1) Yer Yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 :
\n – Yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131; g\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin ve evrenin olu\u015fumu ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. 15 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce evren \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yo\u011funluktaki bir yap\u0131dan, patlama sonucunda olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n –
\n 2) Yer Kabu\u011funun yap\u0131s\u0131 :
\n – Yer, zamanla so\u011fumaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve yerin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ise hala s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Yer so\u011fumaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a yery\u00fcz\u00fc yava\u015f yava\u015f \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.
\n – Yer y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yerin i\u00e7ine do\u011fru inildik\u00e7e her 33 metrede 1 C s\u0131cakl\u0131k artmaktad\u0131r.
\n – Yer kabu\u011fu d\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u0131\u015ftan ku\u015fatan bir tabakad\u0131r. Ta\u015f k\u00fcrenin en \u00fcst kat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n – Yer kabu\u011funun alt katman\u0131 ise bazalt birle\u015fimindeki ta\u015flardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu yap\u0131ya sima denir.
\n YER KABU\u011eUNUN MALZEMELER\u0130 (KAYA\u00c7LAR) :
\n 1) P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck Ta\u015flar :
\n a) \u0130\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar : Yer kabu\u011fu alt\u0131ndaki mantonun yer kabu\u011funun \u00e7atlak ve k\u0131r\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan t\u0131kanarak so\u011fumas\u0131yla olu\u015fan ta\u015flard\u0131r. (Granit)
\n b) D\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar : Yer kabu\u011fu alt\u0131ndaki mantonun yer kabu\u011funun \u00e7atlak ve k\u0131r\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131ndan yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve so\u011fumas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. (Bazalt ve andezit)
\n 2) Tortul ta\u015flar : Di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan getirilen maddelerin tortulanmas\u0131yla (\u00dcst \u00fcste birikmesiyle) olu\u015fur. \u0130\u00e7erisinde yer yer fosiller bulunur.
\n a) Mekanik tortullar : D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkisiyle getirilen \u00e7ak\u0131l, kum, kil gibi malzemelerin yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ukur yerlerine birikmesiyle olu\u015fur. (Kum ta\u015f\u0131, k\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131)
\n b) Kimyasal tortullar : Suda erimi\u015f halde bulunan minerallerin suyun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yere \u00e7\u00f6kelmesi veya tortulanmas\u0131 ile olu\u015furlar. (Kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131, al\u00e7\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131)
\n c) Organik tortular : Hayvan, bitki gibi canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste birikip kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan ta\u015flard\u0131r. (Tebe\u015fir)<\/p>\n
3) Ba\u015fkala\u015fm\u0131\u015f ta\u015flar : Tortul ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda kalarak de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. (Mermer olu\u015fumu)<\/p>\n
YER YUVARLA\u011eININ \u0130\u00c7 YAPISI
\n – Yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kat\u0131 tabakan\u0131n alt\u0131nda manto denilen b\u00f6l\u00fcm yer al\u0131r. Manto, yer \u00e7ekirde\u011finin \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc durumundad\u0131r.
\n – Yer k\u00fcre hacminin %80\u2019nini manto olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
– Mantodan sonra yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekirdek olu\u015fturur.
\n – \u00c7ekirdekte s\u0131cakl\u0131k 4500 C bulur.
\n – Mantonun kat\u0131 olan \u00fcst b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yer kabu\u011fu ile birlikte ta\u015f k\u00fcre olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n – Ta\u015f k\u00fcre levha denilen b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7alar halindedir
\n JEOLOJ\u0130K DEV\u0130RLER
\n – D\u00fcnyam\u0131z \u015fimdiki bi\u00e7imini al\u0131ncaya de\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Birbirinden farkl\u0131 bu evrelerden her birine jeolojik zaman denir.
\n – Jeolojik zamanlar d\u00f6rt tanedir ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 570 milyon y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fan tortul ta\u015flar, o d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n fosillerini i\u00e7erir.
\n \u0130\u00c7 ve DI\u015e KUVVETLER
\n – Enerjisini yerin i\u00e7inden alan kuvvetlere i\u00e7 kuvvetler denir. (da\u011f olu\u015fumu, k\u0131ta olu\u015fumu ve volkanizma d\u0131r.)
