N\u00dcFUS HAREKETLER\u0130 (G\u00d6\u00c7LER)
\n \u0130nsanlar\u0131n, do\u011fduklar\u0131 yerden ba\u015fka yerlere ge\u00e7ici ya da s\u00fcrekli olmak \u00fczere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 denir.
\n A. \u0130\u00c7 G\u00d6\u00c7LER
\n \u00dclke i\u00e7erisinde, n\u00fcfusun yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7 denir. \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7lerle bir \u00fclkenin toplam n\u00fcfusunda de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. Sadece, b\u00f6lgelerin ve illerin n\u00fcfusunda artma ya da azalma meydana gelir.
\n \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7ler, s\u00fcrekli ve mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7ler olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 1. S\u00fcrekli \u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7ler
\n \u00dclke i\u00e7erisinde yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren insanlar\u0131n, g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri yerlere yerle\u015fmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Cumhuriyetin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, \u00f6zellikle k\u0131rsal alanlardan kentlere do\u011fru h\u0131zl\u0131 bir g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn nedenleri
\n \u2022 K\u0131rsal alanlardaki h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131
\n \u2022 Miras yoluyla tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131 ve ailelerin ge\u00e7imini kar\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz gelmesi ve erozyonun artmas\u0131yla topra\u011f\u0131n verimsiz hale gelmesi
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fmenin artmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azalmas\u0131
\n \u2022 K\u0131rsal kesimde i\u015f imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131
\n \u2022 Ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ve sosyal problemler
\n \u2022 E\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin yetersizli\u011fi
\n \u2022 \u0130klim ve yer\u015fekillerinin olumsuz etkileri
\n \u2022 Kentlerde sanayinin geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u015f olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n \u2022 Kentlerde e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7, \u00f6zellikle Karadeniz ve Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerindeki illerde daha fazla olmaktad\u0131r.
\n Y\u00fcksek oranda g\u00f6\u00e7 alan \u015fehirlerin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n \u0130stanbul, Ankara, \u0130zmir, Adana, Bursa, \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa, Antalya, Mersin, Konya, Samsun, Gazi Antep, Diyarbak\u0131r gibi illerdir. \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7, \u00fclkemizde \u00f6zellikle sanayile\u015fmi\u015f merkezlere daha fazla olmaktad\u0131r
\n \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7lerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\n \u2022 \u00dclke genelinde n\u00fcfusun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dengesizlik g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar dengesiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 K\u0131rsal kesim yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda verimsizlik meydana gelir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fczensiz kentle\u015fme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Sanayi tesisleri kent i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Kentlerde konut s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekilir.
\n \u2022 Kent n\u00fcfusunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015f meydana gelir.
\n \u2022 Alt yap\u0131 hizmetlerinde (yol, su, elektrik) yetersizlik g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Kentlerde i\u015fsiz insanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 artar.
\n \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in,
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131mda sulama olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak
\n \u2022 \u0130ntansif tar\u0131m metodunu geli\u015ftirmek,
\n \u2022 Besi ve ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak,
\n \u2022 K\u0131rsal kesimde e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak,
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 sanayi kollar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rsal alanlara y\u00f6nlendirmek,
\n \u2022 K\u0131rsal kesimde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayi kollar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek, vb. gereklidir.
\n 2. Mevsimlik \u0130\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7ler
\n K\u0131rsal kesimdeki baz\u0131 ailelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere, tar\u0131m\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere, yaz turizminin geli\u015fti\u011fi yerlere bir m\u00fcddet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n Yaylaya \u00e7\u0131kma olay\u0131 da mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7ler i\u00e7erisinde yer al\u0131r. Mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7lerle Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Ayd\u0131n, Mu\u011fla, Antalya gibi merkezlerde, yaz ile k\u0131\u015f mevsimleri aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfus miktarlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fmeler olmaktad\u0131r.
\n B. DI\u015e G\u00d6\u00c7LER
\n Bir \u00fclkeden di\u011fer bir \u00fclkeye yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7lere d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 denir.
