YILDIRIM (I) BAYEZ\u0130D<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 (1389-1403) <\/p>\n
Bayezid 1354’te do\u011fdu. I. Murad’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu olup annesi G\u00fcl\u00e7i\u00e7ek Hatun’dur. 1381 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elebi’nin k\u0131z\u0131 Sultan Hatun ile evlendi ve han\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eyizi olarak Osmanl\u0131lar’a b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklara Sancak Beyi tayin edildi. Yerle\u015fti\u011fi K\u00fctahya’da Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131n do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n muhafaza ve g\u00f6zetimi ile g\u00f6revlendirildi. 1386’da babas\u0131n\u0131n Karamano\u011flu Al\u00e2eddin Bey’e kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi sefere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Frenk Yaz\u0131s\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131’nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi cesaret ve at\u0131lganl\u0131k dolay\u0131s\u0131yla “Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m” lakab\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Onun ilk Amasya valisi oldu\u011fu kanaati, Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin’e kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girmeyi kabul eden Amasya Em\u00eeri Ahmed ve \u00c7andarl\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Bey ile olan m\u00fcnasebetler s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1384-1388) baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girmesi hadisesinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehzade Bayezid, 15 haziran 1389′ da T\u00fcrkler’ in Rumeli’ deki gelece\u011fini tayin eden Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131. Bu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda babas\u0131 I. Murad \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde yaralan\u0131nca, b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011ful olmas\u0131 ve \u00fcst\u00fcn yetene\u011fi olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kendi yerine onun getirilmesini vasiyet etti. I. Murad’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile de bu vasiyet gere\u011fi tahta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyesiyle, hayattaki tek karde\u015fi Y\u00e2kub’u \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Bu arada esir d\u00fc\u015fen S\u0131rp Prensi Lazar da sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda idam edildi.<\/p>\n
Yeni padi\u015fah sava\u015ftan sonra Bursa’ya d\u00f6nmek \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7ti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu s\u0131rada Anadolu’da Osmanl\u0131lar’a t\u00e2bi olan beylikler isyana kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar, eski topraklar\u0131na yeniden sahip olabilmek i\u00e7in Karamano\u011flu’nun etraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Karamano\u011flu Al\u00e2eddin Bey Bey\u015fehir’i alarak Eski\u015fehir’e kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f, Germiyano\u011flu II. Yakub Bey, miras yoluyla kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131 yeniden zaptetmi\u015f, Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin ise K\u0131r\u015fehir’i alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bayezid Anadolu’ya ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce S\u0131rp kral\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu Stefan Lazarevi\u00e7 ile m\u00fctarekeye giri\u015ferek k\u0131z karde\u015fi Oliviera’yla (Maria Pespina) evlenmek ve S\u0131rplar’dan yard\u0131mc\u0131 kuvvet olarak faydalanmak \u00fczere bir antla\u015fma yapt\u0131. Bundan sonra Stefan s\u00fcrekli Macar bask\u0131s\u0131 sebebiyle Bayezid’e sad\u0131k kald\u0131 ve hatta onun seferlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat Yukar\u0131 S\u0131rbistan (\u00dcsk\u00fcp, Pri\u015ftine b\u00f6lgeleri) h\u00e2kimi Vuk Brankovi\u00e7, kendi b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00f6nemli maden \u015fehirlerine sahip olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Osmanl\u0131lar’a kar\u015f\u0131 koydu. Ancak bu y\u00f6rede faaliyet g\u00f6steren Pa\u015fa Yi\u011fit Bey 1391’de \u00dcsk\u00fcp’\u00fc almay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Bosna ve Arnavutluk’a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nelecek ak\u0131nlar i\u00e7in bir \u00fcs elde edilmi\u015f oldu. <\/p>\n
