Ba\u011fla\u00e7: \u0130ki c\u00fcmleci\u011fi (kelime veya c\u00fcmleyi de\u011fil)birbirine ba\u011flayan yap\u0131lard\u0131r. \u201cConjunction\u201d, ba\u011flant\u0131 anl\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4 gelen \u201cjunc\u201d k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremi\u015f olup \u201cba\u011fla\u00e7\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n Ahmet and Mehmet quarrelled. (Ahmat ve Mehmet tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.)
\n Bu kullan\u0131mda \u201cand\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7 de\u011fil; edat gibi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n I studied hard, and the exam seem fairly easy. (Ben s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve s\u0131nav olduk\u00e7a kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.)
\n Bu kullan\u0131mda \u201cand\u201d bir ba\u011fla\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Ba\u011fla\u00e7lar ayn\u0131 kullan\u0131ma sahip olduklar\u0131ndan grup halinde verilecektir. Bir grup i\u00e7inden birinin iyi \u00f6\u011frenilmesi di\u011ferleri i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7erli olur. Ayr\u0131ca s\u0131nav a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olanlar i\u015faretlenecektir.
\n 1. ) Coordinating Conjunction:
\n \u0130ki c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan ba\u011fla\u00e7lard\u0131r. Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen genelde say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yedi oldu\u011fu kabul edilir.
\n And: ve (paralellik arzeden ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r.)
\n But: ama, ancak, fakat (z\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u011flac\u0131d\u0131r.)
\n Or: veya (iki alternatiften birini se\u00e7en ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r.)
\n Nor: ne de (or\u2019un olumsuzu olup iki alternatiften hi\u00e7 biri anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.)
\n So: bundan dolay\u0131 (sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcren ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r.)
\n For: edat olarak,\u201ci\u00e7in\u201d; ba\u011fla\u00e7 olarak iki c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131nda \u201czira\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n Yet: zarf olarak, \u201chen\u00fcz\u201danlam\u0131nda; ba\u011fla\u00e7 olarak \u201chalbuki\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n \u00d6zellikle son ikisi \u00e7ok iyi bilinmelidir.
\n ***Not: Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 mutlaka iyi bilmeliyiz.
\n \u00d6zellik 1 : Coordinating Conjunction ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 mutlaka iki c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131nda bulunurlar. Peki, bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi bilmenin faydas\u0131 nedir? E\u011fer s\u0131navda c\u00fcmlelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ve sonunda bir bo\u015fluk varsa ve bir ba\u011fla\u00e7 isteniyorsa bu ba\u011fla\u00e7 iki c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kesinlikle bu yedi ba\u011fla\u00e7 lardan biri
\n \u00d6zellik 2 : Coordinating Conjunction ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce mutlaka bir virg\u00fcl (,) vard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi bilmenin faydas\u0131 ne olacak? E\u011fer s\u0131navda ottas\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir c\u00fcmle var veba\u011fla\u00e7 soruluyorsa e\u011fer bo\u015fluktan \u00f6nce bir virg\u00fcl (,) yoksa bu yedi ba\u011fla\u00e7tan biri
\n \u00d6zellik 2 : Coordinating Conjunction ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmleler kesinlikle ba\u015ftan sona do\u011fru \u00e7evrilir. Bunun sa\u011fl\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 fayda ne olabilir? C\u00fcmle tam \u00e7evrilemezse bile en az\u0131ndan \u00e7evirinin ba\u015ftan sona oldu\u011funu bilirsek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar.
\n Coordinating Conjunction ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131na ve kullan\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerine hakim olmak \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck fayda sa\u011flar. \u015eimdi \u00f6rneklerle kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6relim.
\n \u0130t was raining heavily, so we postponed the match. (Ya\u011fmur \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde ya\u011f\u0131yordu, bundan dolay\u0131 ma\u00e7\u0131 erteledik.)
\n \u00dc\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fin uygulanmas\u0131na dikkat ediniz.
