OSMANLI K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE UYGARLI\u011eI
\nA.DEVLET Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130:
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunun ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hakim oldu\u011fu bir devletti. Osmanl\u0131lar, kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131 ve Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek ald\u0131lar.
\nOsmanl\u0131lar \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli milletleri bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131lar.B\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara adil ve e\u015fit davrand\u0131lar.Osmanl\u0131 Devletine s\u0131ras\u0131yla S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct,Bursa,Edirne ve \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.MERKEZ Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130:
\n a.) PAD\u0130\u015eAH:\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 soyundan gelen bir padi\u015fah bulunuyordu. Padi\u015fah \u00f6nemli i\u015flerde b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini almakla birlikte son kararlar\u0131 kendileri verirlerdi.Ordulara komuta etmek, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131 atamak, gerekti\u011finde divana ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmek g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\nPadi\u015fah \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman geleneklere g\u00f6re \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan hangisinin ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ece\u011finin belli olmamas\u0131 ve hanedan \u00fcyesi her \u015fehzadenin padi\u015fah olma hakk\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 \u015fehzadeler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.
\n Fatih \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanunname ile taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en padi\u015fah\u0131n karde\u015fini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesine izin verdi.(devletin gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in)
\n I.Ahmet devrinde yay\u0131nlanan bir fermanla devletin ba\u015f\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 hanedan \u00fcyelerinin en ya\u015fl\u0131 ve akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda olan\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131( Ekber ve ir\u015f\u00e2d sistemi)
\nPadi\u015fah\u0131n kendi ad\u0131na para bast\u0131rmas\u0131 ve camilerde hutbe okutmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alameti say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u015eehzadeler devlet y\u00f6netiminde ve askerlik i\u015flerinde tecr\u00fcbe kazanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Lala\u2019lar e\u015fli\u011finde sancaklara g\u00f6nderilirdi.
\n Y\u00fckselme d\u00f6neminden itibaren padi\u015fahlar Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131nda oturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
b.)D\u0130VAN:Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc manada Bakanlar Kuruluna benzerdi.Devletin \u00f6nemli i\u015fleri burada g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr ve karara ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.(sava\u015fa ve bar\u0131\u015fa karar verme gibi.)
\nDivan Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde ilk kez Orhan Bey zaman\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.Fatih\u2019ten itibaren Divan\u2019a Sadrazam ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Divan\u2019da al\u0131nan kararlar \u201cArz Odas\u0131nda\u201d padi\u015faha bildirilirdi.Divan te\u015fkilat\u0131 II.Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine \u201cNaz\u0131rl\u0131klar(Bakanl\u0131klar)\u201d kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n Divan toplant\u0131lar\u0131 Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131ndaki \u201cKubbealt\u0131\u201d denilen yerde yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
D\u0130VAN \u00dcYELER\u0130 VE BA\u015eLICA G\u00d6REVLER\u0130:
\n1.SADRAZAM( VEZ\u0130R-\u0130 AZAM):Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda Ba\u015fbakan konumundad\u0131r.Padi\u015fahtan sonra gelen en yetkili ki\u015fidir.Padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n m\u00fchr\u00fc alt\u0131n bir kese i\u00e7inde Sadrazam\u2019da bulunurdu. Sadrazamlar Fatih\u2019ten itibaren Divan ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldular.
\n2.VEZ\u0130RLER:Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda Devlet Bakanlar\u0131 konumunda idiler.Sadrazam yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 olup onun verdi\u011fi g\u00f6revleri yaparlard\u0131.Vezirler i\u00e7erisinde en yetkili olan Vezir-i Azam(Sadrazam) idi.Vezir say\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00fc\u00e7 iken s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle yediye kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n3.DEFTERDARLAR:Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda Maliye Bakan\u0131d\u0131r.Gelir ve giderleri hesaplayarak y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7eyi haz\u0131rlarlard\u0131.Anadolu ve Rumeli Defterdar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki taneydi.