Anadolu’ya ge\u00e7en Bayezid 1389-1390 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ala\u015fehir’i zaptetti\u011fi gibi Bat\u0131 Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrkmen beyliklerini, Ayd\u0131n, Saruhan, Mente\u015fe, H\u00e2mid ve Germiyan’\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131na ald\u0131. \u00c7andaro\u011flu S\u00fcleyman Bey ve Bizans imparatorunun o\u011flu Manuel Palaeologus da kuvvetleriyle birlikte Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun yan\u0131nda bu sefere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bayezid 1390 May\u0131s\u0131nda Afyon Karahisar’da bulunuyor ve Karamono\u011flu’na kar\u015f\u0131 sefer haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu. Nihayet harekete ge\u00e7erek Bey\u015fehir’i ald\u0131, ard\u0131ndan Konya’ya y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve \u015fehri ku\u015fatt\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada ittifaktan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Kastamonu’ya d\u00f6nen S\u00fcleyman Bey Karamono\u011flu’na yard\u0131m i\u00e7in Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin ile bir anla\u015fma yapt\u0131. Ortak kuvvetlerin K\u0131r\u015fehir’e gelmeleri, muhtemelen Bayezid’in Konya ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmas\u0131na ve Karamano\u011flu’nun anla\u015fma teklifini kabul etmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki \u00c7ar\u015famba suyu s\u0131n\u0131r oldu, Bey\u015fehir ve civar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 yerler ise Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetinde kald\u0131. Bayezid 1391’de S\u00fcleyman Bey \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Ancak S\u00fcleyman’\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin’in kuvvetleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda muvaffak olamad\u0131. 1392 ilkbahar\u0131nda yeniden S\u00fcleyman Bey \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yapt\u0131. Hatta 6 Nisan 1392 tarihli bir Venedik raporunda, Bayezid’in vass\u00e2l i durumunda bulunan Manuel Palaeologus’un Sinop’a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacak deniz seferine kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere oldu\u011fu bildirilmekteydi. Bu sefer, Sinop hari\u00e7 S\u00fcleyman’a ait yerlerin zapt\u0131 ve onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131. <\/p>\n
Daha sonra Bayezid, Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin’in tehdit ve protestolar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanc\u0131k \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek buray\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Fakat \u00c7orumlu mevkiinde iki taraf ars\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleyi Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin kazand\u0131 ve bozguna u\u011frayan Osmanl\u0131 askerleri geri \u00e7ekildi. Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin bu galibiyetin verdi\u011fi cesaretle h\u00fccumlar\u0131n\u0131 Sivrihisar ve Ankara’ya kadar uzatt\u0131, ya\u011fma tahribatta bulundu. Ancak Burh\u00e2neddin’in ku\u015fatmas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunan Amasya em\u00eeri 1392’de Amasya’y\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar’a teslim etti. Ertesi y\u0131l b\u00f6lgeye gelen Bayezid Amasya’ya girerek \u015fehri teslim ald\u0131. O y\u00f6rede bulunan \u00c7ar\u015famba vadisindeki T\u00e2ceddino\u011fullar\u0131, Merzifon b\u00f6lgesindeki Ta\u015fano\u011fullar\u0131 ve Bafra h\u00e2kimi gibi mahall\u00ee beyler Bayezid’in h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131d\u0131lar. Bu arada m\u00fcttefikleri ile bozu\u015fan Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin ise geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00e2ciz edici h\u00fccumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir harek\u00e2ta giri\u015femedi. <\/p>\n