\n He studied eight hours a day, but he failed the exam again. (O g\u00fcnde sekiz saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak yine s\u0131navda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.)
\n ***Not: So sonu\u00e7 ba\u011flac\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendisinden sonra, birinci c\u00fcmlenin sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f veya ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek bir durum vard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u201cbut\u201d z\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u011flac\u0131d\u0131r. Kendisinden sonra birinci c\u00fcmlenin z\u0131tt\u0131 bir durum vard\u0131r. \u201cand\u201d paralellik arzetti\u011fi i\u00e7in kendisinden sonra birinci c\u00fcmlenin paralelinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir durum olacakt\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na da dikkat etmek gerekir.
\n They were requesting higer wages, and the employer had to give in their demand. (Onlar daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler istediler, ve i\u015fveren onlar\u0131n taleplerine boyun e\u011fmek zorunda kald\u0131.)
\n Give in: boyun e\u011fmek, teslim olmak
\n Wage: \u00fccret
\n \u201cand, but ve so\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131nda genellikle \u00f6zne ortak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ikinci kez yaz\u0131lmaz. Bu y\u00fczden (,) bu k\u0131saltmalarda kullan\u0131lmaz. Bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eimdilik konuyu genel kurallar\u0131 ile \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fiz. Daha sonra bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131ya de\u011finilecektir.
\n I wanted my son to be an engineer, yet he preferred the medicine. (Ben o\u011flumun bir m\u00fchendis olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedim, halbuki o t\u0131p\u0131 tercih etti.)
\n \u201cbut ve yet\u201d z\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Konu\u015fma dilinde genellikle \u201cbut\u201d ge\u00e7er. \u201c yet\u201d kullan\u0131m\u0131 ileri d\u00fczey i\u00e7indir.
\n You must obey the rules the school, or you must leave it. (Okul kurallar\u0131na uymal\u0131s\u0131n veya okuldan ayr\u0131lmal\u0131s\u0131n.)
\n Virg\u00fcl\u00fcn (,) mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmadaki duraklama i\u00e7indir.
\n He didn\u2019t call us, nor did he write to us. (O bizi aramad\u0131, ne de bize yazd\u0131.)
\n ***Not: Coordinating Conjunction ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda istisnai bir durum vard\u0131r. \u201cnor\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 kendisinden sonra devrik bir yap\u0131 ister. Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fe dikkat ediniz.<\/p>\n
***Not: Bu yap\u0131larda kullan\u0131lan c\u00fcmleciklere \u201cindependent clouse\u201d denir. C\u00fcmlecikler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in aralar\u0131nda zaman uyumu yoktur. E\u011fer b\u00f6yle bir c\u00fcmlenin zamanlar\u0131 sorulursa iki c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131nda zaman uyumu aranarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemelidir. Her c\u00fcmlenin kendi i\u00e7ine bak\u0131p, zaman\u0131n\u0131 kestirebilmek gerekir.
\n He arrived yesterday, but he insists on going tomorrow. (O d\u00fcn geldi, ancak yar\u0131n gitmek i\u00e7in \u0131srar ediyor.)
\n 2. ) Sentence Connector:
\n Bu gruptakler c\u00fcmlecik de\u011fil de c\u00fcmleler aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kurarlar. Bu \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 ba\u011fla\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131na uymazlar. Bu y\u00fczden bunlara ba\u011fla\u00e7 de\u011fil de \u201cc\u00fcmle ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131\u201d denir.
\n Bu yap\u0131larda iki c\u00fcmle vard\u0131r. Birinci c\u00fcmle bitmi\u015f, noktalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama ikinci c\u00fcmle birinci c\u00fcmleye \u00e7ok uzak de\u011fil, onunla ili\u015fkilidir. \u0130\u015fte bu c\u00fcmle ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ikinci c\u00fcmlenin ba\u015f\u0131nda, ortas\u0131nda veya sonunda olabilirler.
\n Bu maddedekiler grup halinde verilecektir. Hepsinin kelime anlam\u0131 iyi bilinmelidir. Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in birini iyi bilmek di\u011ferlerini de bilmek anl\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4 gelir.
