XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk dil bilginidir. Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eseriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Karahanl\u0131lar soyundand\u0131r. 1072 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserini 1074\u2032te tamamlayarak Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta Abbas\u00ee halifesi El-Mukted\u00ee Billah\u2019a sunmu\u015ftu. Eserin el yazmas\u0131 tek kopyas\u0131 Fatih Millet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulundu. 1915-1917 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmen Kilisli Rifat Efendi\u2019nin \u00e7evirisi \u00fc\u00e7, Besim Atalay\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirisi ise be\u015f cilt olarak bas\u0131ld\u0131.Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fen ve ilk T\u00fcrk dil bilgini olan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un do\u011fum tarihi, kesin olmamakla birlikte 1025 olarak biliniyor. Babas\u0131 Barsaganl\u0131 bir bey idi. 1071-1077 aras\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta bulunan Mahmut, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Araplara tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131.
\n\u0130bn-i Fadlan, Gerdizi, Tahir Mervez\u00ee, Muhammed Avf\u00ee ve Beyhak\u00ee gibi kendi d\u00f6neminin T\u00fcrk hayat ve cemiyetleri \u00fczerine e\u011filen \u00fcnl\u00fc alimleriyle birlikte T\u00fcrk illerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m dola\u015fan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019yi resmi dil olarak kabul eden Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden de b\u00fcy\u00fck destek g\u00f6rd\u00fc.T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin serpilip geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde, Mahmut\u2019la birlikte Balasagunlu Yusuf Has Hacib de T\u00fcrk diline b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmet etti. Bu iki T\u00fcrk alimi, ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserlerle, T\u00fcrk dil birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundular.Ayn\u0131 zamanda filolog, etnograf ve ilk T\u00fcrk haritac\u0131s\u0131 olan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eserinde; ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devirdeki T\u00fcrk illerinin ve boylar\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 canl\u0131 olarak tespit etti.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin 24 boyu ile ilgili \u015femay\u0131 da verdi\u011fi eserinde, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin zenginli\u011fini ve Arap\u00e7a ile Fars\u00e7a yan\u0131ndaki de\u011ferini ispata \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Mahmut, ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019yi Araplara \u00f6\u011fretmek gayesiyle Kit\u00e2bu Cev\u00e2hir\u00fc\u2019n-Nahvi L\u00fcg\u00e2ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 gramer kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Div\u00e2n\u2019\u0131nda T\u00fcrk dilinin grameri yan\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk yer adlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk damgalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 da etrafl\u0131 \u015fekilde anlatan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru tekrar memleketi Ka\u015fgar\u2019a d\u00f6nerek, tahminen 1090\u2032da burada vefat etti. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da bulunan Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrine 35 kilometre uzakl\u0131ktaki Azak k\u00f6y\u00fcnde olan kabri, 1983 y\u0131l\u0131 Temmuz ay\u0131nda bulundu. T\u00fcrk illerini, obalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 birer birer dola\u015fan ve T\u00fcrk dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ait toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeyi titizlikle inceleyerek eserlerine alan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut; T\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrkmen, O\u011fuz, \u00c7i\u011fil, Ya\u011fma ve K\u0131rg\u0131z boylar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131z ve leh\u00e7elerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak i\u015fledi. Ona g\u00f6re; T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin en kolay\u0131 O\u011fuz leh\u00e7esi, en d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 Ya\u011fma ve Tuhsi \u015fivesi, en edebisi ise Ka\u015fgar T\u00fcrk\u00e7esidir.
