Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri (1096-1272)
\n Hristiyanlar\u0131n, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 kutsal yerlerden \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seferler.<\/p>\n
1.Dini Sebepler
\n Bu \u00e7a\u011fda Kud\u00fcs M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinde bulunuyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Kud\u00fcs, Hristiyanlarca da kutsal bir yer say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Hristiyan hac\u0131lar Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc rahat\u00e7a ziyaret ederlerken Ortado\u011fu’daki sitasi kari\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ziyaretlerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Hristiyan hac\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ‘m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor’ \u015feklinde yorumland\u0131. Bu yorumlar \u00fczerine kilise , m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kutsal topraklardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n
2.Ekonomik Sebepler
\n XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa’da iktisadi bunal\u0131m y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k\u00f6yl\u00fc a\u00e7 ve peri\u015fand\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k islam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 bolluk ve refah i\u00e7indeydi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ipek ve baharat yollar\u0131, i\u015flek limanlar da m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elindeydi. Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc ziyaret eden hristiyanlar, g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nd\u00fckleri zaman daha da abartarak anlat\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
3.Siyasi Sebepler
\n XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sel\u00e7uklular Anadolu’yu alarak, Bizans’\u0131n egemenli\u011fini kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u0130stanbul yak\u0131n\u0131na kadar gelen T\u00fcrkler, Bizans’\u0131 zor durumda b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Gittik\u00e7e artan tehlike y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Bizans, Avrupal\u0131lar’\u0131 yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131lar’\u0131 T\u00fcrkler aleyhine k\u0131\u015fkirtti.<\/p>\n
I.Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri (1096-1099)
\n \u0130stanbul’a gelen ilk kafilenin ba\u015f\u0131nda papaz Piyer Lermit ve Yoksul Gotye ad\u0131nda bir \u015f\u00f6valye bulunuyordu. Bu kafile pek ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f ve d\u00fczensizdi. \u0130znik’e getirilen kafile burada Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Hepsi de k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Yoksul Gotye \u00f6ld\u00fc. Piyer Lermit \u0130stanbul’a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Bir zaman sonra Godefroi de Bouillon (godfrya-d\u00f6 Buyyon) kumandas\u0131nda daha muntazam bir ordu \u0130stanbul’a geldi. Bizans \u0130mparatoru ile anla\u015fma yapt\u0131lar (1097). Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar , Sel\u00e7uklulardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri Bizansl\u0131lar’a verecekler, Bizansl\u0131lar da Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara erzak yard\u0131m\u0131 yapacaklard\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar \u0130znik \u015fehrini ald\u0131lar. I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Ancak Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n pe\u015fini b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vererek Antakya’ya geldiler. 1098’de de buray\u0131 i\u015fgal ettiler. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar \u00e7ok az bir kuvvetle Kud\u00fcs’e vard\u0131lar. Kud\u00fcs’te latin krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurarak ba\u015f\u0131na G.Buyyon’u getirdiler (Bu krall\u0131k suriye ve filistini de i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu).
\n Kud\u00fcs’\u00fcn elden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine islam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bu topraklar\u0131n geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar ba\u015flad\u0131. Musul atabeklerinden \u0130madeddin Zengi Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla \u00e7arpi\u015farak kaybedilen yerleri birer birer geri ald\u0131. Zor durumda kalan Kud\u00fcs Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 papadan yard\u0131m istemek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
II. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri (1147-1149)
\n Saint-Bernard adl\u0131 bir papaz Kud\u00fcs krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 II. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi’ne \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131.Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerine Fransa Kral\u0131 VII. Luise ve Almanya \u0130mparatoru III. Konrad, Konya Ovas\u0131’nda Sultan I. Mssud’a yenildi. \u0130znik’e ka\u00e7arak burada Fransa Kral\u0131 VII. Luise ile bulu\u015ftu. Fransa Kral\u0131 ile birlikte \u015eam’\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131lar; \u015eam’da hi\u00e7bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde edemediler. B\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vererk memleketlerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler (1149).<\/p>\n
III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri(1189-1192)
\n Anadolu’yu ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan temizlemeye gelen t\u00fcrkler Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc alamad\u0131lar. Ancak Selahaddin Eyy\u00fbbi, Kud\u00fcs Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 1187’de Hotin’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fla Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc geri alabildi. Bunun \u00fczerine III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131ld\u0131. III. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi’ne de \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 aslan y\u00fcrekli Richard, Alman imparatoru Friedrich Barbarossa ve Fransa Kral\u0131 Philippe Auguste kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Almanya imparatoru karayoluyla, ingiliz ve frans\u0131z krallar\u0131 da deniz yoluyla Kud\u00fcs’e do\u011fru hareket ettiler. Alman imparatoru Friedrich, Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 II. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan ‘a yenildi; geri \u00e7ekilirken silifke suyunda bo\u011fuldu, ordusu da da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.\u0130ngiliz ve frans\u0131z krall\u0131ar\u0131 da Akka’da Selahaddin Eyy\u00fbbi ile \u00e7arpi\u015ft\u0131lar. Selahaddin Eyy\u00fbbi, Akka’y\u0131 ha\u00e7l\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131p Kud\u00fcs’e \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Philippe Auguste Fransa’ya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kaln Arslan Y\u00fcrekli Richard Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc kurtarmak i\u00e7in Selahaddin Eyy\u00fbbi ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131, fakat ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131 ve bari\u015f yapt\u0131ktan sonra memleketine d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