\n Grup: 1. \u0130ki c\u00fcmle aras\u0131nda paralel bir ili\u015fki sa\u011flayanlar
\n Furthermore:
\n Moreever:
\n what\u2019s more: ayr\u0131ca (en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan ilk ikisidir.)
\n \u0130n addition:
\n Olso:
\n Grup: 2. \u0130ki c\u00fcmle aras\u0131nda bir z\u0131tl\u0131k ili\u015fki sa\u011flayanlar
\n However:
\n Nevertheless:
\n Nonetheless: ancak bununla bereaber (en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lab \u201chowever\u201dd\u0131r.)
\n On the contrary:
\n Still:
\n Grup: 3. Sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcren ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar
\n Therefore
\n Thus
\n Hence Sonu\u00e7 olarak, b\u00f6ylece (en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcd\u00fcr.)
\n As a result
\n Consequently
\n Grup: 4. Alternatif belirten ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar
\n Or else:
\n Otherwise: aksi taktirde<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131:
\n There were serious claims about him. Therefore, he had to give his resignation. (Onun hakk\u0131nda ciddi iddialar vard\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden istifas\u0131n\u0131 vermek zorunda kald\u0131.)
\n \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:
\n 1.) \u0130ki c\u00fcmle oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve aralar\u0131nda nokta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ba\u011fla\u00e7 kullan\u0131lamaz, connector kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 2.) Connector ikinci c\u00fcmlededir. \u0130kinci c\u00fcmle connector a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde yaz\u0131labilir.
\n Therefore, he had to give his resignation.
\n He had to, therefore, give his resignation.
\n He had to give his resignation, therefore.
\n 3.) Connector \u00e7eviride ba\u015fta s\u00f6ylenir.
\n 4.) Noktal\u0131 virg\u00fclden sonrada connector kullan\u0131labilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ( de de c\u00fcmle bitmi\u015ftir.
\n \u0130t was very cold outside. However, he went out to play. (D\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok so\u011fktu. Bunula bereaber o oynamak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.)
\n \u0130ki c\u00fcmle aras\u0131nda nokta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201cconnector\u201d kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu c\u00fcmleyi bir ba\u011fla\u00e7 kullanarak da yazabiliriz. Bu durumda nokta yerine virg\u00fcl olacakt\u0131r. Bu ki farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m anlam olarak ayn\u0131; gramatikal olarak farkl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u0130t was very cold outside, but he went out to play. (D\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok so\u011fktu, ancak o oynamak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.)
\n The results were favourable; still, we couldn\u2019t persuade him. (Sonu\u00e7lar olumluydu; buna kar\u015f\u0131n onu ikna edemedik.)
\n They offered a good job; therefore, I accepted it. (Onlar iyi bir i\u015f \u00f6nerdiler; bu nedenle ben onu kabul ettim.)
\n We had to punish him; otherwise, he could do something else. (Biz onu cezaland\u0131rmak zorunda kald\u0131k; aksi taktirde o ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapabilirdi.)
\n ***Not: \u201celse\u201d kelimesi \u201csome, any, noe, very\u201d gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin t\u00fcrevlerinden sonra \u201cba\u015fka\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201cba\u015fka\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ismlerden \u00f6nce \u201canother\u201d kullanarak veririz.
\n Any, some, no, every t\u00fcrevleri + else anouther + noun \u015feklindedir.
\n \u0130nflation rate was extremely high; therefore, the goverment put into effect some measures. (Enflasyon oran\u0131 son derece y\u00fcksekti; bu nedenle h\u00fck\u00fcmet baz\u0131 tedbirleri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu.)