\n – Enerjisini g\u00fcne\u015ften alan kuvvetlere ise d\u0131\u015f kuvvetler denir. (akarsular, r\u00fczgarlar, dalgalar)
\n – \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f kuvvetler birbiriyle s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele halindedir.
\n – \u0130\u00e7 kuvvetler yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn kabart\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirirken; d\u0131\u015f kuvvetler ise bunlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ortadan kald\u0131rmaya ve seviyesine yak\u0131n az engebeli d\u00fczl\u00fcklere (peneplen) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler.
\n – D\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin yer y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcksek kesimlerinin a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131yla elde etti\u011fi malzemeler yer y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ukur yerlerinde (okyanus, deniz) biriktirmesi ile jeoseklinaller olu\u015fur. Bunlar\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 binlerce metreyi bulur.<\/p>\n
Yer kabu\u011funun hareketleri :
\n – Yer kabu\u011fu bir b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7atlaklardan ve k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklardan olu\u015fur. Yer kabu\u011fu bir birinden ayr\u0131 par\u00e7alardan olu\u015fur. Bu her bir par\u00e7aya levha denir.
\n – Bu levhalar manto \u00fczerinde y\u00fczer haldedirler. Yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u0131lda 1-2 cm hareket ederler.
\n DA\u011e OLU\u015eUMU ve T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE DA\u011e OLU\u015eUMU
\n 1) Da\u011f Olu\u015fumu :
\n – Okyanus ve deniz diplerinde biriken kal\u0131n tortul tabakalar (jeosenklinal) k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n levha birbirine yakla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu yan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara maruz kal\u0131rlar.
\n – Bu yan bas\u0131n\u00e7lar sonucunda jeosenklinal e\u011fer esnek yap\u0131daysa k\u0131vr\u0131larak y\u00fckselir ve yer y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. (Toros da\u011f\u0131)
\n – Jeosenklinal e\u011fer sert yap\u0131daysa veya \u00f6nceden y\u00fckselmi\u015f k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 tekrar yan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara maruz kal\u0131rsa k\u0131r\u0131lma olur. Y\u00fckselen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere horst, al\u00e7akta kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlara ise grabent denir. Y\u00fcksekte kalan horstlar da\u011f\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, al\u00e7akta kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar, daha sonra akarsular\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle ovalar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. (Ege b\u00f6lgesi k\u0131y\u0131 kesimleri. Burada yer alan boz da\u011flar k\u0131r\u0131lma sonucu olu\u015fan horstlard\u0131r. Bu da\u011flar aras\u0131nda bulun ve \u00fczerinde ayn\u0131 isimli akars\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bak\u0131r\u00e7ay, b.menderes , ovalar\u0131nda birer \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc (grabent) alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.)<\/p>\n
2) K\u0131ta Olu\u015fumu :
\n – Yer kabu\u011funun geni\u015f tabanl\u0131 al\u00e7alma ve y\u00fckselme hareketleridir. Bu al\u00e7alma ve y\u00fckselme hareketleri \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde olabilir.
\n – K\u0131talar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi sonucunda su seviyesi geri \u00e7ekilir. Bu olaya denizlerin \u00e7ekilmesi yani reogresyon denir. Tam tersi durumuna da transregsiyon denir.
\n 3) Volkanizma :
\n – Yer kabu\u011fu alt\u0131ndaki k\u0131zg\u0131n ma\u011fman\u0131n yer kabu\u011funun \u00e7atlak ve k\u0131r\u0131k yerlerinden yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na denir.
\n – Bu s\u0131rada yery\u00fcz\u00fcne kat\u0131 gaz ve ak\u0131c\u0131 maddeler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. (karbondioksit, ta\u015f, kaya)
\n – Lavlar\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste birikmesiyle zamanlar volkanik da\u011flar meydana gelir. (K.A\u011fr\u0131, Tendirek, Nemrut vb.)
\n – Volkan k\u00fcllerinin y\u0131ll\u0131k birikmesiyle t\u00fcf tabakalar\u0131 olu\u015fur.