\n4.KAZASKERLER:Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda Milli E\u011fitim ve Adalet Bakanlar\u0131 konumunda idi.B\u00f6lgelerindeki Kad\u0131lar\u0131n ve M\u00fcderrislerin atama, terfi ve g\u00f6revden alma i\u015flerine bakarlard\u0131.Divanda y\u00fcksek davalara bakarlard\u0131.B\u00f6ylece Divan y\u00fcksek mahkeme \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirdi.
\n5.N\u0130\u015eANCI:Divan b\u00fcrokrasisinin en yetkili ki\u015fisi idi.\u00dclke ile ilgili yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fczenler, topraklar\u0131n dirliklere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapar, has-zeamet-t\u0131mar defterlerini tutar. Padi\u015fah\u0131n fermalar\u0131na tu\u011fra \u00e7ekerdi.
\n6.\u015eEYH\u00dcL\u0130SLAM (M\u00dcFT\u00dc):Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.\u00dclkedeki din adamlar\u0131 ve din i\u015flerinin ba\u015f\u0131 idi.Kanuni d\u00f6neminden itibaren Divan \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur.Divan\u2019da verilen kararlar\u0131n dine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 onaylard\u0131 buna fetva denirdi.
\n7.KAPTAN-I DERYA (KAPTAN PA\u015eA):deniz Kuvvetleri Komutan\u0131d\u0131r.Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6neminden itibaren Divan \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n
2.TA\u015eRA Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130:
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde eyaletler \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.Bunlar:
\na.Merkeze Ba\u011fl\u0131 Eyaletler
\nb.\u00d6zel Y\u00f6netimi Olan Eyaletler
\nc.Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130mtiyazl\u0131 Eyaletler<\/p>\n
a.MERKEZE BA\u011eLI EYALETLER: Bunlar \u00fczerlerinde t\u0131mar sistemi uygulanan eyaletlerdir. Bunlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Anadolu ve Rumeli eyaletleri olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rken Kanuni zaman\u0131nda 30\u2019u a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nMerkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 eyaletlerde idari te\u015fkilatlanma b\u00fcy\u00fckten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fru \u015fu \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilebilir.
\nRumeli Beylerbeyli\u011fi Anadolu Beylerbeyli\u011fi<\/p>\n
b.\u00d6ZEL Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130 OLAN EYALETLER: Merkezden uzak olan bu nedenle de \u00fczerinde t\u0131mar sistemi uygulanamayan topraklard\u0131r.Bunlar M\u0131s\u0131r,Ba\u011fdat,Basra,Yemen ve Trablusgarp Tunus,Cezayir\u2019dir.
\nBuradaki vergiler m\u00fcltezimler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
c.BA\u011eLI (\u0130MT\u0130YAZLI) EYALETLER:Bunlar i\u00e7 i\u015flerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z,d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinde Osmanl\u0131 Devletine ba\u011fl\u0131 eyaletlerdir.Osmanl\u0131 Devleti gerekmedik\u00e7e bu beyliklerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmazd\u0131.Y\u00f6neticilerini kendileri se\u00e7erlerdi. K\u0131r\u0131m ,Eflak, Bo\u011fdan, Erdel bu t\u00fcr eyaletlerdendi.<\/p>\n
3.TOPRAK Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130: Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde topraklar \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A)Miri Topraklar B) M\u00fclk Topraklar C) Vak\u0131f Topraklar<\/p>\n
A) M\u0130R\u0130 TOPRAKLAR:Fetih yoluyla devlet m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7en arazilerdir. Fethedilen topraklar Ni\u015fanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan miri olarak tapu defterlerine kaydedilirdi.Bu topraklar devlete ait oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devredilemez sat\u0131lamaz ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanamazd\u0131.
\nMiri topraklar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n1.D\u0130RL\u0130K ARAZ\u0130: Bu topraklar hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli dereceden devlet memurlar\u0131na maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak verilirdi.Dirlik arazi gelirin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.
\na)Has:Y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri 100.000 ak\u00e7e ve \u00fczeri topraklard\u0131r.Hanedan mensuplar\u0131na,Divan \u00fcyelerine,Beylerbeyine ve \u015eehzadelere verilirdi.
