran anatomik yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenir:<\/p>\n
* D\u0131\u015f kulak,
\n * Orta kulak,
\n * \u0130\u00e7 kulak.<\/p>\n
D\u0131\u015f kulak (Auris externa) [de\u011fi\u015ftir]<\/p>\n
\u0130ki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur. D\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yapan k\u0131sm\u0131na kulak kep\u00e7esi (auricula) ad\u0131 verilir. Kulak kep\u00e7esi sesin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesinde i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Buray\u0131 orta kula\u011fa ba\u011flayan kanal ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131 yapar ve d\u0131\u015f kulak yolu (meatus acusticus externus) ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. D\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru uzanan bu kanal yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 cm kadard\u0131r ve S harfi \u015feklinde k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanal\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131k\u0131rdak; di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 kemik yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. K\u0131k\u0131rdak k\u0131s\u0131m \u00fczerinde tragi ad\u0131 verilen k\u0131llar vard\u0131r. Kanal i\u00e7inde bezlerin salg\u0131s\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerine binen tozlar sonucu kulak kirleri (cerumen) olu\u015fur. Bu kirler birle\u015fip kurudu\u011fu zaman (bu\u015fon) kanal\u0131 t\u0131kayabilir ve i\u015fitmeye engel olabilirler.<\/p>\n
D\u0131\u015f kulak yolunun sonunda yar\u0131 saydam olan sedef renginde kulak zar\u0131 (membrana tympani) bulunur. Kulak zar\u0131; d\u0131\u015f kulak ile orta kula\u011f\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Her iki y\u00fcz\u00fc, atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile dengelenmi\u015ftir. Zar\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00f6staki borusu (tuba auditiva) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bo\u011fazdan (pharynx) gelen hava dengeler. B\u00f6ylece kulak zar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6kmesi engellenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Orta kulak (Auris media)<\/p>\n
Yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,5 cm\u00b3 hacminde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bo\u015fluktur. \u0130\u00e7inde hava ve 3 tane k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kulak kemik\u00e7i\u011fi bulunur. Bo\u015flu\u011fa \u00f6staki borusu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hava gelir. Bo\u015flu\u011fun arka duvar\u0131 temporal kemik i\u00e7erisinde yer alan mastoid hava h\u00fccrelerine (cellulae mastoideae) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Birbiri ile eklemle\u015fen \u00fc\u00e7 kemik timpan zar\u0131na \u00e7arpan ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n ampl\u0131t\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fckselterek, i\u00e7 kulaktaki s\u0131v\u0131ya iletirler. Kulak zar\u0131na tutunan ilk kemik malleus (\u00e7eki\u00e7 kemi\u011fi)’tur. Ortadaki incus (\u00f6rs), sondaki ise stapes. (\u00fczengi)’tir. \u00dczengi kemi\u011fi oval pencere (fenestra vestibuli) ad\u0131 verilen a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k \u00fczerine oturur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7 kulak (Auris interna)<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lardan olu\u015fan ve \u00f6nemli fonksiyonlar \u00fcstlenen k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Hepsi de temporal kemik i\u00e7erisinde yer alan, birbirinden ayr\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kemik bo\u015fluktan meydana gelir. Bu kemik bo\u015fluklara kemik labirent (labyrinthus osseus) ad\u0131 verilir. Kemik labirent \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. Oval pencerenin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sma vestibulum denilir. Di\u011fer ikisi ise cochlea (salyangoz kabu\u011fu) ve semisirk\u00fcler kanallar (canalis semisircularis osseus, kemik yar\u0131m daire kanallar\u0131)’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Vestibulum merkezde olmak \u00fczere; \u00f6n\u00fcnde cochlea, arkas\u0131nda semisirk\u00fcler kanallar yerle\u015fir. Her \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lme de, perilenfa ad\u0131 verilen s\u0131v\u0131 ile doludur. Kemik labirentin i\u00e7inde, labirentin k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131na uyan ve i\u00e7i endolenfa ile dolu olan zar labirent (labyrinthus membranaceus) bulunur. Zar labirentin, kemik labirent k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na uyan b\u00f6lmeleri \u015funlard\u0131r: Vestibulum i\u00e7indeki k\u0131sm\u0131, utriculus ve sacculus’tur. Cochlea i\u00e7inde kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 ductus cochlearis ve semisirk\u00fcler kanallar i\u00e7inde yer alan k\u0131sm\u0131 da ductus semisircularis ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fitme organ\u0131 (corti organ\u0131) ve mekanizmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