\n put into effect: y\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe koymak (\u201cinto\u201d su birka\u00e7 kez sorulmu\u015f)<\/p>\n
.) Correlative Conjunction
\n \u201c\u0130li\u015fki sa\u011flayan ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u201d demektir. En rahat \u00f6\u011frenilen ve s\u0131navda en rahat g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen ba\u011fla\u00e7lar bu maddedeki ba\u011fla\u00e7lard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ikili s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerden olu\u015furlar ve her iki c\u00fcmleci\u011fe de serpi\u015firler. \u00d6nceleri bu ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131p, di\u011fer s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sorarlard\u0131. Ama art\u0131k her iki s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131p, zorla\u015ft\u0131rarak soruluyor. Bu nedenle srusunda c\u00fcmle iyi irdelenerek uygun ba\u011flaca gidilmelidir. \u015eimdi bu grup ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 yazal\u0131m
\n Not only ……….but also: sadece de\u011fil ……….ayn\u0131 zamanda
\n Both ……….and: hem……….hem de
\n Either ……….or: ya ……….ya da (\u0130ki alternatiften biri)
\n Neither ……….nor: ne ……….ne de (\u0130ki alternatiften hi\u00e7 biri)
\n Whether ……….or: gerek ……….gerekse (olsun ……….olsun)
\n \u201cNot only ……….but also\u201d ve \u201cBoth ……….and\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 anlam olarak birbirlerine yak\u0131nd\u0131rlar. E\u011fer bir ba\u011fla\u00e7 sorusunda bu ikisi \u015f\u0131klarda var ise b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla ikisi de cevap de\u011fildir.
\n \u201cNot only ……….but also\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda \u201cbut also\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131nda baz\u0131 istisnalar vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca \u201cbut\u201d veya yaln\u0131zca \u201calso\u201d olabilir. Yani bu ba\u011fla\u00e7 \u201cnot only ……….but\u201d veya \u201cnot only ………..also\u201d \u015feklinde de kullan\u0131labilir.
\n Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7ta ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131m daha da vard\u0131r. \u201calso\u201d de, da anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu anlama gelen \u201cas well\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de \u201calso\u201d yerine kullan\u0131labilir. Yaln\u0131z bu kullan\u0131mda \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r. \u201cas well\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cbut\u201dtan ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve c\u00fcmle sonuna gider. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cas well\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daima c\u00fcmle sonunda yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rnek \u00fczerinde bu \u00f6zellik daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.
\n The robber not only shot around but also crashed everything. (Soyguncular sadece etrafa ate\u015f etmediler, ayn\u0131 zamanda her \u015feyi yerle bir ettiler.)
\n The robber not only shot around also crashed everything. (Soyguncular sadece etrafa ate\u015f etmediler, ayn\u0131 zamanda her \u015feyi yerle bir ettiler.)
\n The robber not only shot around but crashed everything. (Soyguncular sadece etrafa ate\u015f etmediler, ayn\u0131 zamanda her \u015feyi yerle bir ettiler.)
\n The robber not only shot around but crashed everything as well. (Soyguncular sadece etrafa ate\u015f etmediler, ayn\u0131 zamanda her \u015feyi yerle bir ettiler.)
\n \u201cNot only ……….but also\u201d ve \u201cBoth ……….and\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 anlam olarak birbirlerine yak\u0131n olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in yukar\u0131daki c\u00fcmle \u201cboth ………..and\u201d ile de yaz\u0131labilir.
\n The robber both shot around and crashed everything. (Soyguncular hem etrafa ate\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131lar, hem de her \u015feyi yerle bir ettiler.)<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi iki c\u00fcmle aras\u0131nda anlamca pek fark yoktur. Ama gramatikal olarak birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131rlar.
\n I both tried to learn English and to know people in England. (Ben \u0130ngiltere\u2019de hem \u0130nglizce \u00f6\u011frenmee hem de insanlar\u0131 tan\u0131maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.)
\n You must either obey your superior or leave such a job. (Siz ya \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcze itaat edersiniz ya da b\u00f6yle bir i\u015fi b\u0131rak\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.)
\n He neither studied nor helped his father with his business. (O ne \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fc ne de babas\u0131na i\u015finde yard\u0131m etti.)