Bayezid daha sonra dikkatini bat\u0131ya \u00e7evirdi ve burada h\u00e2kimiyetini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Bizans \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc olduk\u00e7a artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizans \u0130mparatoru VII. Johannes’in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 (1390) destekledi. V. Johannes ve o\u011flu ortak imparator Manuel’e de ayn\u0131 deste\u011fi verdi (1391). Hatta Manuel Anadolu seferlerinde yard\u0131mda bulunmu\u015f ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Do\u011fuda Anadolu i\u015fleriyle ilgilendi\u011fi s\u0131rada bat\u0131da s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131ndaki u\u00e7 beyleri d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutuyor ve gaz\u00e2 faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Pa\u015fa yi\u011fit Vuk Brankovi\u00e7’e boyun e\u011fdirmi\u015f, Evrenos Bey Kitros ve Vodena’y\u0131 fethedrek Tesalya’ya do\u011fru ilerlemi\u015f, Firuz Bey Eflak’a \u015eahinBey ise Arnavutluk’a kar\u015f\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda bulunmu\u015ftu. Fakat Eflak prensi Mir\u00e7ea, Bayezid’in Anadolu’daki me\u015fguliyetinden faydalanarak Silistre’yi geri almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Karin\u00e2b\u00e2d’daki ak\u0131nc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fccumlar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Venedikliler bir taraftan Bizans \u00fczerine bask\u0131 kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda Mora ve Arnavutluk’ta da faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor, Macarlar ise Eflak ve Tuna Bulgaristan’\u0131nda n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 yaymak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Bayezid b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Balkan i\u015flerine vermeye mecbur oldu. 1388’den beri Osmanl\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunan T\u0131rnova’y\u0131 17 Haziran 1393’te ald\u0131, Bulgar Kral\u0131 \u015ei\u015fman bir Osmanl\u0131 vass\u00e2li olarak Ni\u011fbolu’ya gitmek zorunda kald\u0131. 1393-1394 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bayezid b\u00fct\u00fcn Balkan prenslerini ve Palaiolguslar’\u0131 Serez’de toplant\u0131ya davet ederek kendisine olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Theodore Palaiologus’tan Venedik’e kar\u015f\u0131 Mora’daki belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015fehirlerin teslimini istedi. \u00dcmitsizlik i\u00e7indeki Palaeologlar, Theodore ve Manuel ona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve bat\u0131dan \u00f6zellikle Venedikliler’den yard\u0131m talep ettiler. Bunun \u00fczerine Bayezid bizzat Yunanistan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve ilk olarak 1387’de al\u0131nan ancak 1389’da yeniden kaybedilen Sel\u00e2nik’i el ge\u00e7irdi (1394). Ayr\u0131ca Tesalya b\u00f6lgesini Salone, Neopatrai gibi \u015fehirler de dahil olmak \u00fczere fethetti. Evrenos Bey’i kuvvetleriyle Mora’ya g\u00f6nderdi. Fakat Theodore bu arada Argos’u Venedikliler’e vermi\u015fti (27 Aral\u0131k 1394). Di\u011fer bir Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise do\u011frudan do\u011fruya h\u00e2kimiyetine al\u0131nan G\u00fcney Arnavutluk te\u015fkil etti. Lala \u015e\u00e2hin Arnavutluk sahilleri \u00fczerindeki Venedik h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda bulunan yerlerde t\u00e2ciz edici bir bask\u0131 kurdu. Bayezid ayr\u0131ca yedi y\u0131ld\u0131r abluka alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu \u0130stanbul’u 1394 bahar\u0131nda yeniden s\u0131k\u0131 bir ku\u015fatma alt\u0131na ald\u0131. 1395’te ise Macaristan \u00fczerine h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7ti ve yolu \u00fczerindeki Slankamen, Titel, Be\u00e7kerek , T\u0131m\u0131\u015fvar, Kra\u015fova ve Mehadiye gibi kalelere sald\u0131rd\u0131. Eflak’ta Arge\u015f nehri civar\u0131nda 17 May\u0131s 1395’te meydana gelen sava\u015fta yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mir\u00e7ea’n\u0131n yerine Vlad’\u0131 tahta ge\u00e7irdi. Ard\u0131ndan Tuna’y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Ni\u011fbolu’ya ula\u015ft\u0131 ve Kral \u015ei\u015fman’\u0131 yakalat\u0131p \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc (3 Haziran 1395).<\/p>\n
Bayezid’in bu \u00e2ni ve s\u00fcratli fetihleri, Macarlar ve Venedikliler’in bir ittifak kurarak Osmanl\u0131lar’a kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi ba\u015flatmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1396’da Bayezid \u0130stanbul’u almak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gayret sarfederken Macar Kral\u0131 Sigismund idaresindeki Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetleri Ni\u011fbolu’yu ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Acele olarak ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131p oraya giden Bayezid onlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131 (25 Eyl\u00fcl 1396). Ard\u0131ndan son ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Bulgar prensi Stratsimir’den Vidin’i ald\u0131. Art\u0131k Balkanlar ve \u0130stanbul’un kaderi tamamen Bayezid’in elindeydi. <\/p>\n
