Kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc eylemlerini co\u015fkulu, t\u00f6rensel bir \u00fcslupla anlatan ve genellikle birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan manzum yap\u0131tlard\u0131r. Bilinen en eski edebiyat t\u00fcrlerinden biridir. Yunanca \u201cespos\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelmektedir. Mitoloji, efsane, folklor ve tarihi \u00f6\u011feler i\u00e7erir. Destanlar ve destans\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcler ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde gelenekleri sonraki ku\u015faklara aktarmak i\u00e7in kollektif olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f edebi bi\u00e7imlerdir.
\nDestanlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri:
\n Hepsinde yar\u0131 tanr\u0131sal nitelikler ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ya da bir\u00e7ok kahramandan s\u00f6z edilir. Destan bu kahraman\u0131n eylemleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Olaylar \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir kozmik co\u011frafya \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7er. Bir destan\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilecek her \u015feyi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran b\u00fct\u00fcnsel, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir d\u00fcnyad\u0131r. Hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn destanlarda uzun yolculuklar anlat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu destanda olaylara do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc yarat\u0131klar da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ki\u015filer, olaylar, do\u011fal varl\u0131klar hep ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famdaki boyutlar\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, daha zengindir. \u00d6zellikle s\u00f6zl\u00fc destanlarda uzun anlat\u0131, betimleme (tan\u0131mlama) ve konu\u015fma b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri bulunur. \u00d6yk\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6yk\u00fcye yer verilir. T\u00f6rensel s\u00f6yleyi\u015fler ve kamusal duyarl\u0131l\u0131k h\u00e2kimdir. Destanlar temel olarak iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\nS\u00f6zl\u00fc destanlar
\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrde do\u011fan ve ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak aktar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilen destanlard\u0131r. Ozan ve \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fark\u0131 ve \u015fiirlerin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesi ve i\u015flenmesiyle olu\u015fturulurlar. \u00d6rnekler:
\nG\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f: M\u00d6 3000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilinen en eski destand\u0131r. Babil ve Akad toplumlar\u0131nca da benimsenmi\u015ftir. Ama bug\u00fcne kalan en eksiksiz bi\u00e7imi S\u00fcmer toplumunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zalim Uruk kral\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f ve arkada\u015f\u0131 Enkidu ile birlikte uzun aray\u0131\u015flardan sonra \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck otunu bulur, ama bir y\u0131lana kapt\u0131r\u0131r.
\n\u0130lyada ve Odysseia: M\u00d6 11-12\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Homeros destanlar\u0131 olarak bilinirler. Yunan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki Akhalar\u2019\u0131n, Anadolu\u2019daki \u0130on krall\u0131klar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve Akha kral ve prenslerinin daha sonraki ser\u00fcvenleri anlat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Odysseia, Yunan Tragedyas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\nDi\u011ferleri: Eski \u0130ngilizce halk destan\u0131 Beowulf, Eski Almanca Heldenlieder (kahramanl\u0131k t\u00fcrk\u00fcleri), Almanca Nibelungenlied , Kudrunlied, Fransa\u2019da Chanson de Geste (kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131s\u0131), Chanson de Roland (Frank kral\u0131 Charlemagne\u2019\u0131n sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r), \u0130spanya\u2019da El Cantar de Mio Cid, Hindistan\u2019da Mahabharata, Ramayana, Japonya\u2019da Heike Monogatari.
\nEdebi destanlar
\nBelirli bir yazar taraf\u0131ndan eski \u00f6rneklere uygun olarak ve okunmak \u00fczere kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f destanlard\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rnekler:
\nVergilius\u2019un Aeneis\u2019i: M\u00d6 29-19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 kapsar. Troyal\u0131 Aeneias\u2019in uzun ve zorlu bir yolculuktan sonra Latin \u00fclkesine gelerek Lavinium kentini kurmas\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Lavinium sonradan Alba Langa ve Roma kentlerinin yerine kurulan ilk kenttir.