\n Bu iki ba\u011fla\u00e7 birbirlerinin olumsuzudur. Bu iki c\u00fcmlede ba\u011fla\u00e7 yeri bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p sorulursa, hangi ba\u011flac\u0131n uygun olaca\u011f\u0131 mesaj\u0131 c\u00fcmle et\u00fct edilerek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00d6nemli Kural
\n Not only ……….but also ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda \u201cnot only\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131 c\u00fcmlenin ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131narak da yaz\u0131labilir. Bu kullan\u0131m ba\u011flac\u0131n rahat g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bir harekettir. Bu durumda kural ihlal edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in telafisi gerekmektedir. Bu da \u201cnot only\u201dden sonraki c\u00fcmleci\u011fin devrik olmas\u0131 ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u00d6nemli bir \u00f6zelliktir, iyi bilinmeli
\n He not only insulted his friends but also beat them. (O sadece arkada\u015flar\u0131na hakaret etmedi ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fc.)
\n Not only did he insult his friends but also beat them. (O sadece arkada\u015flar\u0131na hakaret etmedi ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fc.)
\n S\u0131navda \u201cnot only\u201dnin ba\u015fta kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir c\u00fcmle verilerek devrik yap\u0131 istenir. E\u011fer bu kural\u0131 bilmezsek zorlanacak bir sorudur.
\n Sult: \u00fcst\u00fcne atlamak
\n Consult: con: beraber, sult: (bir insan\u0131n) \u00fcst\u00fcne atlamak. Consult: dan\u0131\u015fmak
\n \u0130nsult: in:i\u00e7ine, sult: (bir insan\u0131n) \u00fcst\u00fcne atlamak. \u0130nsult:hakaret etmek
\n Beat: d\u00f6vmek, ma\u011flup etmek
\n Superior: amir, \u00fcst\u00fcn
\n Super\u0131ority: \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck
\n 4.) Adverbial (Subordinating) Conjunction
\n As\u0131l ba\u011fla\u00e7 i\u015flevi olan ba\u011fla\u00e7 grubudur. Zarf s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc irdeliyerek mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak gerekir. Bir zarf s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi bir c\u00fcmlecik de yapabilir. Bu durumda iki c\u00fcmlecik olur ve birbirine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in de bir ba\u011flaca ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7 \u201cadverbial conjunction\u201d olur.
\n I met them last week. (Ben onlarla ge\u00e7en hafta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m.)
\n \u201clast week\u201d, zaman belirten bir zarf t\u00fcmlecidir. Bunun yerine bir c\u00fcmleck de kullan\u0131labilir. Bu durumda bir temel c\u00fcmle ve bir yan c\u00fcmle olmak \u00fczere iki c\u00fcmlecik olur ve bunlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir ba\u011flaca (adverbial conjunction) ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r.
\n I met them when we were in London. (Biz Londra\u2019dayken onlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m.)<\/p>\n
***Not: Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7 grubunu di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r ki \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve mutlaka iyi bilinmelidir. Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7lar anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin fiiline y\u00fcklerler.
\n Zarflar\u0131n kullan\u0131lma \u00f6zelli\u011fininden zarf\u0131n ba\u015fa al\u0131nabilece\u011fini hat\u0131rlay\u0131n\u0131z. Bu durumda Zarf c\u00fcmleci\u011fi de ba\u015fa al\u0131nabilir. Yani yukar\u0131daki c\u00fcmleyi \u015f\u00f6yle de yazabiliriz.
\n When we were in London, I met them. (Biz Londra\u2019dayken onlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m.)
