Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa<\/p>\n
Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa Devletleri<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere <\/p>\n
*1215’te Magna Carta imzaland\u0131.
\n *1265’te parlamenter sisteme ge\u00e7ildi.
\n *Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda Fransa’ya yenildi ve karada \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti.
\n *\u00c7ifte G\u00fcl Sava\u015flar\u0131’ndan sonra kuvvetli bir deniz devleti haline geldi.
\n *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kral Charles d\u00f6neminde parlamento da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve halk Cromwel \u00f6nderli\u011finde ayakland\u0131. Kral \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.
\n *Cromwel Cumhuriyet ilan etti\u011fini bildirdi.
\n *Fakat bir s\u00fcre sonra parlamentoyu da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.
\n *Kral, III. William d\u00f6neminde “\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Beyannamesi” yay\u0131nlanarak demokratik krall\u0131k kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Almanya<\/p>\n
*XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na kadar siyasi birli\u011fini tamamlayamad\u0131.
\n *Reform d\u00f6neminde, Protestan prenslerle Kral II. Ferdinand aras\u0131nda Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n *Viyana Kongresi’nde Germen Konfederasyonu kurulmas\u0131na ve komisyon ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Avusturya’n\u0131n getirilmesine karar verildi.
\n *Konfederasyon d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lan Prusya Avusturya ile sava\u015fa girdi.
\n *Prusya ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Bismarck 1871’deki Sedan Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Fransa’y\u0131 yendi.
\n *Almanya Prusya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Kral III. Wilhelm ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Fransa<\/p>\n
*Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda \u0130ngiltere’yi yendi; fakat Reform d\u00f6neminde mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.
\n *Kral IV. Henry d\u00f6neminde Fransa koyu bir mutlakiyetle y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130spanya<\/p>\n
*XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler’e ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6nemli bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devleti oldu.
\n *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa’ya birtak\u0131m s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini kapt\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *Hollanda da \u0130spanya’dan ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n
\u0130talya <\/p>\n
*Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri’nden sonra Akdeniz’de ticari \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi.
\n *Venedik ve Ceneviz gibi denizci devletler Yeni \u00c7a\u011f’da ticari \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti.
\n *1815’te toplanan Viyana Kongresi’nde \u0130talya yedi h\u00fck\u00fcmete ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Rusya<\/p>\n
*Lehistan, XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Avusturya ve Rusya aras\u0131nda tampon devlet durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\n *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Rusya’n\u0131n Lehistan i\u00e7 i\u015fleine m\u00fcdahale etmesi \u00fczerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7ar Petro d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan \u0131slahatlarla kendisini geli\u015ftirdi.
\n *\u0130sve\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Lehistan ile sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
ABD’nin kurulu\u015fu<\/p>\n
*Kristofer Kolomb’un (1492) ke\u015ffinden sonra \u0130ngilizler b\u00f6lgede s\u00f6m\u00fcrge olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.
\n *XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ngilizler k\u0131y\u0131lardan i\u00e7e do\u011fru ilerledi.
\n *Buralara Avrupa’dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler yerle\u015ftirildi. \u0130ngiltere parlamentosu Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda bozulan ekonomisini toparlayabilmek amac\u0131yla kolonilerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergiyi art\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *Koloniler, \u0130ngiliz parlamentosunda temsil haklar\u0131 olmadan vergi \u00f6demeyeceklerini bildirdi.
\n *\u0130ngiliz mallar\u0131n\u0131 protesto eden koloni halk\u0131, Boston liman\u0131na gelen \u0130ngiliz gemilerindeki \u00e7aylar\u0131 denize bo\u015faltt\u0131. Limanlar \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan ablukaya al\u0131nd\u0131.
\n *Koloni halk\u0131n\u0131n buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ayaklanma ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *I. Philedalphia Kongresi (1774) : Koloni meclislerinin onay\u0131 olmadan vergi al\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve ticareti engelleyici yasalar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.
\n *II. Philedalphia Kongresi (1776) : Koloniler \u0130ngiltere’ye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.
\n *Versailles Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1783) ile \u0130ngiltere ABD’nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti.<\/p>\n
Sanayi Devrimi<\/p>\n
Sanayi Devriminin Nedenleri<\/p>\n
*XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa’da R\u00f6nesans ile ba\u015flayan bilimsel geli\u015fmeler pe\u015finden teknik geli\u015fmeleri getirdi.
\n *Bilim ve teknik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara h\u00fck\u00fcmetler \u00f6nemli sermayeler ay\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonunda ticaretin geli\u015fmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ile Avrupa’da sermaye birikimi olu\u015ftu.
\n *Sanayi Devrimi; 1690’dan itibaren kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan buhar g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde \u00fcretimin, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve tekni\u011fin geli\u015fmesi sonucu d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fime verilen add\u0131r.
\n *Sanayi Devrimi’nin ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda temel hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc.
\n *1878’de i\u00e7ten patlamal\u0131 motorlar\u0131n icad\u0131yla birlikte petrol \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\n *Sanayi Devrimi, XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere’de ilk defa dokuma alan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Sanayi Devriminin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n
*\u00dcretimin bol ve ucuza mal edilmesi \u00fczerie, hammadde ve pazar ihtiyac\u0131 daha da artt\u0131. Bu durum s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *Kol g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini makinan\u0131n almas\u0131yla, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fyerleri ve at\u00f6lyeler, yerlerini fabrikalara b\u0131rakt\u0131. Fabrikalar\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayeli \u015firketler ve bankalar do\u011fdu.