\n 4) Deprem :
\n – Yerkabu\u011funu olu\u015fturan katmanlar\u0131n yerlerinden oynamalar\u0131yla hissedilen sars\u0131nt\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n – Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yerel depremler ve tektonik depremler olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n – Yerel depremler k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ve dar alanda etkili olan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri az olan sars\u0131nt\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n – Tektonik depremler daha \u015fiddetli etkili alan\u0131 daha fazla dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tahrip g\u00fcc\u00fc daha fazla oland\u0131r.
\n T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE OVALAR VE PLATOLAR
\n Ova ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ovalar :
\n Ova akarsular\u0131n derince yer etmedi\u011fi e\u011fik olmaya, varsa da az olan \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re al\u00e7akta olan d\u00fcz yerlere ova denir.
\n 1) Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Ovalar :
\n a) A\u015f\u0131nt\u0131 Ovalar : D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dereceden a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p, d\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi sonucu olu\u015fur. Bu ovalara T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de rastlanmaz. Do\u011fu Avrupa bu konuya en belirgin \u00f6rnek olarak bilinmektedir.
\n b) \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc Ovalar : Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc hendeklerin, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p getirdi\u011fi taklarla dolmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. (I\u011fd\u0131r ovas\u0131)
\n c) Birikinti Ovas\u0131 : \u0130\u00e7 kesimlerdeki ya da k\u0131y\u0131larda ki \u00e7ukur alanlar\u0131n, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p getirdi\u011fi tortullar\u0131n dolmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. (Konya ve Malatya ovalar\u0131)<\/p>\n
d) Karstik Ovalar : \u00c7\u00f6kebilir ta\u015flar\u0131n uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda, suyun ta\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi sonucunda olu\u015fan ovalard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7anaklar\u0131n taban\u0131n\u0131n tortullarla dolup d\u00fczle\u015fmesi ile karstik ovalar olu\u015fur. (Teke ve Ta\u015feli platolar\u0131)
\n 2) Bulunduklar\u0131na g\u00f6re ovalar :
\n – Ovalar k\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n ya da uzak olma durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u0131y\u0131 ovalar ve i\u00e7 ovalar diye ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n – K\u0131y\u0131 ovalar; Bafra, Finike vb.
\n – \u0130\u00e7 ovalar; Eski\u015fehir, Mu\u015f vb.
\n 3) Y\u00fckseltilerine g\u00f6re ovalar :
\n – Baz\u0131 ovalar deniz seviyesine yak\u0131n iken, baz\u0131 ovalarda denizden 1000-2000 metre y\u00fcksektir. Bunlar grubuna g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n – Al\u00e7ak ova; \u00c7ukurova, \u00c7ar\u015famba vb.
\n – Y\u00fcksek ova; Konya, Malatya vb
\n PLATOLAR
\n a) A\u015f\u0131nt\u0131 Platolar\u0131 : D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fczeyi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, akarsular\u0131n derin vadiler kazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir.
\n b) K\u0131r\u0131lma (Tektonik) Platolar : Dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu alanlarda, eski k\u00fctlelerin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. (\u0130\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Anadolu platolar\u0131)
\n c) Volkanik Platolar : Geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131lan t\u00fcf ve ak\u0131\u015fkan lavlar\u0131n d\u00fczle\u015ftirdi\u011fi alanlar\u0131n, akarsularla yar\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur.
\n d) Karstik Ovalar : Kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilen ta\u015flar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanlarda olu\u015fmu\u015f platolard\u0131r. (Obruk, Ta\u015feli platolar\u0131)<\/p>\n
YERY\u00dcZ\u00dcN\u00dcN B\u0130\u00c7\u0130MLENMES\u0130 (DI\u015e KUVVETLER)
\n 1) Mekanik (Fiziksel) \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnme :
\n – G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu yerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n – G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ta\u015flar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p sonra so\u011fumas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. (\u00c7\u00f6llerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir)
\n 2) Kimyasal \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnme :
\n – Suyun ta\u015flar\u0131 eritmesi, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131, ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmesi sonucu olu\u015fur.
\n – S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme daha da artar.