\n When you are at home, ………. (Siz evde oldu\u011funuzda, ………)
\n When you were at home, ………. (Siz evde oldu\u011funuzda, ………)
\n While you are studing, ……….. (Siz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken………)
\n While you were studing, ……….. (Siz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken………)
\n G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bu ba\u011fla\u00e7larda ba\u011flac\u0131n anlam\u0131 y\u00fckleme eklendi\u011finden zaman\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu kayboluyor. Bu nedenle bu grup ba\u011fla\u00e7larda zaman uyumu vard\u0131r. Temel c\u00fcmlenin zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin zaman\u0131 tespit edilir. Bu zaman uyumu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Fazla say\u0131da \u00f6rnek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek hakim olunabilir.<\/p>\n
Adverbial Conjunction\u2019lar\u0131 anlamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re gruplara ay\u0131rarak inceliyece\u011fiz. Her grup i\u00e7in hem tek tek anlamlar\u0131 hem de kullan\u0131m \u00f6zellikleri verilecektir. \u00d6zellikle KPDS a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan \u00f6zelliklerine dikkat \u00e7ekilecektir.
\n Grup 1: Time Conjunction: Zaman ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Eylemin ne zaman yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlerler.
\n When: ……….d\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman
\n After: ……….den sonra
\n Befor: ……….den \u00f6nce
\n As: ……….iken
\n While: ……….iken
\n Just as: ……….tam iken
\n Until \/ Till: ……….ceye kadar
\n By the time: ……….ceye kadar
\n Since: ……….d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri
\n As soon as: ……….ir, ……….imez
\n As long as: ……….d\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece
\n Once: ………..ce \/ ca
\n No sooner ……….than: …..mesi ile …..mesi bir oldu
\n Hardly \/ Scarcely ……….when: tam …………m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki ………..oldu
\n Son ikisinin yap\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen asl\u0131nda anlamlar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri s\u0131k\u00e7a bu ikisi sorulurdu.
\n Time ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemlileri yukar\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131. Anlamlar\u0131 ile birlikte \u00e7ok iyi bilinmeli. Direk bir soru kesin gelir. Ayr\u0131ca iyi bilinmesi s\u0131nav\u0131n anlama y\u00f6nelik sorular\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar.
\n Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131
\n 1.) Zaman ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmlecikte hi\u00e7 bir future tense kullan\u0131lmaz. (Bu kural sadece \u0130nglizce\u2019ye has bir \u00f6zelliktir.)
\n Zaman uyumunda kesinlikle temel c\u00fcmlecik ve yan c\u00fcmlecik a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde kurulamaz. Bunun bilinmesi zaman uyumu sorular\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rahatl\u0131k sa\u011flar.
\n Past Future
\n Present Past
\n 2.) Since: ……….d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri. Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7 genel zaman uyumunu bozan tek ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r.
\n (Present Perfect) + Since + (Simple Past)
\n I haven\u2019t seen them since they moved to another town. (Onlar ba\u015fka bir kasabaya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131ndan beri onlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmedim.)
\n Ba\u011flac\u0131n bulundu\u011fu c\u00fcmlecik yan c\u00fcmleciktir. Bazen yan c\u00fcmlecik ba\u015fa al\u0131narak da verilebilir, d\u00fc\u015fmemek gerekir.
\n Since they moved to another town, I haven\u2019t seen them. (Onlar ba\u015fka bir kasabaya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131ndan beri onlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmedim.)
\n Since ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu c\u00fcmlede neden temel c\u00fcmlecik \u201cpresent perfect\u201d; yan c\u00fcmlecik \u201csimple past\u201dt\u0131r?
\n Bu soruyu bir c\u00fcmle yazarak a\u00e7\u0131klayal\u0131m:
\n I haven\u2019t seen him since last year. (Ben onu ge\u00e7en y\u0131ldan beri g\u00f6rmedim.)
\n Zamanlar konusu i\u015flenirken \u201csince\u201din present perfect ile kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bununla ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olan bir olay\u0131n etkisinin \u015fu ana kadar devam etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Bu c\u00fcmlede zarf olan \u201clast year\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini tutan bir c\u00fcmlecik de yazabiliriz. Bu c\u00fcmleci\u011fin eylemi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olaca\u011f\u0131ndan bunun da zaman\u0131 past olacakt\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 since\u2019in oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmlede temel c\u00fcmlecik \u201cpresent perfect\u201d; yan c\u00fcmlecik \u201csimple past\u201d olur. Bu nedenle \u201csince\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 genel zaman uyumunu bozan tek ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r.