IV. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri (1204)
\n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kutsal yerleri geri almas\u0131 hristiyanlar\u0131 tekrar harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Papa III. \u0130nnocentius hristiyanlar\u0131 ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. 1202’de deniz yoluyla yap\u0131lan IV ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferini Bonifeciodi Monferrato (Bonifas) y\u00f6netti. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131, Venedikliler para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’a g\u00f6t\u00fcreceklerdi. Fakat ha\u00e7l\u0131lar istenilen paray\u0131 \u00f6demeyince macarlar\u0131n elinde bulunan Zara kalelerini al\u0131p Venediklilere verdiler. Bu s\u0131rada tahttan indirilen Bizans imparatoru II. \u0130saakios’un o\u011flu ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130stanbul’a yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130stanbul’u zapteden ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, burada 1261 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek olan latin imparatorlu\u011funu kurdular (1204).<\/p>\n
V. Ha\u00e7l\u0131\u0131 Seferleri
\n Macar Kral\u0131 II. Andras’\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sefer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
VI. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri
\n Bu seferi alman imparatoru II. Friedrich y\u00f6netti. Bu sefer de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131 ve Kud\u00fcs tekrar Eyy\u00fbbilerin eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n
VII. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri
\n 1245’de yap\u0131lan bu sefer fransa kral\u0131 IX. Louis taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi. Hristiyanlar 7. ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferiyle de istediklerine ula\u015famad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
VIII. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri
\n Bu seferi de yine fransa kral\u0131 IX. Louis y\u00f6netti. Bu sonuncu sefer Kud\u00fcs’e de\u011fil Tunus \u00fczerine yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eehir ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131ysa da burakan bir salg\u0131n sebebiyle fransa kral\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc; ordusu da fransaya d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferlerinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\n*Dini Sonu\u00e7lar
\n Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri asl\u0131nda dini ama\u00e7larla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinin amac\u0131na ula\u015famamas\u0131 papalar\u0131n ve kilisenin otoritenin sars\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n
*Siyasi Sonu\u00e7lar
\n Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n ve araplar\u0131n sanat\u0131n\u0131 ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131lar. Devletler aras\u0131 Uygarl\u0131k al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fi ba\u015flad\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar deniz yoluyla geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirleri ticarette bir hayli ilerlediler. Pisa, Cenova, Venedik \u00f6nemli birer ticaret merkezi haline geldiler.Suriye’de birka\u00e7 latin beyli\u011fi, \u0130stanbul’da da bir latin imparatorlu\u011fu kuruldu. Derebeylik \u00f6nemini kaybetti. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k krallar\u0131n otoriteleri artt\u0131.<\/p>\n
*Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar
\n Venedik, Cenova, Marsilya gibi akdeniz limanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemleri artt\u0131. Avrupal\u0131lar islam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131lar.M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan sanat ve teknik alanlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok bulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, bunlar\u0131 kendi memleketlerine aktard\u0131lar. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ha\u00e7l\u0131m seferleri islam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 oldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcrkler anadolunu fethini tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve avrupaya ge\u00e7mek istiyorlard\u0131. 200 y\u0131l s\u00fcren ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri bu iste\u011fi geciktirmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri (1096-1272) Hristiyanlar\u0131n, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 kutsal yerlerden \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seferler. 1.Dini Sebepler Bu \u00e7a\u011fda Kud\u00fcs M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinde bulunuyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Kud\u00fcs, Hristiyanlarca da kutsal bir yer say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Hristiyan hac\u0131lar Kud\u00fcs’\u00fc rahat\u00e7a ziyaret ederlerken Ortado\u011fu’daki sitasi kari\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ziyaretlerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Hristiyan hac\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ‘m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor’ \u015feklinde yorumland\u0131. Bu yorumlar \u00fczerine kilise …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1685,1620,1580,1686,1687],"class_list":["post-483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-avrupa","tag-bizans","tag-hacli-seferleri","tag-saint-bernard","tag-selahaddin-eyyubi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=483"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}