\nb)Zeamet:Y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri 20.000 ila 100.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131ndaki topraklard\u0131r.Kad\u0131 ve Suba\u015f\u0131 gibi orta dereceli memurlara verilirdi.
\nc)T\u0131mar:Y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri 3000 ila 20.000 ak\u00e7e aras\u0131ndaki topraklard\u0131r.Genellikle sava\u015flarda yararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterenlere verilirdi.
\n2.MUKATAA ARAZ\u0130:Gelirleri do\u011frudan hazineye aktar\u0131lan arazilerdir.
\n3.OCAKLIK ARAZ\u0130:Gelirleri kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131na ve tersane giderlerine ayr\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131ndaki topraklard\u0131r.
\n4.YURTLUK ARAZ\u0130: Gelirleri s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla ,T\u00fcrkmen boylar\u0131na verilen s\u0131n\u0131r arazileridir.
\n2.M\u00dcLK TOPRAKLAR:Padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcn hizmetler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ki\u015filere \u00f6zel olarak verilen arazilerdir.Bu arazilere sahip olanlar topra\u011f\u0131 satabilir,kullanabilir,miras b\u0131rakabilirdi.Kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 oran\u0131nda devlete vergi \u00f6derlerdi.
\n3.VAKIF TOPRAKLAR: Gelirleri cami,medrese,\u015fifahane,imarethane(a\u015fevi) gibi din, Bilim ve hay\u0131r i\u015flerine harcanan topraklard\u0131r.Bu topraklardan vergi al\u0131nmazd\u0131. <\/p>\n
4.MAL\u0130YE:Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde maliyenin ba\u015f\u0131nda Defterdar bulunurdu. Devlet hazinesine \u201cHazine-i Amire\u201d denirdi.
\nOSMANLI HAZ\u0130NES\u0130N\u0130N BA\u015eLICA GEL\u0130R KAYNAKLARI
\n1.Halktan al\u0131nan vergiler:M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halktan al\u0131nan \u00d6\u015f\u00fcr,Hristiyan halktan al\u0131nan hara\u00e7 ve cizye gibi.
\n2.G\u00fcmr\u00fck,maden,orman ve tuzla gelirleri
\n3.Sava\u015flarda elde edilen ganimetlerin be\u015fte biri.
\n4.Ba\u011fl\u0131 beyliklerden ve yabanc\u0131 devletlerden al\u0131nan vergi ve hediyeler.
\nBu gelirler devlet i\u00e7erisinde pek \u00e7ok yerlere harcan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
OSMANLI HAZ\u0130NES\u0130N\u0130N G\u0130DERLER\u0130 \u015eUNLARDIR
\n1.Devlet memurlar\u0131na \u00f6denen maa\u015flar,
\n2.Kap\u0131kulu askerlerine \u00f6denen ul\u00fbfeler ve ulemaya \u00f6denen maa\u015flar,
\n3.Sava\u015f masraflar\u0131.Donanma giderleri,
\n4.Askerlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan c\u00fclus bah\u015fi\u015fleri,
\n5.Bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve imar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na harcanan giderler.<\/p>\n
*Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk para Osman Bey taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n *Fatih\u2019e kadar g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ak\u00e7e olan Osmanl\u0131 paras\u0131 Fatih\u2019ten itibaren alt\u0131n olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n *Yavuz S.S zaman\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin hazinesi alt\u0131nla dolmu\u015ftur.
\n *Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 15 ve 16.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130pek ve Baharat yollar\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Ancak 17.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131lmalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebepleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
1.Co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerle ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesi,
\n2.Uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flar\u0131n ekonomiyi zay\u0131flatmas\u0131,
\n3.K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek \u015fehirlere gitmeleri,
\n4.Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na soktuklar\u0131 de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 ak\u00e7esinin de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi,<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk defa Abd\u00fclmecit zaman\u0131nda 1854\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m Savas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den bor\u00e7 para alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nAl\u0131nan bor\u00e7lar zamanla \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek rakamlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve sonunda Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi iflas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (1875)
\nAvrupal\u0131 devletler bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alabilmek i\u00e7in \u201cDuyun-u Umumiye\u201d ad\u0131nda Genel Bor\u00e7lar \u0130daresini kurdular.Osmanl\u0131 gelir kaynaklar\u0131na el koydular.
