Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131… <\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131-\u0130talyan Harbi.
\n\u0130talya, birli\u011fini kurunca, di\u011fer Avrupa devletleri gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge siyaseti takibine ba\u015flad\u0131. Kendi topraklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen Trablus ve Bingazi\u2019yi, \u00fclkesine katmak istiyordu. Bu topraklar, o devirde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin h\u00e2kimiyetinde oldu\u011fundan, do\u011frudan sald\u0131r\u0131ya cesaret edemedi. Destek\u00e7i ve ittifak arad\u0131. Bu gayeyle; 1902\u2019de Avusturya ve Fransa, 1904\u2019te \u0130ngiltere, 1909\u2019da Rusya ile antla\u015fmalar imzalad\u0131. Antla\u015fmalara g\u00f6re; \u0130talya, Trablus ve Bingazi’de serbest hareket edecekti. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n bu faaliyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131, devrin Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid Han (1876-1909), dahiyane siyas\u00ee tedbirler ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, muktedir ve se\u00e7me kumandanlar tayin etti\u011fi Trablusgarp T\u00fcmenini, silah ve m\u00fchimmat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan takviye ettirdi. Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid Han, siyas\u00ee, asker\u00ee ve merkez\u00ee tedbirlerin yan\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin kuvvetli, itibarl\u0131 s\u00fclalelerinden, Bingazi\u2019deki, Sen\u00fbs\u00eeleri de silahland\u0131rd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131n\u0131n merkez\u00ee ve mahall\u00ee tedbirleri sayesinde \u0130talya, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri de olan \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Avusturya ve Rusya\u2019yla ittifak antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sald\u0131rmaya cesaret edemedi. Bu plan\u0131n tatbikat\u0131na Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u0131n tahttan indirilmesinden sonra ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
12 Ocak 1910\u2019da, Roma sefirli\u011finden sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa getirilen Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi program\u0131 istikametinde siyaset takip etti. Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n, topraklar\u0131na yak\u0131n Kuzey Afrika \u00fclkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 emellerini bilmesine ra\u011fmen, Trablus\u2019taki Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcmenini kald\u0131r\u0131p, Yemen\u2019e sevk etti. T\u00fcmenin m\u00fchimmat\u0131n\u0131 da, bir\u00e7ok ihtarlara ra\u011fmen \u0130stanbul\u2019a getirtti. B\u00f6lge b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcdafaa tedbirlerinden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131nca; \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n te\u015febb\u00fcsleriyle Trablusgarp vali ve kumandan\u0131 M\u00fc\u015fir \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, vazifesinden al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130talya ile mesele \u00e7\u0131karmamak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden hareket ettiklerini iddia eden \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, sonunda i\u015fi ihanete kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. \u0130talya, 14 \u015eubat 1910 tarihinde, Avrupa devletleriyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fmalara dayan\u0131p, Akdeniz\u2019deki kuvvet dengesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki bu topraklar\u0131n \u0130talya i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu belirterek Trablusgarp\u2019ta imtiyazlar istedi. Osmanl\u0131 Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 (D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131) R\u0131fat Pa\u015fa, m\u00fcstakil bir devletin hakimiyet telakkisine ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u0130talyan teklifini reddetti. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetinde ya\u015fayan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 da, sadakatle, \u0130talyan teklifi aleyhine cephe ald\u0131lar. \u0130talya, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci teklifini d\u00fcnyaya, kendi siyaseti istikametinde bildirdi. \u0130talya, 23 Eyl\u00fcl 1911 tarihli ilk notas\u0131nda; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisinin Trablusgarp ve Bingazi\u2019de, halk\u0131 \u0130talyanlar aleyhine tahrik etti\u011finden ve Osmanl\u0131 vapurlar\u0131yla b\u00f6lgeye asker ve m\u00fchimmat sevk olundu\u011fundan \u015fik\u00e2yet edip, \u0130talyan tebaas\u0131n\u0131n, ertesi g\u00fcn o havaliyi terk edeceklerini bildirdi. B\u00f6lgedeki durumun vahim bir h\u00e2l alaca\u011f\u0131 belli olunca da, \u0130stanbul\u2019a daha \u00f6nce getirtilen m\u00fchimmat hatas\u0131n\u0131 telafi edici mahiyette, bir vapurla bir miktar cephane g\u00f6nderildi. Bundan sonra, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n c\u00fcretk\u00e2r teklif ve icraatlar\u0131, bitmez t\u00fckenmez bir \u015fekilde devam etti. <\/p>\n