\n D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri
\n \u2022 Ekonomik nedenlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gidilmesi
\n \u2022 Tabii afetler
\n \u2022 Sava\u015flar
\n \u2022 Etnik nedenler
\n \u2022 S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi
\n \u2022 Uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalarla sa\u011flanan n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimi
\n D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7lerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\n \u2022 G\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00fclkede n\u00fcfus artar, g\u00f6\u00e7 veren \u00fclkede ise azal\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda ekonomik ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fir.
\n \u2022 \u00dclkeler aras\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fir.
\n D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve T\u00fcrkiye
\n \u00dclkemize 1923 – 1989 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu Balkan \u00fclkelerinden olmak \u00fczere 2,2 milyon g\u00f6\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. Bu say\u0131 n\u00fcfusumuzun % 5’ini olu\u015fturur.
\n 1950’den sonra, ba\u015fta Almanya olmak \u00fczere yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7i gitmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Fransa, Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130sve\u00e7, ABD, Avustralya, Libya, S. Arabistan, Kuveyt ve Orta Asya \u00fclkelerinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerimiz bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 sonucunda;
\n \u2022 \u00dclkemize giren i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00f6vizi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00dclke turizminin geli\u015fmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n \u2022 T\u00fcrk ticaretinin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 20 sine kaynak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Artan n\u00fcfusun i\u015fsizlik sorununa k\u0131smen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmu\u015ftur.
\n YERLE\u015eME
\n \u0130nsanlar\u0131n, \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrdeki konutlarda, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 toplu ya da da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerine yerle\u015fme denir.
\n Yerle\u015fmeyi etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler
\n 1. \u0130klim
\n Yerle\u015fmeyi etkileyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya\u2019da Orta ku\u015fak karalar\u0131nda iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 uygun oldu\u011fundan, n\u00fcfus fazla iken \u00e7\u00f6llerde, kutup b\u00f6lgelerindede batakl\u0131klarda ve y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k alanlarda, iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, n\u00fcfus \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Yine, Ekvatoral b\u00f6lgede 0 – 1000 m y\u00fckseltiler aras\u0131nda, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nemli ve bunalt\u0131c\u0131 bir iklim etkili oldu\u011fundan, Amazon ile Kongo havzalar\u0131nda da n\u00fcfus azd\u0131r.
\n 2. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri
\n Da\u011fl\u0131k, \u00e7ok engebeli ve y\u00fcksek sahalar, yerle\u015fmelerin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engellemektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fcz oval\u0131k alanlarda tar\u0131m, ula\u015f\u0131m, sanayi faaliyetleri daha \u00e7ok geli\u015fti\u011finden n\u00fcfus fazlad\u0131r. Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funun az, Marmara ve Ege b\u00f6lgelerinde fazla olmas\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir.
\n 3. Toprak
\n Verimsiz topraklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerler, n\u00fcfus\u00e7a tenha iken (Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresi), verimli topraklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerler n\u00fcfus\u00e7a zengindir. (\u00c7ukurova ve Ege ovalar\u0131 gibi)
\n 4. Ekonomik Kaynaklar
\n Ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu, sanayi, ticaret faaliyetlerinin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu, ****n ve enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok bulundu\u011fu yerlerde n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu artmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde Marmara B\u00f6lgesi ile Zonguldak, Karab\u00fck, Ere\u011fli, Batman gibi merkezlerin n\u00fcfus\u00e7a yo\u011fun olmalar\u0131 ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7ok olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n yetersiz oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde, halk ge\u00e7imini temin etmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7 etmekte ve n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r.
\n YERLE\u015eME \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130
\n A. KIRSAL YERLE\u015eME
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, n\u00fcfusu 10.000’in alt\u0131nda olan yerle\u015fmelere denmektedir. K\u0131r yerle\u015fmeleri, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerinin birlikte yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerle\u015fmelerdir. K\u0131rsal yerle\u015fmelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda yerle\u015fik hayat tarz\u0131 (k\u00f6y gibi), baz\u0131lar\u0131nda konar – g\u00f6\u00e7erlik veya yaylac\u0131l\u0131k gibi yar\u0131 yerle\u015fik tarz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n K\u0131rsal kesimde yerle\u015fmeler toplu ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Toplu Yerle\u015fme: Evlerin birbirine yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerle\u015fme bi\u00e7imidir. Suyun az oldu\u011fu yerlerde ve arazinin d\u00fcz oldu\u011fu oval\u0131k alanlarda insanlar toplu olarak yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde su kaynaklar\u0131 az oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in toplu yerle\u015fmeler fazlad\u0131r.