\n5.ORDU: Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu Kara Kuvvetleri ve Deniz Kuvvetleri(Donanma) olmak \u00fczere iki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.
\nOSMANLI KARA ORDUSU
\nKAPIKULU ASKERLER\u0130
\nEYALET ASKERLER\u0130
\nYARDIMCI KUVVETLER <\/p>\n
T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahiler
\nBa\u011fl\u0131 Beylik ve eyaletlerden
\nP\u0130YADELER
\nS\u00dcVAR\u0130LER
\nAzaplar
\ng\u00f6nderilen askerler olu\u015ftururdu.
\nAcemio\u011flanlar
\nSipah
\nAk\u0131nc\u0131lar
\nEn \u00f6nemlisi K\u0131r\u0131m askerleri idi.
\nYeni\u00e7eriler
\nSilahtar
\nCebeciler
\nSa\u011f ulufeciler
\nTop\u00e7ular
\nSol ulufeciler
\nTop arabac\u0131lar\u0131
\nSa\u011f garipler
\nHumbarac\u0131lar
\nSol garipler
\nLa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/p>\n
a)KAPIKULU ASKERLER\u0130:Bunlar padi\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir maa\u015f( Ulufe) alan askerler olup ayr\u0131 bir kanunla \u00f6zel olarak yeti\u015ftirilirlerdi.Sava\u015f esirleri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilerek yeti\u015ftirilirdi.\u00c7elebi Mehmet zaman\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan \u201cDev\u015firme Kanunu\u201d ile Hristiyan halk aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen gen\u00e7lerden olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bunlar:
\n1.KAPIKULU P\u0130YADELER\u0130:
\n Acemi O\u011flanlar Oca\u011f\u0131:Dev\u015firme kanununa g\u00f6re toplanan Hristiyan \u00e7ocuklar bu ocakta e\u011fitilir,belli seviyeye geldikten sonra kabiliyetlerine g\u00f6re bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131fa y\u00fckselirlerdi.
\n Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131:Kap\u0131kulu Piyadeleri aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisiydi.B\u00f6l\u00fcklere ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.Komutan- lar\u0131 Yeni\u00e7eri A\u011fas\u0131 idi.
\n Top\u00e7u Oca\u011f\u0131:Top d\u00f6ken, top\u00e7ulukla ilgili malzemeleri haz\u0131rlayan ve sava\u015flarda toplar\u0131 kullanan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n Top Arabac\u0131lar Oca\u011f\u0131:Sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda toplar\u0131 sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6t\u00fcren s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131:Havan toplar\u0131 ve el bombalar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan ve kullanan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n Cebeci Oca\u011f\u0131:Ordunun silahlar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan ve sava\u015f alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n La\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131:Ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcneller kazarak kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kertmekle g\u00f6revli s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.
\n2.KAPIKULU S\u00dcVAR\u0130LER\u0130:Kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n atl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r.Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131ndan terfi edenler(y\u00fckselenler) bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu.
\n Sipah-Silahtar:Sava\u015fta h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131nda ve solunda bulunurlar ve padi\u015fah\u0131 korurlard\u0131.
\n Sa\u011f Ulufeciler-Sol Ulufeciler: Sava\u015fta saltanat sancaklar\u0131n\u0131 korurlard\u0131.
\n Sa\u011f Garipler-Sol Garipler:Sava\u015fta ordunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve hazineyi korurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
b)EYALET ASKERLER\u0130:<\/p>\n
1.T\u0131marl\u0131 Sipahiler:Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 eyaletlerde dirlik sahiplerinin besledikleri atl\u0131 askerlerdir.Tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk olup Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun as\u0131l askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur.
\n2.Ak\u0131nc\u0131lar:S\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda oturan ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6revleri;s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 korumak,d\u00fc\u015fman topraklar\u0131na ak\u0131nlar d\u00fczenlemek,ve bilgi toplamakt\u0131r.
