Yeni \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa<\/p>\n
Bilim ve Teknolojide Geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n
Barutun Ate\u015fli Silahlarda Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 :
\n Barut ilk defa \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupal\u0131lar Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda barutla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngilizler Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda ilk kez barutu toplarda kulland\u0131. Sava\u015f topunun kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ile feodal y\u00f6netimler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Pusulan\u0131n Bulunmas\u0131 :
\n Pusula ilk defa \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Pusulan\u0131n gemicilik alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k denizlerde seyahat kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ka\u011f\u0131t ve Matbaa :
\n Matbaa ilk defa \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Uygur T\u00fcrkleri matbaay\u0131 geli\u015ftirerel hareketli harfleri icat etti. Avrupa’da hareketli matbaa ilk defa Johann Gutenberg taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi.<\/p>\n
Merkezi Devletlerin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Fransa :
\n Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca derebeylik rejiminin etkisinde kald\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda (1337-1453) Frans\u0131z soylular\u0131 \u0130ngilizler’le yapt\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fccadelede zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Kral IX. Louis derebeylerin \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek merkezi krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere :
\n Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00c7ifte G\u00fcl Sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Bu sava\u015flarda \u0130ngiliz soylular\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kaybetti\u011finden, krall\u0131k, merkezi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130spanya :
\n 1450’li y\u0131llarda \u0130spanya Aragon, Savar, Kastilya ve Portekiz gibi krall\u0131klara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. G\u00fcney’de Beni Ahmer Devleti h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi.
\n 1474’te Aragon kral\u0131, Ferdinand ve Kastilay krali\u00e7esi, \u0130sabella’n\u0131n evlili\u011fi ile siyasi birlik sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130talya :
\n Orta \u00c7a\u011f’da derebeylik rejiminin uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek \u00fclkedir. \u0130talya; Papal\u0131k, Venedik, Ceneviz ve Floransa gibi \u015fehir devletlerinden meydana gelmekteydi. Venedik ve Ceneviz, deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde Akdeniz’de egemen durumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Nedenleri
\n *Avrupa Devletleri’nin, \u0130stanbul’un fethi ile T\u00fcrklerin eline ge\u00e7en, \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinden kurtarma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi.
\n *Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda geli\u015fen ticaret ve sanayi sonucunda yeni pazar ve hammadde aramas\u0131.
\n *Pusulan\u0131n daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131.
\n *Gemi yap\u0131m tekni\u011finin geli\u015fmesi.
\n *Hurafelere inanan korkak denizcilerin yerini, cesur denizcilerin almas\u0131.
\n *Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayma amac\u0131.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler<\/p>\n
Bartelemeo Diaz
\n 1486’da \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde f\u0131rt\u0131naya yakalanarak, G\u00fcney’e s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi ve Natal’a ula\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte Afrika’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Burnu’nu ge\u00e7erek buraya F\u0131rt\u0131nalar Burnu ismini verdi.<\/p>\n
Kristofer Kolomb
\n 1492’de ispanya kral\u0131 Ferdinand ve e\u015fi \u0130sabella’n\u0131n deste\u011fi ile Atlas Okyanusu’na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Amac\u0131, Hindistan’a ula\u015fmakt\u0131. fakat yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k sonucu Bahama Adalar\u0131’na ula\u015ft\u0131. Buran\u0131n yeni bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu bilmedi.<\/p>\n
Vasko de Gama
\n 1498’de Portekiz’den yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1486’da Bartelmi Diaz taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen \u00dcmit Burnu’nu a\u015farak Hint Okyanusu’na ula\u015ft\u0131. 1498’de Hindistan’\u0131n Kalk\u00fcta liman\u0131na vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Jan & Sebastiyan Kabo
\n 1497’de \u0130ngiltere’den sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Kuzey Amerika’y\u0131 dola\u015farak Kanada’y\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler.<\/p>\n
Amerigo Vespucci
\n Kristof Kolomb’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir y\u0131l sonra, 1507’de sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kolomb’un izinden giderek, onun ke\u015ffetti\u011fi k\u0131tan\u0131n Hindistan olmay\u0131p, yeni bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi. yeni k\u0131taya bu denizcinin ad\u0131 verildi ve k\u0131taya Amerika dendi.<\/p>\n
Magellan ve Del Kano
\n 1519’da Alman Kral\u0131 \u015earlken’in de deste\u011fiyle sefere ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130spanya’dan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p hep ters y\u00f6nde ilerleyerek tekrar \u0130spanya’ya geri d\u00f6nmeyi planlad\u0131. G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015farak Magellan Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131 buldu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus’a a\u00e7\u0131larak Phillippine Adalar\u0131’na ula\u015ft\u0131. Ada yerlileri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Del Kano, \u00dcmit Burnu’nu dola\u015farak 1522’de \u0130spanya’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Meksika ve Peru’nun Ke\u015ffi
\n 1519’da Kortez (Cortes) adl\u0131 bir \u0130spanyol denizci \u00f6nderli\u011finde Meksika’n\u0131n fethien ba\u015fland\u0131. Aztek Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok edildi. 1532’de Almagro ve Pizarro Peru’ya \u00e7\u0131karak \u0130nka uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verdi.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\n *Yeni topraklar, yeni \u00fclkeler yeni uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, t\u00fct\u00fcn, kakao, vanilya, \u015fekerkam\u0131\u015f\u0131, patates gibi yeni bitkilerle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *\u00dcmit Burnu yolunun bulunmas\u0131 ile Baharat Yolu eski \u00f6nemini yitirdi.