\n – Nemli b\u00f6lgelerde daha da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n 3) Biyolojik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnme : Bitki k\u00f6klerinin, kayalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7atlaklar\u0131na girerek zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve bunun sonucu geni\u015fleyerek kayalar\u0131n \u00e7atlamas\u0131na denir.<\/p>\n
TOPRAK OLU\u015eUMU ve TOPRAK T\u00dcRLER\u0130
\n – Topra\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nce kayalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi gerekir.
\n – Canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla olu\u015fabilir.
\n – Topra\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fumuna etki eden fakt\u00f6rler; iklim, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, yer \u015fekilleri, ta\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir.
\n a) Ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Topraklar :
\n – D\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p getirdi\u011fi malzemelerin birikmesiyle olu\u015fur.
\n – \u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n Al\u00fcvyonlar : Kum ve \u00e7ak\u0131l gibi maddelerin olu\u015fumuyla olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r.
\n Morenler (Buzul Ta\u015flar) : Buzullar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p biriktirdikleri, \u00fczerleri \u00e7o\u011fu kez par\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 yada \u00e7izikli ta\u015flardan olu\u015fur.
\n L\u00f6sler : R\u00fczgarlar\u0131n, kurak b\u00f6lgelerden az \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p y\u0131\u011fd\u0131klar\u0131, katmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ince \u00f6gelerden olu\u015fan toprak.
\n b) Yerli Topraklar :
\n – Bu topraklar, kayalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r.
\n – \u0130ki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Nemli B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131 : Bu topraklar nemin g\u00fcr oldu\u011fu yerlerde, g\u00fcr bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcyle kapl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Kurak ve yar\u0131 kurak b\u00f6lge topraklar\u0131 : Kestane ve kahverengi bozk\u0131r topraklar\u0131d\u0131r yani \u00e7\u00f6l topraklar\u0131.<\/p>\n
YER G\u00d6\u00c7MELER\u0130 ve KAYMALAR
\n Yer g\u00f6\u00e7meleri ve yer kaymalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan etmenler :
\n Yer g\u00f6\u00e7mesi : Kayalar\u0131n, ta\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n, topra\u011f\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli tabakalar\u0131n birbirine kayarak yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme olay\u0131d\u0131r
\n Yer Kaymas\u0131 : \u00dcstteki ge\u00e7irimli tabakalar\u0131n, alttaki ge\u00e7irimsiz ve kaygan tabakalar \u00fczerinde, e\u011fim do\u011frultusunda kaynamas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – Yer kaymas\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n ad\u0131 heyeland\u0131r.
\n – Yer g\u00f6\u00e7meleri e\u011fimin \u00e7oklu\u011fu, \u015fiddetli ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, sebeplerinden olur.
\n Heyelan olu\u015fumunu etkileyen unsurlardan biride; topraklar\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelli\u011fidir.
\n Heyelan olaylar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mevsim; ilkbahar sonras\u0131 kar erime zaman\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
EROZYON ve KORUNMA YOLLARI
\n Toprak Erozyonu : Toprak erozyonun olu\u015fturan etmenler;
\n – Topra\u011f\u0131n sular taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\n – R\u00fczgarlar – Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc
\n – Buzullar – Sel
\n – E\u011fim – Yang\u0131n
\n Korunma yollar\u0131 :
\n – A\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma, Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, Baraj g\u00f6lleri yapma,
\n – Tarlalar e\u011fime yatay s\u00fcr\u00fclmeli
\n – A\u011fa\u00e7 kesimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 tedbirler<\/p>\n
AKARSULAR
\n a) Akarsuyun olu\u015fumu : Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki yataklar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerdeki yataklar i\u00e7erisinde su toplan\u0131r ve bu yatak boyunca akmas\u0131na akarsu denir.
\n – Akarsular\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerine dere denir. B\u00fcy\u00fcklerine ise \u00e7ay, nehir denir.
\n – Akarsuyun, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere kaynak. Akarsuyun akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere yatak denir.
\n – Akarsuyun birim zamanda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yola akarsuyun h\u0131z\u0131 denir. Bu h\u0131z mualine denilen ara\u00e7la \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n b) Akarsuyun a\u011flar\u0131, Su b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Akarsu Havzalar\u0131 :
\n – En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dereden ana \u0131rma\u011fa kadar bir akarsuyun beslenme havzas\u0131 i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm kollar\u0131yla birlikte olu\u015fturdu\u011fu su yolu \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcne akarsu a\u011f\u0131 denir.