\nDiv\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk, bir \u00f6ns\u00f6zle s\u00f6zl\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6ns\u00f6zde yazar T\u00fcrk dilinin tarifini, leh\u00e7elerinin \u00f6zelliklerini sayar ve dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131, Arap\u00e7a\u2019dakilere k\u0131yasla g\u00f6sterip tespit eder. Ana dilinin Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler ve \u00f6rnekler verir. Bu arada, o bilgileri nas\u0131l elde etti\u011fini, nas\u0131l b\u00fct\u00fcn memleketleri gezip dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da anlat\u0131r. \u0130kinci, yani s\u00f6zl\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin Arap\u00e7a izahlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bu nedenle, eser, Arap\u00e7a yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ya da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019den Arap\u00e7a\u2019ya s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Arap\u00e7a dilbilgisindeki \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f 7500\u2032den fazla kelime hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck bilgin bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 yaparken kelimelerin nerelerde ve hangi anlamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu esere ve onu izleyen ba\u015fka eserlere kadar yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyat \u00f6rneklerimiz bilinmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, daha \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llara ait s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyat \u00f6rneklerini Ka\u015fgar\u00ee\u2019nin kitab\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz. Sagu denilen a\u011f\u0131tlar, ko\u015fuk dedi\u011fi ko\u015fmalar, sav dedi\u011fi atas\u00f6zleri ve naz\u0131m \u015fekillerinden ba\u015fka verdi\u011fi dersten \u00f6rneklerine bakarak mesel\u00e2 Alp Ertunga ad\u0131ndaki destanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kahraman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da yine Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019ten \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f bulunuyoruz. Bu sebeplerden dolay\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc hem dil, hem edebiyat, hem toplum ve sosyoloji tarihimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli belgeleri toplayan bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak bu kaynak eser 1910 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bilinmiyordu. Ger\u00e7i K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019nin Ke\u015ff\u00fczz\u00fcn\u00fbn adl\u0131 bibliyografyas\u0131nda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019tan da s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir. Ama bu bilgi \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Vanizade Nazif Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan bir han\u0131m, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Sahaflar \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda dola\u015f\u0131rken bu dev eseri tozlu raflarda bulmu\u015f, sat\u0131n almak istemi\u015ftir. Elindeki ganimetin kadrini ancak o zaman anlayan kitap\u00e7\u0131, kitab\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 25 alt\u0131na kadar y\u00fckseltmi\u015f, han\u0131m da kitab\u0131 alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak i\u015fi Maarif Nezareti\u2019ne duyurmu\u015ftur. \u2018Ne oldu\u011fu belirsiz bir kitaba avu\u00e7 dolusu alt\u0131n verilemeyece\u011fi\u2019 gerek\u00e7esiyle Maarif Nezareti, eseri sat\u0131n almay\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir.
\n Haber, kitap delisi merhum Ali Emiri Efendi\u2019ye intikal etmi\u015ftir. Kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 millete hediye ederek Fatih Millet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019ni kurmu\u015f ve ilk m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapm\u0131\u015f olan Ali Emir\u00ee Efendi, kitap\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 getirtmi\u015f, eseri inceledikten sonra adam\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye kilitleyerek para tedarikine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle bor\u00e7 har\u00e7 sat\u0131n al\u0131nan Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk, uzun zaman Ali Emiri Efendi\u2019nin k\u0131skan\u00e7 titizli\u011fiyle k\u00fct\u00fcphanede saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ali Emir\u00ee Efendi, eserin bas\u0131m\u0131na ancak Sadrazam Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ricas\u0131 \u00fczerine raz\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Eldeki yazma, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un el yaz\u0131s\u0131 olmamakla beraber ondan 192 y\u0131l sonra \u015eam\u2019l\u0131 Mehmet ad\u0131nda usta bir hattat taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yer y\u00fcz\u00fcndeki tek n\u00fcshad\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, eserini Araplara kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in iki yerde; Peygamberin iki hadisini zikreder ki, \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u2018Y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131: Benim bir ordum vard\u0131r ki onlara T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 verdim. Onlar\u0131 do\u011fuda birle\u015ftirdim. Bir millete k\u0131zarsam cezaland\u0131rmak g\u00f6revini onlara veririm\u2026\u2019 buyurmu\u015ftur. \u2018Y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011freniniz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin uzun bir saltanat\u0131 vard\u0131r\u2026\u2019 diye buyurur. Divan\u00fc L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yan\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkoloji ilmiyle u\u011fra\u015fan pek \u00e7ok bilgin i\u00e7in paha bi\u00e7ilmez bir kaynak olmu\u015ftur. \u00dczerinde \u015fimdiye kadar yerli, yabanc\u0131, uzmanlar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli incelemeler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk dil bilginidir. Div\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eseriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Karahanl\u0131lar soyundand\u0131r. 1072 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserini 1074\u2032te tamamlayarak Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta Abbas\u00ee halifesi El-Mukted\u00ee Billah\u2019a sunmu\u015ftu. Eserin el yazmas\u0131 tek kopyas\u0131 Fatih Millet K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulundu. 1915-1917 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmen Kilisli Rifat Efendi\u2019nin \u00e7evirisi \u00fc\u00e7, Besim Atalay\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirisi ise be\u015f cilt olarak bas\u0131ld\u0131.Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fen …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1405],"tags":[9827,9828,9826,9829,9598],"class_list":["post-4490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-turkce-odevleri","tag-divan-i-lugatit-turk","tag-ibn-i-fadlan","tag-kasgarli-mahmut-kimdir","tag-kutuphane","tag-yusuf-has-hacib"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4490\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}