\n *Akdeniz limanlar\u0131 \u00f6nemini kaybetti.
\n *Atlas Okyanusu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Lizbon, Londra, Rotterdam ve Amsterdam gibi limanlar \u00f6nem kazand\u0131.
\n *Ke\u015ffedilen \u00fclkelerdeki de\u011ferli madenler ve hammaddeler Avrupa’ya getirildi.
\n *Toprak zenginlik kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak ticaret \u00f6n plana ge\u00e7ti.
\n *Ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 daha da zenginle\u015ferek toprak zengini soylular ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yitirdi.
\n *Ke\u015ffedilen yerlere Avrupa’dan g\u00f6\u00e7ler ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *Hristiyanl\u0131k yay\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *Baharat Yolu’nun \u00f6nemini yitirmesi \u00fczerine \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 yoksulla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans Hareketi
\nR\u00f6nesans’\u0131n Nedenleri<\/p>\n
*Orta \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanatdaki ilerlemelerin XV. ve XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda olgunla\u015fmas\u0131.
\n *Yeni \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bulunan matbaa sayesinde yeni bulu\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin t\u00fcm Avrupa’ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131.
\n *Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ile birlikte d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tan\u0131yan Avrupa’da sanattan ve edebiyattan b\u00fcy\u00fck zevk alan bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131.
\n *Bu d\u00f6nemde bir\u00e7ok dahi insan\u0131n yeti\u015fmesi.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans
\n R\u00f6nesans, co\u011frafi konumu itibariyle Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na yak\u0131n ve \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden etkilenmeye elveri\u015fli olan \u0130talya’da do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n \u0130talya’da Do\u011fmas\u0131’n\u0131n Sebepleri :<\/p>\n
*Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sonucunda \u0130talyan \u015fehirlerinin zenginle\u015fmesi ile \u0130talyan ekonomisinin ilerlemesi.
\n *\u0130talya’n\u0131n Orta \u00c7a\u011f’dan itibaren siyasi birlikten yoksun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fehir devletlerinden olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ortam\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131. *
\n *\u0130talya’n\u0131n eski Roma Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131.
\n *\u0130stanbul’un fethi ile \u0130stanbul’da bulunan bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya’ya ka\u00e7mas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130talya’da Yeti\u015fen R\u00f6nesans \u00d6nc\u00fcleri :
\n Resimde Giotto, Rafaello ve Leonardo da Vinci; heykelde Donatello, Giberti ve Michelangelo mimarl\u0131kta Brunellesci, Bramente ve Michelangelo.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans’\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n
*\u0130talya’da ba\u015flayan R\u00f6nesans h\u0131zla b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa’ya yay\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *Fransa’da; Villar, Ronsard, Rable ve Montaigne; Almanya’da Erasmus ve D\u00fcrer; \u0130ngiltere’de Sheakspear gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc sanat\u00e7\u0131lar yeti\u015fti.
\n *Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yerini pozitif d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye b\u0131rakt\u0131.