\n3.Azaplar:Ordunun \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda bulunurlard\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ilk sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larlard\u0131.
\nc)YARDIMCI KUVVETLER: Ba\u011fl\u0131 Beylik ve eyaletlerden g\u00f6nderilen askerler olu\u015ftururdu En \u00f6nemlisi K\u0131r\u0131m askerleri idi.<\/p>\n
DONANMA:
\n*Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk donanma Karesi Beyli\u011finin al\u0131nmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n*\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 tersanesi(gemi in\u015fa ve tamir etme yeri) Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayez\u0131t devrinde Gelibolu\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n*Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk deniz sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7elebi Mehmet zaman\u0131nda Venediklilerle yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n*Osmanl\u0131 denizcili\u011fi Fatih zaman\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.
\n*Osmanl\u0131 denizcili\u011fi Kanuni zaman\u0131nda alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu d\u00f6nemde tersaneler Gelibolu ,S\u00fcvey\u015f,\u0130stanbul ve Rus\u00e7uk\u2019ta idi.
\n*Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131nda Kalyon,Kad\u0131rga ve F\u0131rkateyn ad\u0131 verilen gemiler bulunurdu.
\n*Donanma komutan\u0131na Kaptan-\u0131 Derya denirdi.Donanmadaki di\u011fer komutanlara Reis, donanma askerlerine ise Levent ad\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n
Barboros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa,Piri Reis,Turgut Reis,Seydi Ali Reis,Burak Reis ve Kemal Reis y\u00fckselme d\u00f6neminin \u00fcnl\u00fc denizcileridir.<\/p>\n
B.HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130-SOSYAL VE EKONOM\u0130K HAYAT<\/p>\n
1.HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n *Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u015fer\u2019i ve \u00f6rfi olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcr hukuk uygulan\u0131rd\u0131.
\n *\u015eer\u2019iHukuk:Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 islam dininden alan hukuk kurallar\u0131yd\u0131.
\n *\u00d6rfi Hukuk:Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerinden alan hukuk kurallar\u0131yd\u0131.
\n *Fatih kendinden \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm kanunlar\u0131 bir araya getirerek \u201cKanunname-i \u00c2li Osman\u201d ad\u0131nda ilk Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6rfi kanunnamesini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n *Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman kanunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Kanuni \u00fcnvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.
\n *Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck davalara Kad\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck davalara Kazaskerler bakard\u0131.
\n *Kad\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fi kararlardan memnun olmayanlar\u0131n davalar\u0131na Divanda Kazaskerler bakard\u0131.
\n *M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar\u0131n davalar\u0131na kendi kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kilise veya havralarda bak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.
\n2.SOSYAL HAYAT:Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde halk \u00e7e\u015fitli bak\u0131mlardan \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplara ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
a.)Siyasi Bak\u0131mdan<\/p>\n
1.Y\u00f6netenler:(Askeriler) Saray halk\u0131,ordu mensuplar\u0131,ulema s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve devlet memurlar\u0131 bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu.
\n2.Y\u00f6netilenler: Bunlara Reaya(halk) da denirdi.Bunlar y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmayan ve kendi i\u015fiyle me\u015fgul olan ve devlete vergi veren kimselerdir.<\/p>\n
b.)Dini Bak\u0131mdan<\/p>\n
1.M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar:M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015furdu.Askerlik yaparlard\u0131.\u00d6\u015f\u00fcr denilen vergi verirlerdi.
\n2.Gayri M\u00fcslimler: Genellikle Hristiyan ve Musevi halk bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu.Bunlardan hara\u00e7 ve cizye vergileri al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.Askerlik yapmazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
c.)Ekonomik Faaliyetler Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan:<\/p>\n
1.\u00c7ift\u00e7iler:K\u00f6ylerde ya\u015farlar tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n2.Esnaflar:\u015eehir ve kasabalarda otururlar ve sanat ve ticaretle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.Her mesle\u011fin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc meslek odalar\u0131na benzeyen bir loncas\u0131 vard\u0131.Meslek loncalar\u0131 bir araya gelerek Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururdu.