Bizans \u0130mparatoru Manuel, \u0130stanbul’da bir T\u00fcrk mahallesi kurulmas\u0131, cami\u00ee yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bir kad\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmesi teklifini kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Evrenos Bey 1397’de Argos ve Atina’y\u0131 ald\u0131. Bayezid Ni\u011fbolu m\u00fccadelesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanca hareketlerde bulunan Karamano\u011flu Al\u00e2eddin Bey \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmek i\u00e7in Anadolu’ya ge\u00e7ti. Ak\u00e7ay Sava\u015f\u0131’nda ma\u011fl\u00fbp olan Al\u00e2eddin Bey Konya Kalesi’ne kapand\u0131ysa da yakalanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Konya ve di\u011fer Karaman topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi (1397 sonbahar\u0131). Ertesi y\u0131l Canik b\u00f6lgesi ve Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin’in h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu yerler Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak Bayezid, Timur tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 Meml\u00fck sultan\u0131 ile anla\u015fmak yerine onlara ait olan Elbistan, Malatya, Behisni, K\u00e2hta ve Divri\u011fi gibi \u015fehirleri ele ge\u00e7irdi. <\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan Bizans’a yard\u0131m i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk sahillerine gelen Mare\u015fal Boucicaut, Gelibolu \u00f6nlerinde zay\u0131f T\u00fcrk filosunu vurarak \u0130stanbul’a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ancak onun getirdi\u011fi az say\u0131daki yard\u0131m kuvveti Bizans’\u0131 rahatlatmaya yetmemi\u015fti (1399 yaz\u0131). Manuel T\u00fcrkler’e kar\u015f\u0131 daha fazla yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmak \u00fczere Avrupa’ya gitti (10 Aral\u0131k 1399). Fakat \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131na iyice h\u0131z verildi\u011fi ve \u015fehrin d\u00fc\u015fmesinin an meselesi oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada do\u011fuda Timur tehlikesi ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Nitekim 1399 sonbahar\u0131nda Timur Do\u011fu Anadolu’da bulunuyordu. Anadolu’nun do\u011fu kesimindeki ilk i\u015fgalinin ard\u0131ndan bat\u0131 taraflar\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irmeyi arzu ediyordu. \u0130ran’a h\u00e2kim olan Timur, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular’\u0131n ve \u0130lhanl\u0131lar’\u0131n v\u00e2risi olmak iddias\u0131yla Anadolu \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurmak istiyordu. Bayezid ise Sel\u00e7uklular’\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla Anadolu’da birli\u011fi kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak Timur, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta gaz\u00e2n\u0131n liderli\u011fini elinde tutan Bayezid’e kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7mekte teredd\u00fct etti. Bayezid’e kar\u015f\u0131 koyan ve ka\u00e7\u0131p kendisine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Anadolu beylerini iyi kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131. Buna mukabil Bayezid de Timur’un d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Sultan Ahmed Cel\u00e2yir ve Kara Yusuf’u korudu, onlar\u0131 kendi hizmetine ald\u0131. Bu durum Timur’u \u00e7ok k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131. Anadolu’ya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp Erzincan’a geldi ve Amasya Emir\u00ee Mutahharten taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131lar’a ait Sivas Kalesi’ni ku\u015fatt\u0131 (1400 A\u011fustosu); \u015fehir teslim olduysa da kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ya\u011fmaland\u0131, sonra da Mutahharten’e b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 (1401). Nihayet Timur ile Bayezid, Ankara yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u00c7ubuk Ovas\u0131’nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiler (28 Temmuz 1402). Yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta Bayezid yenildi ve esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, bir s\u00fcre sonra da Ak\u015fehir’de esaret alt\u0131nda vefat etti (8 Mart 1403). Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131, Bayezid’in s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde geni\u015fletti\u011fi devletin \u00e7\u00f6kmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Eski topraklar\u0131na yeniden sahip olan Anadolu beyleri gibi geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadeleri de Timur’un h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131d\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde Fetret Devri diye an\u0131lan bu d\u00f6neme ait meseleler, ancak II. Mehmed zaman\u0131nda kesin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulabildi. <\/p>\n