\n *1869’da S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131, 1914’te Panama Kanal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n cazip hale gelmesi ile ticaret geli\u015fti.
\n *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, k\u00f6yden b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00c7arp\u0131k kentle\u015fmeyi do\u011fdu.
\n *\u0130\u015fsiz insanlar kentlerdeki sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle burjuvazinin emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ucuz el eme\u011fi, sosyal g\u00fcvencesi olmayan, a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.
\n *Sosyalizm, Komunizm, Liberalizm ve Kapitalizm gibi ekonomik sistemler tan\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.
\n *Sanayi Devrimi’ne Avrupa ile birlikte kat\u0131lmayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ekonomisi \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/p>\n
S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik<\/p>\n
S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin Geli\u015fmesi<\/p>\n
*Sanayi Devrimi hammadde ve pazar ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ile birlikte deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticaretin geli\u015fmesi, uzak hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n daha rahat kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.
\n *Avrupa devletleri, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrge alanlar\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.
\n *\u0130ngiltere; Hindistan Birmanya, Bel\u00fccistan, K\u0131br\u0131s, Malta ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirdi.
\n *Fransa; s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiltere’ye kapt\u0131rd\u0131. Cezayir, Tunus ve Sudan baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile Madagaskar Adas\u0131’na yerle\u015fti.
\n *Almanya; Afrika ve Pasifik’te s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler elde etti.
\n *S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden birini olu\u015fturur.
\n *\u0130talya; K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Eritre ve Trablsugarp’\u0131 ald\u0131.
\n *Rusya; s\u0131cak denizlere a\u00e7\u0131labilmek amac\u0131yla Bo\u011fazlar’a y\u00f6neldi. Sibirya’dan Japon Denizi’ne kadar hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na sahip oldu.<\/p>\n
Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/p>\n
Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali’nin Nedenleri<\/p>\n
*1756-1763’teki Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda \u0130ngilizler ile sava\u015fan Frans\u0131zlar’\u0131n \u0130ngiltere’deki me\u015frutiyet y\u00f6nteminden etkilenmesi.
\n *Amerika Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131 destekleyen Frans\u0131zlar’\u0131n, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi’nden etkilenmesi.
\n *Fransa’da mutlaki krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 rejimi nedeniyle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik ortam\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131.
\n *Devlet y\u00f6netiminde soylular\u0131n geni\u015f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara sahip, halk\u0131n ise kral\u0131n emirlerine k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne itaat eden durumunda olmas\u0131.
\n *Devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fen fikirlere sahip ki\u015filerin a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.
\n *R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan “Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131” n\u0131n, Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmesi.
\n *Fransa’n\u0131n XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar ve devletin gereksiz harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomiyi sarsmas\u0131 \u00fczerine halk\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r vergiler alt\u0131nda ezilmesi.<\/p>\n
Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali (1789)<\/p>\n
*1 May\u0131s 1789’da Milli Meclis, kendi onaylar\u0131 olmadan halktan vergi toplanmamas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.
\n *Kral buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Meclisi kapatmak istedi. 14 Temmuz 1789’da Paris’te ayaklanan halk Bastille Hapishanesi’ni bast\u0131 ve siyasi tutuklular\u0131 serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131.
\n *4 A\u011fustos 1789’da b\u00fct\u00fcn feodal haklar “Kurucu Meclis”e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen “Milli Meclis” taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *28 A\u011fustos 1789’da “\u0130nsan ve Vatanda\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi” ilan edildi.
\n *Kurucu Meclis, Anayasa haz\u0131rlayarak demokratik krall\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7ildi\u011fini bildirdi.
\n *Kral XVI. Louis, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7mek isteyince ihtilalciler taraf\u0131ndan yakalanarak krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette ile birlikte idam edildi.
\n *Fransa’da Robespier \u00f6nderli\u011finde “ter\u00f6r d\u00f6nemi” ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *Kurucu Meclis, 1795’teki anayasa ile Direktuvar H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ni kurdu\u011funu bildirdi.
\n *1799’da Napolyon Bonaparte darbe ile ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ti.
\n *Napolyon, 1804’te Fransa’da imparatorlu\u011fu ilan etti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa Devletleri \u0130ngiltere *1215’te Magna Carta imzaland\u0131. *1265’te parlamenter sisteme ge\u00e7ildi. *Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda Fransa’ya yenildi ve karada \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti. *\u00c7ifte G\u00fcl Sava\u015flar\u0131’ndan sonra kuvvetli bir deniz devleti haline geldi. *XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kral Charles d\u00f6neminde parlamento da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve halk Cromwel \u00f6nderli\u011finde ayakland\u0131. Kral \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. *Cromwel Cumhuriyet ilan etti\u011fini bildirdi. *Fakat bir …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1493,1494,1554,1580,1581,1578,1582,1577,1579],"class_list":["post-439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-almanya","tag-fransa","tag-fransiz-ihtilali","tag-hacli-seferleri","tag-kristofer-kolomb","tag-magna-carta","tag-sanayi-devrimi","tag-yakin-cagda-avrupa-devletleri","tag-yuzyil-savaslari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=439"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/439\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=439"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}