\n3.T\u00fcccarlar:\u00dclke i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mal al\u0131p satan kimselerdir.
\n4.G\u00f6\u00e7ebeler:Genellikle hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r,hayvanlar\u0131na otlak bulmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli dola\u015f\u0131r<\/p>\n
3.EKONOM\u0130K HAYAT:Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ekonominin temelini,tar\u0131m,hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve ticaret olu\u015ftururdu.
\n Topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l bo\u015f b\u0131rakan k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 elinden al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.Bu sayede \u00fcretimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ticaretin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in han ve kervansaraylar yapm\u0131\u015f ve ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fanlar rahat etti\u011fi gibi yollar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi de sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde el i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi(zenaat) geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.\u00d6rne\u011fin; Denizli\u2019nin dokumalar\u0131,Bilecik\u2019in kadifeleri,Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ipekli kuma\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc idi.Silah ve cephane Edirne\u2019de imal edilirdi.
\nC-E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M,\u00d6\u011eRET\u0130M,B\u0130L\u0130M VE SANAT<\/p>\n
1.E\u011fitim ve \u00d6\u011fretim:Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin temelini medreseler olu\u015ftururdu.
\n\u0130lk medrese Orhan Bey d\u00f6neminde \u0130znik\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 grupta ele al\u0131n\u0131yordu.
\na)S\u0131byan(\u00e7ocuk) Mektepleri:G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ilkokullar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\nb)Medreseler
\nc)Enderun Mektebi<\/p>\n
2.Bilim:
\na)Dil ve Edebiyat:Kurulu\u015f devrinde edebiyat ve bilim eserleri ar\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nY\u00fckselme d\u00f6neminde s\u0131n\u0131rlar geni\u015fleyince Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a\u2019dan dilimize pek \u00e7ok kelime al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin bu geli\u015fmi\u015f haline Osmanl\u0131ca denilmi\u015ftir.
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde edebiyat Divan Edebiyat\u0131 ve Halk Edebiyat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.
\n19.Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren edebiyatta \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur.Bu d\u00f6nemde edebiyat Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.\u015einasi ve Tevfik Fikret, Nam\u0131k Kemal, \u00d6mer Seyfettin Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131nda eserler yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nb.)Tarih ve Co\u011frafya:Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 15.yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren tarih kitaplar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Padi\u015fahlar\u0131n g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi resmi tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na Vakan\u00fcvist veya \u015eehnameci denirdi.
\n Hoca Saadettin Efendi padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilen ilk resmi tarih\u00e7idir.
\n Co\u011frafya alan\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli eseri P\u00eeri Reis Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye(Denizcilik Kitab\u0131) adl\u0131 eseriyle ortaya koydu.Ayn\u0131 zamanda 16.yy\u2019da \u00e7izdi\u011fi D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131, D\u00fcnya\u2019daki ilk do\u011fru D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131 oldu. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkeleri tan\u0131tan Seydi Ali Reis\u2019in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mirat\u2019\u00fcl Memalik (\u00dclkelerin Aynas\u0131) ve K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Cihann\u00fcma( D\u00fcnya Co\u011frafyas\u0131) ve Evliya \u00c7elebi taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Seyahatname Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6nemli co\u011frafya kitaplar\u0131d\u0131r.
\nc.) T\u0131p:
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde medreselerde t\u0131p e\u011fitimi de yap\u0131l\u0131yordu.Medreselerin yan\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan hastahanelerde(\u015fifahane) pek \u00e7ok tedavi yollar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.
\n \u0130lk hastahaneler Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayez\u0131t zaman\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.D\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn T\u0131p ad\u0131yla.
\n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Yahudi ve Rumlar t\u0131p biliminde eser vermi\u015flerdir.Padi\u015fahlar onlar\u0131 hekimba\u015f\u0131 bile yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n II.Bayez\u0131t\u2019\u0131n Edirne\u2019de kurdu\u011fu k\u00fclliyenin ak\u0131l hastal\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde hastalar m\u00fczikle tedavi ediliyordu.Bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupa\u2019da ak\u0131l hastalar\u0131 ate\u015fe at\u0131larak yak\u0131l\u0131yordu.