\u0130talya, 28 Eyl\u00fcl 1911 tarihinde verdi\u011fi yirmi d\u00f6rt saatlik \u00fcltimatomda Trablus\u2019la Bingazi\u2019nin tahliye ve teslimini istedi. Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa, bu \u00fcltimatomu, gayrim\u00fcslim ve T\u00fcrk jandarma m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fiyle Osmanl\u0131 hizmetinde bulunan \u0130talyan generali Robilant Pa\u015fan\u0131n evinde, bri\u00e7 oynarken ald\u0131. Sadrazam, brici b\u0131rak\u0131p, \u00fcltimatomu okumak hareketinde dahi bulunmay\u0131nca, ev sahibesi bayan Robilant, meselenin vah\u00e2metini bildi\u011finden, \u0131srarla okuttu. \u00dcltimatoma 29 Eyl\u00fcl 1911 tarihinde verilen cevapta; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla \u0130talya\u2019ya bu b\u00f6lgede iktisad\u00ee ve k\u0131smen siyas\u00ee imtiyazlar verilmesini kabul etti\u011fini bildirdi. \u0130talya, \u00fcltimatomun cevap tarihi olan 29 Eyl\u00fcl 1911\u2019de, Osmanl\u0131 Devletine harp ilan etti\u011fini notayla bildirdi. <\/p>\n
Harp i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden b\u00fct\u00fcn haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f olan \u0130talya, modern \u015fekilde te\u00e7hiz edilen 36 000 ki\u015filik bir orduyu, \u00e7\u0131karma yapmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderdi. \u0130talyan donanmas\u0131, 1 Ekim 1911 tarihinde, Libya sahillerini abluka alt\u0131na ald\u0131. 4 Ekim\u2019de karaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir \u0130talyan m\u00fcfrezesi, bo\u015f buldu\u011fu Hamidiye Tabyas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Bu kolay i\u015fgalden c\u00fcretlenilip, 5 Ekim\u2019de 1700 bahriye askeri daha karaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Kara askerlerinin de sahile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan harek\u00e2t neticesinde, Trablusgarp vilayetinin sancak merkezlerinden Humus kasabas\u0131, 18 Ekimde i\u015fgal edildi. 19 Ekim 1911 tarihinde Bingazi sahiline \u00e7\u0131karma yapan, ilk i\u015fgalci kuvvetler, 20 Ekimde \u015fehre girdi. Fakat b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ra\u011fmen, \u0130talyanlar\u0131n hakimiyeti, daha \u00e7ok donanmas\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sahil boylar\u0131ndayd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Vali vekili ve kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne alan Miralay Ne\u015fet Bey, \u015fehirdeki \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki kuvvetler ve Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u0131n sil\u00e2hland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sen\u00fbs\u00eelerle elbirli\u011fi ederek, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mahrumiyetler i\u00e7inde, m\u00fcdafaa cephesi kurdu. B\u00f6lgeye, \u0130stanbul\u2019dan kara kuvveti g\u00f6ndermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Bunun i\u00e7in Tunus ve M\u0131s\u0131r yoluyla gizli olarak ve ayr\u0131ca subay, para ve m\u00fchimmat g\u00f6nderildi. Bunlarla Tobruk ve Derne ve di\u011fer kuvvetli m\u00fcdafaa hatlar\u0131 kuruldu. <\/p>\n
\u0130talyan ordusu, b\u00fct\u00fcn taarruzlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen sahilden i\u00e7eri pek giremedi. Bir\u00e7ok taarruzunun p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesi, \u0130talyan kumandan ve askerlerini \u00fcmitsizli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130talyan ordusunun asker\u00ee itibar\u0131, d\u00fcnya kamuoyunda sars\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130talya bunu tel\u00e2fi etmek i\u00e7in, donanmayla Rodos, Oniki Adalar ve Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmek istedi. Bununla, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini tehdit ederek b\u00f6lgeye yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderilmesini engellemeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u0130talya, Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye hareket etmemesinden faydalanarak, Rodos ve Oniki Aday\u0131, 1912 bahar\u0131nda i\u015fgal edebildi. \u0130talyan donanmas\u0131, 1912 yaz\u0131nda, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 zorlad\u0131ysa da, kuvvetli m\u00fcdafaa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. <\/p>\n