Mekanik ses uyar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 elektrik impulslar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren resept\u00f6rlere i\u015fitme veya corti organ\u0131 denir. Bu resept\u00f6rler zar cochlea’n\u0131n (ductus cochlearis) i\u00e7inde yerle\u015fmi\u015f olarak i\u015fitme siniri (n. cochlearis) ile irtibat halindedirler. D\u0131\u015f kulak yolu i\u00e7inde ilerleyen ses dalgalar\u0131, kulak zar\u0131n\u0131 titre\u015ftirerek buraya temas eden kulak kemik\u00e7iklerini harekete ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n
Burada amplit\u00fcd\u00fc y\u00fckselen ses dalgalar\u0131, kemik labirent i\u00e7indeki perilenfa’ya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Buradan da endolenfa membran\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131rlar. Endolenfa’da ki dalgalanma ince sa\u00e7 k\u0131l\u0131 \u015feklindeki resept\u00f6rleri (corti organ\u0131) uyar\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem, sinir impulslar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015fitme siniri ile beyne ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Denge mekanizmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7 kulakta yer alan di\u011fer duyu resept\u00f6rleri denge ve ba\u015f\u0131n uzaydaki pozisyonu ile ilgilidir. Bu resept\u00f6rlerin baz\u0131s\u0131 semisirk\u00fcler kanallar\u0131n taban\u0131nda yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bunlar tamamen denge ile ilgilidir. Bir di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 ise vestibulumda yer alan sacculus ve utriculus isimli iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zar kese i\u00e7indedir. Semisirk\u00fcler kanallar sacculus ve utriculus ile ba\u011flant\u0131 halindedir.<\/p>\n
Bu keselerden biri ba\u015f\u0131n uzaydaki pozisyonu ile ilgili bilgi al\u0131r. Di\u011feri denge duyusu olup, k\u0131llar\u0131n (silialar) hareketi ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Ba\u015f hareket etti\u011fi zaman, silialar\u0131n pozisyona kilitlenmesi ile sinir impulsu ba\u015flar. Buradan ve kanallardan ba\u015flayan denge siniri (n. vestibularis), i\u015fitme sinirine (n. cochlearis) kat\u0131larak n. vestibulocochlearis’i olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fitme duyusu <\/p>\n
Kulak kep\u00e7esi taraf\u0131ndan yakalanan akustik dalga d\u0131\u015f kulaktaki kulak zar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan orta kulaktaki \u00f6rs, \u00e7eki\u00e7 ve \u00fczengi kemikleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile i\u00e7 kulaktaki salyangoz organ\u0131na aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Salyangoz akustik dalgay\u0131 beynin yorumlayabilece\u011fi elektriksel i\u015farete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekle g\u00f6revlidir. Bu aktarma ve elektriksel i\u015farete \u00e7evirme i\u015flemleri, insan duyma sisteminin karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerinin ana belirleyicisidir. Duyma sisteminde iki adet alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj\u0131 \u00e7ift yollu (stereo) duymaya izin vermesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kulak (auris), i\u015fitme i\u015flevini g\u00f6ren ve denge organ\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunduran anatomik yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenir: * D\u0131\u015f kulak, * Orta kulak, * \u0130\u00e7 kulak. D\u0131\u015f kulak (Auris externa) [de\u011fi\u015ftir] \u0130ki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur. D\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yapan k\u0131sm\u0131na kulak kep\u00e7esi (auricula) ad\u0131 verilir. Kulak kep\u00e7esi sesin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesinde i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Buray\u0131 orta kula\u011fa ba\u011flayan kanal ikinci …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[9321,2610,8548,9322,2609,2613],"class_list":["post-4178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-auris-interna","tag-dis-kulak","tag-ic-kulak","tag-isitme-duyusu","tag-kulak","tag-orta-kulak"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4178\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}