\n 3.) As ve While: ikisi de \u201c………iken\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark nedir? Olaylar\u0131n olu\u015fma s\u00fcreleri bu iki ba\u011flac\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirler.
\n As: K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli olaylarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, eve girerken vb. Bu nedenle \u201cas\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmlecikte simple zamanlar (continuous olmayan) kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n While: Uzun s\u00fcreli olaylarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. televizyon izlerken, oyun oynarken vb. Bu nedenle \u201cwhile\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmlecikte continuous\u2019lu zamanlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n As I went out, it began to rain. (Ben d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.)
\n While I was waiting, it began to rain. (Ben beklerken ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.)
\n 4.) Just as: Bu ba\u011flac\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda yan c\u00fcmlecik zaman\u0131 \u201cas\u201dten dolay\u0131 k\u0131sa olaylard\u0131r ama \u201cjust\u201dtan dolay\u0131 da continuous\u2019ludur. Bu s\u00fcrekli zaman genellikle \u201cpast continuous\u201dtur.
\n Just as I was leaving home, the phone rang up. (Tam ben evden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken telefon \u00e7ald\u0131.)
\n 5.) By the time \/ until \u2013 till: by edat olup (zamanlar bilgisinden hat\u0131rlay\u0131n\u0131z) bir ismin \u00f6n\u00fcnde ve future perfect ile kullan\u0131l\u0131r. the time\u2019\u0131n eklenmesi ile ba\u011fla\u00e7 olur. Until ve till aras\u0131nda hemen hemen bir kullan\u0131m fark\u0131 yoktur. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc de \u201c………ceye kadar\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Future perfect Simple present
\n By the time
\n Past perfect Simple Past<\/p>\n
Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131: Ba\u011fla\u00e7tan \u00f6nceki zaman sonras\u0131ndaki zaman\u0131n \u00f6ncesidir. Futurlu tenseler ba\u011fla\u00e7 c\u00fcmleciklerinde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan alternatifi olan Simple present\u2019e gidilmi\u015ftir. Yani \u201cby the time\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda zaman uyumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki alternetif vard\u0131r.
\n The children will have slept by the time we arrive at home. (Biz eve var\u0131ncaya kadar \u00e7ocuklar uyumu\u015f olacak.)
\n By the time we arrive at home, the children will have slept. (Biz eve var\u0131ncaya kadar \u00e7ocuklar uyumu\u015f olacak.)
\n Bu c\u00fcmlede eve varma olay\u0131n\u0131n gelecekte oldu\u011funu, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n uyumas\u0131n\u0131n da gelecek te olan eve varma olay\u0131ndan \u00f6nce oldu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz.
\n The children had slept by the time we arrived at home. (Biz eve var\u0131ncaya kadar \u00e7ocuklar uyumu\u015ftu.)
\n By the time we arrived at home, the children had slept. (Biz eve var\u0131ncaya kadar \u00e7ocuklar uyumu\u015ftu.)
\n Bu c\u00fcmleden eve varma olay\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011funu ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n uyumas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olan eve varma olay\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anl\u0131yoruz.
\n Turkey\u2019s population will have exceeded 100 millions by the end of next decade. (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin n\u00fcfusu \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar 100 milyonu a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olacak.)
\n Turkey had applied to the EU by the end of 1950s. (Turkiye 1950\u2019lerin sonuna kadar AB\u2019ne ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.)
\n \u201cby\u201dl\u0131 c\u00fcmlede Zaman dilimi gelecekte ise: Future Perfect
\n \u201cby\u201dl\u0131 c\u00fcmlede Zaman dilimi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ise: Past Perfect kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Konuyu ezberlemeden mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak gerekir.
\n \u201cby ve by the time\u201d\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gramer olarak future perfect kullan\u0131lmaz. E\u011fer soruda future perfect verilmi\u015fse by ve by the time; bunlar verilmi\u015fse future perfect istenir. Bu nedenle soruyu iyi okuyup bizi sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak gerekir.