Bayezid’in Anadolu ve Rumeli’de t\u00e2bi h\u00e2nedanlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu \u0130sl\u00e2m devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde merkez\u00ee bir devlet kurma gayesini benimsemi\u015fti. Bu gayesinde k\u0131smen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015f, ilk merkez\u00ee idareyi kurarak kul sistemini d\u00fczenleyip yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f, yeni \u00f6rf\u00ee hukuk uygulamalar\u0131 getirmi\u015f, kanunn\u00e2meler \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun zaman\u0131nda Tuna’dan F\u0131rat’a kadar, padi\u015fah\u0131n kullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan idare edilen merkez\u00ee bir devlet sistemi ba\u015far\u0131yla uygulanm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Bat\u0131 Avrupa’dan Orta Asya’ya, M\u0131s\u0131r’dan Alt\u0131n Orda sahas\u0131na kadar uzanan milletleraras\u0131 siyasetin ba\u015fl\u0131ca odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Fakat bu yeni merkez\u00ee devlet \u00e7ok uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015f, Timur darbesi ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti hemen hemen I. Murad devri ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ancak b\u00fctnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan Rumeli topraklar\u0131 sayesinde bu zor d\u00f6nem yeniden a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve toparlanma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir. Son derece cesur, faal ve yetenekli \u00e2dil bir idareci olan Bayezid sert bir mizaca sahipti. Hayatta kalan alt\u0131 o\u011flundn S\u00fcleymen, \u00ces\u00e2, M\u00fbs\u00e2 ve Mehmed \u00e7elebilerin saltanat m\u00fccadelesine giri\u015ftikleri, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Kas\u0131m’\u0131n S\u00fcleyman \u00e7elebi taraf\u0131ndan rehin b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bizans’ta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Mustafa’n\u0131n ise “D\u00fczmece” lakab\u0131yla \u00f6zellikle II. Murad zaman\u0131nda taht iddiac\u0131s\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. <\/p>\n
Hayat\u0131 ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa sava\u015f ve m\u00fccadelelerle ge\u00e7en Bayezid’in \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman bir\u00e7ok hayrat\u0131 da bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bursa’da z\u00e2viye, medrese, imaret, han, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, muhte\u015fem Ulucami’yi de yine o in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir (1400). \u0130stanbul’u bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in G\u00fczelhisar diye de an\u0131lan Anadoluhisar\u0131’n\u0131 yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi (1396-1397), Anadolu’nun di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u015fehirlerinde ve Rumeli’de hay\u0131r eserleri meydana getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
YILDIRIM (I) BAYEZ\u0130D Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 (1389-1403) Bayezid 1354’te do\u011fdu. I. Murad’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu olup annesi G\u00fcl\u00e7i\u00e7ek Hatun’dur. 1381 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elebi’nin k\u0131z\u0131 Sultan Hatun ile evlendi ve han\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eyizi olarak Osmanl\u0131lar’a b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklara Sancak Beyi tayin edildi. Yerle\u015fti\u011fi K\u00fctahya’da Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131n do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n muhafaza ve g\u00f6zetimi ile g\u00f6revlendirildi. 1386’da babas\u0131n\u0131n Karamano\u011flu Al\u00e2eddin …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1706,1708,1707,1628],"class_list":["post-495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-germiyanoglu","tag-i-murad","tag-suleyman-celebi","tag-yildirim-bayezid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=495"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/495\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=495"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}