\n – Havzalar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131ra su b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7izgisi denir.
\n – Akarsuyun denize ula\u015ft\u0131rabilen havzalara a\u00e7\u0131k havza, ula\u015ft\u0131ramayan havzalara ise kapal\u0131 havza denir.
\n c) Akarsuyun debisi ve rejimi :
\n – Bir akarsuyun her hangi bir yerindeki enine kesitinde bir saniyede ge\u00e7en suyun m3 cinsinden miktar\u0131na debi denir.
\n – Bir akarsuyun debisinde y\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeye rejim denir.
\n d) Selintiler ve Akarsular :
\n – Y\u00fczeyleri kaplarcas\u0131na akan sulara selinti denir.
\n – Bir akarsuyun a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc; su miktar\u0131, e\u011fim, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, y\u00fck miktar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n A) T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE SEL\u0130NT\u0130LER\u0130N OLU\u015eTURDU\u011eU A\u015eINDIRMA ve B\u0130R\u0130KT\u0130RME \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130 :
\n a) K\u0131rg\u0131bay\u0131r : Kimi yerleri y\u00fcksek\u00e7e, kimi yerleri yar\u0131nt\u0131lar bi\u00e7iminde olan \u015fekillere denir. (Nev\u015fehir y\u00f6resi)
\n b) Peri Bacalar\u0131 : Volkan t\u00fcflerinin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir arazide sellenme sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f yer \u015fekilleridir. \u00dcstteki diren\u00e7li kayalar a\u015f\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fapka \u015feklinde bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. (Afyon)
\n c) Birikinti Konileri : Bir da\u011f yamac\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya inen akarsuyun e\u011fimi azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131ma g\u00fcc\u00fcde azal\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131 koni \u015feklinde biriktirir. Buna denir.
\n – Birikinti konilerinin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan ovalara Da\u011f ete\u011fi ovas\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
B) AKARSULARIN A\u015eINDIRMASI \u0130LE OLU\u015eAN YER \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130
\n a) Vadiler : \u0130\u00e7inde akarsular\u0131n akt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kaynaktan a\u011fza do\u011fru s\u00fcrekli ini\u015fli olan uzun \u00e7ukur alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit vadi vard\u0131r
\n – V vadi; V harfi bi\u00e7imindeki vadilere denir.
\n – Tabanl\u0131 vadi; orta \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda;e\u011fim az, su miktar\u0131 fazlad\u0131r. Derinlemesine hem de yanlamas\u0131na a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma yapar.
\n – Yayvan Vadi; yanlama, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ile vadi yama\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131n\u0131p yat\u0131klar\u015f\u0131r.
\n – Yarma vadi; Bir d\u00fczl\u00fckte akmakta olan akarsu, \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan kabar\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dar ve derin bir bi\u00e7imde yard\u0131ktan sonra yeniden d\u00fczeyi \u00e7\u0131karsa olur.
\n – Kanyon vadi; \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir ta\u015flar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu arazilerde akarsu bir yandan a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma yaparken bir yandan da ta\u015flar \u00e7\u00f6ker. Sonu\u00e7ta dar derin ve dik duvarl\u0131 vadiler olu\u015fur.
\n b) Dev Kazan\u0131 : Akarsular\u0131n, \u00e7a\u011flayan ve \u00e7avlanlar\u0131n yaparak d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckleri yerlerde, a\u015f\u0131nma sonucu olu\u015fan \u00e7ukurluklara dev kazan\u0131 (b\u00fc\u011fet) denir. T\u00fcrl\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte olabilir.
\n c) Sekiler : Akarsular\u0131n iki yakas\u0131ndaki yama\u00e7larda g\u00f6r\u00fclen basamak bi\u00e7imindeki yer \u015fekilleridir.. bu derinle\u015ftirme sonucu eski vadi taban\u0131 yukar\u0131da bir basamak halinde kal\u0131r ki buna seki denir.