\n By the time i\u00e7in verilen \u00f6zellikler Until \/ Till i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc by the time\u2019daki \u00f6nceye \u00e7ekme hareketi Until \/ Till\u2019de yoktur.
\n I will wait for you until you return. (Siz d\u00f6n\u00fcnceye kadar sizi bekliyece\u011fim.)
\n \u00d6zellikle \u201csince ve by the time\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilmek gerekir.
\n I had no sooner left home than it began to rain. (Evden ayr\u0131lmamla ya\u011fmurun ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 bir oldu.)
\n \u0130ki olay vard\u0131r. En son olan past; \u00f6ncesinde olan Past perfect ile ifade edilir.
\n Bu c\u00fcmleyi \u201chardly………..when\u201d ile de ayn\u0131 anlama gelmek \u00fczere aktar\u0131labilir.
\n I had hardly left home when it began to rain. (Tam d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordum ki ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.)
\n He had no sooner bought a car than he had an accident. (Arabay\u0131 almas\u0131 ile kaza yapmas\u0131 bir oldu.)
\n ***Not: \u201cno sooner……….than\u201d ve \u201chardly…………when\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131mda ba\u015fa al\u0131nabilir. Bu kural ihlali oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in telafi olarak c\u00fcmle devrik yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n No sooner had he bought a car than he had an accident. (Arabay\u0131 almas\u0131 ile kaza yapmas\u0131 bir oldu.)
\n Hardly had I left home when it began to rain. (Tam d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordum ki ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.)<\/p>\n
Grup 2: Cause Conjunction (Sebep ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131) : Sebep ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 ana c\u00fcmlecikteki eylemin neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anlatan yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131da bulunur. Bu ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n hepsi de \u201c…….d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca zaman uyumu bu ba\u011fla\u00e7larda da vard\u0131r.
\n Because
\n As
\n Since
\n Seeing that
\n Now that
\n Given that
\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015f olan yap\u0131lar normal kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 ile edat yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131rlar ve biliyoruz ki edatlar bir isim ile kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu edatlar\u0131n hepsinin anlam\u0131 \u201c…..den dolay\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. Bunlar bir ekleme ile ba\u011flaca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerinden yukar\u0131dakilerden ayr\u0131 olarak verildi. Bu edatlara \u201cthe fact that\u201d eklenerek ba\u011flaca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ba\u011fla\u00e7 olduklar\u0131nda yukar\u0131dakiler gibi \u201c….d\u0131\u011f i\u00e7in\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.
\n Sebep ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n anlamlar\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi yeterli olur. Ayr\u0131ca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin gramatikal olarak edat \u2013 ba\u011fla\u00e7 ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapabilmek \u00f6nemlidir.
\n Due to
\n Owing to
\n Because of ……….den dolay\u0131 + the fact that: ……….d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in
\n On account of
\n \u0130n view of
\nahmet4994 bunu be\u011fendi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ba\u011fla\u00e7: \u0130ki c\u00fcmleci\u011fi (kelime veya c\u00fcmleyi de\u011fil)birbirine ba\u011flayan yap\u0131lard\u0131r. \u201cConjunction\u201d, ba\u011flant\u0131 anl\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4 gelen \u201cjunc\u201d k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremi\u015f olup \u201cba\u011fla\u00e7\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ahmet and Mehmet quarrelled. (Ahmat ve Mehmet tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.) Bu kullan\u0131mda \u201cand\u201d ba\u011fla\u00e7 de\u011fil; edat gibi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I studied hard, and the exam seem fairly easy. (Ben s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve s\u0131nav olduk\u00e7a kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.) Bu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1408,1403],"tags":[9902,9905,9904,9901,9903],"class_list":["post-4538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ingilizce-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-conjunction","tag-correlative-conjunction","tag-furthermore","tag-ingilizcede-baglaclar","tag-junc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4538"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4538\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}