\nMilton\u2019un Paradise Lost\u2019u: \u0130nsan\u0131n cennetten kovulu\u015fu ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u015feytanla m\u00fccadelesini anlat\u0131r.
\nDante\u2019nin La Divina Commedia\u2019s\u0131 (\u0130lahi Komedya) MS 1310-1321, Ariosto\u2019nun Orlando Furioso\u2019su (\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Orlando) 1532, Camoes\u2019in Os Lusidas\u2019\u0131 1572. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda destan
\nAsya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zengin bir destan gelene\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bilinen T\u00fcrk destanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en eskisi Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Altay T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenmektedir. V. Radlov taraf\u0131ndan saptan\u0131p yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.
\nSaka Destan\u0131, \u0130skit T\u00fcrkleri\u2019ne aittir. Bu destan zinciri i\u00e7inde Alp Er Tunga ve \u015eu par\u00e7alar\u0131 bulunur. Bunlar Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019u Divan\u00fc Lugati-t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eserinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nO\u011fuz Ka\u011fan Destan\u0131 14\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda derlenmi\u015f \u00f6zet nitelikte bir metindir. O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fumu ve \u00fcst\u00fcn nitelikleri, askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00fclkeyi o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda pay edi\u015fi anlat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelen tek destan metni ise Dede Korkut Kitab\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bay\u0131nd\u0131r Han soyundan geldikleri san\u0131lan Akkoyunlular\u2019\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki olaylar ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman O\u011fuzlar\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Destanlar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli par\u00e7alardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bozkurt par\u00e7as\u0131nda G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019in bir boz kurdun soyundan geldikleri, Ergenekon par\u00e7as\u0131nda ise Ergenkon\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmalar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131p buraya s\u0131\u011fmay\u0131nca da\u011f\u0131 eriterek d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00f6ro\u011flu par\u00e7as\u0131nda, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe O\u011fuzlar\u2019\u0131n Horasan ve Hazar\u2019da \u0130ranl\u0131larla sava\u015flar\u0131ndan s\u00f6zedilir.
\nManas Destan\u0131\u2019nda K\u0131rg\u0131z T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin putperest Kalmuk ve \u00c7inliler\u2019le sava\u015flar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nCengiz Han Destan\u0131, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan sonra K\u0131p\u00e7ak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda ve eski Uygurlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki olaylar\u0131 anlat\u0131r.
\nTimur Destan\u0131, Timur\u2019un sava\u015flar\u0131 ve ki\u015fili\u011fine yer verir. Dani\u015fmend Gazi Destan\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrklerin Anadolu\u2019yu ele ge\u00e7irmeleri anlat\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBattal Gazi Destan\u0131\u2019nda da Anadolu\u2019daki T\u00fcrk-Bizans sava\u015flar\u0131 yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc eylemlerini co\u015fkulu, t\u00f6rensel bir \u00fcslupla anlatan ve genellikle birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan manzum yap\u0131tlard\u0131r. Bilinen en eski edebiyat t\u00fcrlerinden biridir. Yunanca \u201cespos\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelmektedir. Mitoloji, efsane, folklor ve tarihi \u00f6\u011feler i\u00e7erir. Destanlar ve destans\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcler ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde gelenekleri sonraki ku\u015faklara aktarmak i\u00e7in kollektif olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f edebi bi\u00e7imlerdir. Destanlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri: Hepsinde …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1405],"tags":[1990,9519,9521,9517,9755,9518,8317,9520,9528,9523],"class_list":["post-4444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-turkce-odevleri","tag-destan","tag-destanlarin-ortak-ozellikleri","tag-edebi-destanlar","tag-efsane","tag-espos","tag-folklor","tag-mitoloji","tag-sozlu-destanlar","tag-timur-destani","tag-turk-edebiyatinda-destan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4444"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4444\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}