\n d) Yontuk d\u00fczler (Peneplen) : Akarsular\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma faaliyetlerinin son d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fan dalgal\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fcklere denir. <\/p>\n
C) AKARSU B\u0130R\u0130KT\u0130RMES\u0130 \u0130LE OLU\u015eAN YER\u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130
\n Akarsu biriktirmesi sonucu olu\u015fan ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fekiller \u015funlard\u0131r;
\n a) Deltalar : Akarsuyun g\u00f6le yada deniz ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131 biriktirmesi sonucu olu\u015fur.
\n Bir deltan\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in;
\n – Akarsuyun belli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte olmas\u0131
\n – Denizin \u00e7ok derin olmas\u0131
\n – K\u0131y\u0131 boyunca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n olmamas\u0131 gerekir. (\u00c7ukurova, Bafra)
\n c) Birikinti Ovas\u0131 : \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlardaki alanlar\u0131n al\u00fcvyonlarla dolmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. 2 \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n – Da\u011f i\u00e7i ovalar\u0131 : Da\u011fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlarda az e\u011fimli yerlerde, karstik \u00e7anaklarda ya da tektonik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerde birikme sonucu olu\u015fur. (Erzincan ovas\u0131)
\n – Da\u011f ete\u011fi ovalar\u0131 : Bir da\u011f\u0131n yamac\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inen akarsu ve sellenme sular\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu birikinti ovas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n c) Birikinti Konileri : Akarsuyun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131n yelpaze bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7\u00f6kelir. Bu \u00e7\u00f6kmeye denir.
\n – Menderesler: Akarsuyun a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ve biriktirme sonucu faaliyetlerin ortak sonucu olu\u015fan yer \u015fekillerinin en yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131 mendereslerdir.
\n – Yatak e\u011fimi azalm\u0131\u015f olan bir akarsu, d\u00fczenli b\u00fckl\u00fcmler yaparak sa\u011fa sola dolana dolana akar. Buna menderes denir. (Gediz nehri, B.Menderes)<\/p>\n
YER ALTI SULARI ve KAYNAKLAR
\n – Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k tortullar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde ya da kaya oyuklar\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015f suya rastlan\u0131r. Buna yer alt\u0131 suyu denir.
\n Kaynaklar : Yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kendili\u011finden yer y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na denir. IV \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n – K\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerlerde fay kayna\u011f\u0131, yama\u00e7lar\u0131n yer alt\u0131 suyu tablas\u0131n\u0131 kesti\u011fi yerlerde yama\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131, kalkerli yap\u0131lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerlerde ise karstik kaynaklar, yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerlerde, insanlar\u0131n sondaj yapmas\u0131yla artezyen kaynaklar olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE KARST\u0130K SULAR, A\u015eINDIRMA VE B\u0130R\u0130KT\u0130RME \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130
\n – Kolayca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen ta\u015flar\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerde olu\u015fan yer \u015fekillerine karstik \u015fekiller denir. (Toroslar)
\n – Yanlar\u0131 dik, a\u011f\u0131z k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 t\u00fcrl\u00fc geni\u015flikte olabilen, derin do\u011fal kaynaklara obruk denir. (Obruk g\u00f6l\u00fc)
\n – Dolinler (d\u00fcdenler, koyaklar) : Kalkerli arazilerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeler ya da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme ile birlikte \u00e7\u00f6kmeler sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00e7ukurlard\u0131r. \u00c7aplar\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz metre aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. Bunun di\u011fer ad\u0131 da \u201csu yutan\u201dd\u0131r.
\n – Dolinlerin geni\u015fleyip birle\u015fmesi sonucu g\u00f6l-ovalar (polyeler) olu\u015fur.
\n – K\u00f6r Vadiler : Sular\u0131n bir su yata\u011f\u0131ndan yer alt\u0131na dald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vadilerdir.
\n – Karstik arazilerin yayg\u0131n \u015fekillerinden biri de lapyalard\u0131r.
\n – Kire\u00e7 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesiyle ma\u011faralar olu\u015fur.
\n – Ma\u011faralarda sark\u0131t ve dikitler bulunur.
\n – Yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc maddelerin \u00e7\u00f6kelmesi sonucu olu\u015fan yer \u015fekillerine travertenlerdir.