Trablusgarp Harbi devam ederken, 8 Ekim 1912\u2019de Balkan Harbi \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Balkan Harbi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, cephe say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak ve Trablusgarp meselesini halletmek \u00fczere, Londra\u2019da \u0130talya ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flatt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131-\u0130talyan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, antla\u015fmayla neticelendi. Osmanl\u0131-\u0130talyan Antla\u015fmas\u0131, 15 Ekim 1912 tarihinde, Lozan\u2019\u0131n iskelesi olan Ouchy\u2019de (U\u015fi) imzaland\u0131. Trablusgarp Harbine son veren Antla\u015fma, \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7as\u0131 gizli olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt par\u00e7a h\u00e2lindeydi. A\u00e7\u0131k par\u00e7a on bir madde olup, \u015funlar\u0131 ihtiva ediyordu: <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye, Trablusgarp ve Bingazi\u2019yi, \u0130talya da i\u015fgal etti\u011fi adalar\u0131 derhal bo\u015faltacakt\u0131r. \u0130talya, b\u00f6lgede \u0130sl\u00e2m dininin serbestiyetini kabul edip, hutbelerde Halifenin isminin zikredilmesine, padi\u015fah\u0131n “N\u00e2ib-\u00fcs-Sultan” unvan\u0131yla bir temsilci bulundurmas\u0131na, bu temsilcinin, tahsisat\u0131n\u0131 mahall\u00ee gelirlerden almas\u0131na, Trablusgarp ve Bingazi kad\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Me\u015f\u00eehat (\u015eeyh\u00fclislaml\u0131k) makam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tayin edilmesine ve bu kad\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ece\u011fi naiplere mahall\u00ee gelirlerden ayl\u0131k verilmesine, evkaf\u0131n (vak\u0131flar) istikl\u00e2line, yerli e\u015fraf\u0131n da i\u015ftirak edece\u011fi bir meclis taraf\u0131ndan yeni idare esaslar\u0131n\u0131n tanzimine izin verildi. N\u00e2ib-\u00fcs-Sultan ile kad\u0131’n\u0131n tayininde, Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130talyan h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin izni al\u0131nacakt\u0131. Trablus ve Bingazi\u2019den D\u00fcy\u00fbn-u Umumiye’ye para verilmeye devam edilecek ve y\u0131ll\u0131k taksit miktar\u0131 iki milyon \u0130talyan liretinden, yani takriben 90 000 Osmanl\u0131 alt\u0131n\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131. Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, \u0130talya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yard\u0131m edecekti. (Bkz. U\u015fi Antla\u015fmas\u0131)<\/p>\n
Trablusgarp ve Bingazi, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisinin, affedilmez gaflet ve h\u0131yanetiyle kaybedilmesine ra\u011fmen, harbe kat\u0131lan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc subaylardan Binba\u015f\u0131 Enver Bey, parti yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nca \u201cBingazi kahraman\u0131\u201d unvan\u0131yla tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131… Osmanl\u0131-\u0130talyan Harbi. \u0130talya, birli\u011fini kurunca, di\u011fer Avrupa devletleri gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge siyaseti takibine ba\u015flad\u0131. Kendi topraklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen Trablus ve Bingazi\u2019yi, \u00fclkesine katmak istiyordu. Bu topraklar, o devirde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin h\u00e2kimiyetinde oldu\u011fundan, do\u011frudan sald\u0131r\u0131ya cesaret edemedi. Destek\u00e7i ve ittifak arad\u0131. Bu gayeyle; 1902\u2019de Avusturya ve Fransa, 1904\u2019te \u0130ngiltere, 1909\u2019da Rusya ile antla\u015fmalar imzalad\u0131. Antla\u015fmalara …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1527,1533,1529,1495,1530,1531,1526,1532,1528,1525,1534],"class_list":["post-421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-avrupa-devletleri","tag-balkan-harbi","tag-bingazi","tag-italya","tag-ittihat-ve-terakki","tag-oniki-ada","tag-osmanli","tag-rodos","tag-trablus","tag-trablusgarp-savasi","tag-usi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=421"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/421\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}