\n *Bilimdeki geli\u015fmeler teknik geli\u015fmelere ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131, bu durum Sanayi Devrimi’nin nedenlerinden birini olu\u015fturdu. Bilimin \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu h\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *Skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ortadan kalkarken kiliseye olan g\u00fcven de azald\u0131. Bu durum Reform’un ba\u015flamas\u0131nda etkili oldu.
\n *Edebiyat ve sanattan zevk alan \u00fcst\u00fcn bir tabaka ile bunlardan zevk almayan yoksul halk kitlesi gibi iki s\u0131n\u0131f ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Reform Hareketleri<\/p>\n
Almanya’da Reform
\n *Hristiyanl\u0131k, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Avrupa’da Katoliklik ve Ortodoksluk olmak \u00fczere iki mezhebe ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Orta \u00c7a\u011f’dan itibaren Katolik Kilisesi giderek bozuldu.
\n *Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri, Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ve R\u00f6nesans ile birlikte kilise ve papaya g\u00fcven sars\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *H\u00fcmanizm sayesinde, Hritiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olan \u0130ncil’in \u00f6z\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n *Matbaan\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla ileti\u015fim kolayla\u015ft\u0131, \u0130ncil tabu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak ba\u015fta Almanca olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli dillere \u00e7evrildi. \u0130ncil di\u011fer dillere \u00e7evrildik\u00e7e \u0130ncil’de yazan baz\u0131 \u015feylerin kilisenin s\u00f6ylediklerine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.
\n *1517’de Martin Luther, Wittenberg kilisesi duvar\u0131na ast\u0131\u011f\u0131 95 maddelik bir bildiri ile End\u00fcl\u00fcjans sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na itiraz etti.
\n *Papa X. Leon, 1520 y\u0131l\u0131nda Luther’i afaroz etti. Luther’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri k\u0131sa zamanda yay\u0131larak Protestan Mezhebi ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.
\n *Ogsburg Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de Almanya’da Lutherianizm serbestlik kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n
Avrupa’da Reform
\n Fransa : John Calvin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flayan reform hareketi, Calvinizm olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Calvinizm, 1598’de ilan edilen Nant Ferman\u0131 ile Fransa’da serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
\n \u0130ngiltere : Reform kral VIII. Henry taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131. VIII. Henry, Katolik Kilisesi’nden ayr\u0131larak Anglikanizm Mezhebi ve Anglikan Kilisesi’ni kurdu.
\n \u0130sko\u00e7ya : Calvinizm’in temel prensipleri benimsendi. Calvinizim \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da Presbiteryanizm ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. isve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7 ve Danimarka’da da Protestan mezhebi kabul edildi.<\/p>\n
Reform’un Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\n *Avrupa’da mezhep birli\u011fi bozuldu.
\n *Katolik ve Ortodoks mezheplerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Protestanl\u0131k (Lutherianizm), Fransa’da Calvinizm, \u0130ngiltere’de Anglikanizm ve Kuzey Avrupa’da Presbiteryanizm mezhepleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n *Reform hareketi sadece Katolik Kilisesi’ni kapsad\u0131, Ortodoks Kilisesi bu hareketten etkilenmedi.
\n *Papalar eski n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.
\n *Katolik Kilisesi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in \u0131slahatlara ba\u015fvurdu.
\n *E\u011fitim kilise kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak laik bir e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ildi.
\n *Katolik Kilisesi’nden ayr\u0131lan \u00fclkelerde kilisenin mallar\u0131na el konuldu.
\n *Reform Avrupa’da dini b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra birtak\u0131m siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelere de neden oldu. Bu durum Avrupa’da Osmanl\u0131’ya kar\u015f\u0131 Hristiyan birli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015earlken’in aleyhindeydi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yeni \u00c7a\u011f’da Avrupa Bilim ve Teknolojide Geli\u015fmeler Barutun Ate\u015fli Silahlarda Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 : Barut ilk defa \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupal\u0131lar Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda barutla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngilizler Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131’nda ilk kez barutu toplarda kulland\u0131. Sava\u015f topunun kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ile feodal y\u00f6netimler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Pusulan\u0131n Bulunmas\u0131 : Pusula ilk defa \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Pusulan\u0131n gemicilik alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1586,1580,1585,1584,1583,1579],"class_list":["post-441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-hacli-seferleri","tag-orta-cag","tag-pusulanin-bulunmasi","tag-yeni-cagda-avrupa","tag-yuzyil-savaslari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=441"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}