\n Fatih\u2019in hocas\u0131 Ak\u015femsettin baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n mikroplar yoluyla meydana geldi\u011fini bularak eserlerinde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Devrin \u00fcnl\u00fc doktorlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Amasyal\u0131 Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafettin, Ahi \u00c7elebi ve kendi hocas\u0131n\u0131 ameliyat eden Altun\u00ee Zade say\u0131labilir.
\n3.Sanat:
\n a)Mimari:Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde en \u00e7ok geli\u015fen sanat dal\u0131 mimari idi.Kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde Sel\u00e7uklu ve Bizans Mimarisinin etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Camiler,medereseler,hanlar,hamamlar,saraylar ve t\u00fcrbeler en \u00e7ok yap\u0131lan mimari eserlerdir. Mimar Sinan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f en \u00f6nemli mimard\u0131r.315 taen eser meydana getirmi\u015ftir.\u0130stanbul\u2019daki S\u00fcleymaniye ve \u015eehzadeba\u015f\u0131 camileri ile Edirne\u2019deki Selimiye camileri Mimar Sinan\u2019\u0131n eserlerindendir.
\n18.yy\u2019da mimaride \u0130ran ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n 19.yy\u2019da Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n barok ve gotik mimari tarzlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolmabah\u00e7e , \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan,Y\u0131ld\u0131z ve Beylerbeyi saraylar\u0131 bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.
\n b.)S\u00fcsleme Sanatlar\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u00c7inicilik, oymac\u0131l\u0131k, kakmac\u0131l\u0131k, nakka\u015fl\u0131k, hattatl\u0131k,kitap ve ciltcilik sanatlar\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\n c.)Mus\u0131k\u00ee:Osmanl\u0131lar Sel\u00e7uklulardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 mus\u0131k\u00eeyi zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Mus\u0131k\u00ee klasik musiki ve halk mus\u0131k\u00eesi olmak \u00fczere iki koldan geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.Bir\u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 profesyonel bi\u00e7imde mus\u0131k\u00ee ile u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u0130smail Dede Efendi,Zekai Dede,Hac\u0131 Arif Bey,Itri ve Tamburi Cemil Bey \u00fcnl\u00fc bestekarlard\u0131r.
\n Osmanl\u0131larda Mehterhane ad\u0131 verilen askeri m\u0131z\u0131ka tak\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131.II.Viyana ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avusturyal\u0131lar Mehter tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esir ald\u0131lar.Avrupa ordular\u0131n\u0131n bando tak\u0131m\u0131 buradan do\u011fmu\u015ftur.
\nMehterhane 1826\u2019da Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yerine Avrupa\u00ee tarzda M\u0131z\u0131ka-i Humayun kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n Mehter tak\u0131m\u0131 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harp Dairesi Askeri M\u00fcze M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yeniden kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
OSMANLI K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE UYGARLI\u011eI A.DEVLET Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunun ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hakim oldu\u011fu bir devletti. Osmanl\u0131lar, kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131 ve Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek ald\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131lar \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli milletleri bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131lar.B\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara adil ve e\u015fit davrand\u0131lar.Osmanl\u0131 Devletine s\u0131ras\u0131yla S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct,Bursa,Edirne ve \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkentlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1.MERKEZ Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130: a.) PAD\u0130\u015eAH:\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1609,1610,1601,1611,1608,1597,1603,1604,1538,1600,1352,1607,1613,1602,1605,1612,1606],"class_list":["post-446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-abdulmecit","tag-akincilar","tag-devlet-yonetimi","tag-devsirme","tag-kapikulu","tag-kirim-savasi","tag-miri-topraklar","tag-mulk-topraklar","tag-osman-bey","tag-osman-li-kultur-ve-uygarligi","tag-osmanli-devleti","tag-timar","tag-timarli-sipahiler","tag-topkapi-sarayi","tag-vakif-topraklar","tag-yeniceri-ocagi","tag-zeamet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=446"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/446\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}