\n Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k Yerle\u015fme: Suyun (ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n) bol oldu\u011fu yerlerde, ar\u0131zal\u0131 ve e\u011fimli b\u00f6lgelerde, evlerin birbirinden uzak oldu\u011fu bah\u00e7eler i\u00e7erisinde insanlar da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yerle\u015fmenin en yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerdir. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yerle\u015fmede su fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yer\u015fekillerinin engebelili\u011fi etkilidir.
\n K\u0131rsal yerle\u015fme \u00e7e\u015fitleri
\n a. K\u00f6y alt\u0131 yerle\u015fmeleri: \u00c7iftlik, mezra, kom, divan, oba, yayla gibi yerle\u015fmelere denir. Bunlar k\u00f6ylerden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Daha \u00e7ok, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ama\u00e7l\u0131 veya yazlar\u0131 serinlemek amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fu Anadolu, G. Do\u011fu Anadolu, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n b. K\u00f6yler
\n c. Bucak ve nahiyeler
\n K\u0131rsal meskenlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan malzemeler do\u011fal \u00e7evre ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir.
\n \u00c7evrede ta\u015f malzemeler yayg\u0131nsa konutlarda ta\u015f kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ormanl\u0131k y\u00f6relerde meskenlerde daha \u00e7ok ah\u015fap kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ta\u015f ve ah\u015fap malzemenin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131 kurak b\u00f6lgelerde, meskenlerde ker*** malzeme kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ta\u015f meskenler: K\u00f6ylerimizde \u00e7ok rastlanan mesken tiplerinden biri olup, daha \u00e7ok Akdeniz, Ege ve Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde rastlan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ah\u015fap meskenler: Ah\u015fap k\u00f6y meskenlerinin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu yerler ormanl\u0131k y\u00f6relerimizdir. Daha \u00e7ok, Karadeniz, Akdeniz, Ege ve G\u00fcney Marmara\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ker*** meskenler: \u00dclkemizde \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n B. KENTSEL YERLE\u015eME (\u015eEH\u0130RLER)
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, n\u00fcfusu 10.000 den fazla olan yerle\u015fmelere kentsel yerle\u015fme denmektedir. 1935’e kadar n\u00fcfusun % 80’i k\u00f6ylerde otururken, kent n\u00fcfusu % 20’sini olu\u015fturuyordu. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, ise n\u00fcfusun % 65’i kentlerde % 35’i k\u0131rsal kesimde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zellikle sanayinin geli\u015fmesine paralel olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve yeni kentler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ya da kentlerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeler meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kentle\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 sanayile\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksektir. Bu durum gecekondula\u015fma gibi bir \u00e7ok problemi beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, kentle\u015fme oran\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge Marmara\u2019d\u0131r. Bu durum, b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sanayile\u015fmede ileri gitti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Marmara\u2019y\u0131, Ege, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Akdeniz, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu ve Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgeleri takip eder. Kentle\u015fme oran\u0131 en az Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u00dcFUS HAREKETLER\u0130 (G\u00d6\u00c7LER) \u0130nsanlar\u0131n, do\u011fduklar\u0131 yerden ba\u015fka yerlere ge\u00e7ici ya da s\u00fcrekli olmak \u00fczere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 denir. A. \u0130\u00c7 G\u00d6\u00c7LER \u00dclke i\u00e7erisinde, n\u00fcfusun yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7 denir. \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7lerle bir \u00fclkenin toplam n\u00fcfusunda de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. Sadece, b\u00f6lgelerin ve illerin n\u00fcfusunda artma ya da azalma meydana gelir. \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7ler, s\u00fcrekli ve mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7ler olmak \u00fczere …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10117,10119,10118,2925,10120,10116,10121,4097,10122],"class_list":["post-4683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-ic-goc","tag-ic-goclerin-sonuclari","tag-ic-gocun-nedenleri","tag-iklim","tag-mevsimlik-ic-gocler","tag-nufus-hareketleri","tag-tabii-afetler","tag-toprak","tag-yeryuzu-sekilleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4683"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4683\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}