\n – Bunlar\u0131n beyaz olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni \u00fczerinde kalker t\u00fcflerinin olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n G\u00d6LLER\u0130N OLU\u015eUMU
\n – Karalarda ki \u00e7anak ve tekne gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlarda birikmi\u015f sulara denir.
\n – Kara i\u00e7erisinde ne kadar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa olsun, e\u011fer denize ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fil ise g\u00f6l olur. G\u00f6ller olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re be\u015f gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n a) Tektonik g\u00f6ller : Yer hareketleri s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki k\u0131r\u0131lmalar, k\u0131vr\u0131lmalar ve epirojenik hareketler sonucu olu\u015fur. (Hazar g\u00f6l\u00fc)
\n b) Volkanik g\u00f6ller : Volkanik \u00e7anaklarda biriken sular\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6llerdir. Bu g\u00f6ller s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f volkanlar\u0131n kraterlerinden olu\u015fur.
\n c) Karstik g\u00f6ller : \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir ta\u015flardan olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00e7anaklarda biriken sular\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6llerdir. Bu g\u00f6ller kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 ve al\u00e7\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Dalma\u00e7ya)
\n d) Buzul ve sirk g\u00f6lleri : \u00d6rt\u00fc buzullar\u0131 ile da\u011f buzullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00e7anaklarda yer alan g\u00f6llerdir. (\u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de var)
\n e) Karma yap\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ller : \u0130\u00e7 ya da d\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn etkisiyle olu\u015fan \u00e7anak, bir ba\u015fka g\u00fcc\u00fcn etkisiyle b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp derinle\u015ftirilmesine denir. (Van g\u00f6l\u00fc)<\/p>\n
– Karma yap\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6llerin \u00e7o\u011fu, bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn; d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler, i\u00e7 g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na set g\u00f6lleri denir.
\n – Karma yap\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ller aras\u0131nda alt\u0131 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r;
\n Volkan, Akarsu, K\u0131y\u0131, Heyelan, Buzul ta\u015f, Baraj g\u00f6lleri gibi.
\n 1) Tektonik-volkan set g\u00f6lleri ; Bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n, volkanlardan \u00e7\u0131kan lav ve kat\u0131 maddelerin kaplanmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan g\u00f6llerdir. (Van g\u00f6l\u00fc)
\n 2) Akarsu set g\u00f6lleri ; Akarsular\u0131n, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 al\u00fcvyon ve tortullar\u0131n bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131kamas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. (\u00c7ami\u00e7i)
\n 3) K\u0131y\u0131 set g\u00f6lleri ; Dalga biriktirmesi ile olu\u015fan k\u0131y\u0131 oklar\u0131n veya kordonlar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kapatmas\u0131yla olu\u015fur. (B.\u00c7ekmece g\u00f6l\u00fc)
\n 4) Heyelan set g\u00f6lleri ; Yer g\u00f6\u00e7meleri ve kaymalar\u0131n bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kapatmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. (Tortum, Abant vb.)
\n 5) Buzul ta\u015f set g\u00f6lleri ; Buzul ta\u015flar\u0131n bir \u00e7ana\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kapatmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur.
\n 6) Baraj g\u00f6lleri ; insanlar\u0131n bir vadinin \u00f6n\u00fcne set yaparak olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6lleridir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1) Yer Yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 : – Yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131; g\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin ve evrenin olu\u015fumu ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. 15 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce evren \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yo\u011funluktaki bir yap\u0131dan, patlama sonucunda olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. – 2) Yer Kabu\u011funun yap\u0131s\u0131 : – Yer, zamanla so\u011fumaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve yerin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ise hala s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Yer so\u011fumaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a yery\u00fcz\u00fc yava\u015f yava\u015f …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3959,2988,3927,3960,3930,3615,3929,3931,3924,3952,10069],"class_list":["post-4647","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-birikinti-ovasi","tag-deprem","tag-dis-puskuruk-taslar","tag-karstik-ovalar","tag-kimyasal-tortullar","tag-kita-olusumu","tag-mekanik-tortullar","tag-organik-tortular","tag-puskuruk-taslar","tag-yer-yuvarlaginin-yapisi-ve-yer-sekillerinin-olusumu","tag-yerli-topraklar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4647","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4647"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4647\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4647"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4647"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4647"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}