T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N H\u0130DROGRAFYASI
\n (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Yer \u00dcst\u00fc ve Yer Alt\u0131 Sular\u0131)<\/p>\n
YERALTI SULARININ DA\u011eILI\u015eI VE KULLANIM B\u0130\u00c7\u0130MLER\u0130 <\/p>\n
Atmosferden yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (ya\u011fmur, kar, buzullar\u0131n erimesi), y\u00fczeysel ak\u0131\u015f ile yer \u00fcst\u00fc sular\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirirken geri kalan\u0131 uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda yeralt\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Bu sular yerin derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na s\u0131zarak, alt k\u0131sm\u0131 ge\u00e7irimsiz kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu zonun \u00fczerindeki ge\u00e7irimli kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zenek, yar\u0131k, \u00e7atlak gibi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 doldurarak bir su tabakas\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. <\/p>\n
Yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne do\u011fal olarak \u00e7\u0131kabildikleri gibi (kaynak), kuyular vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile de kullan\u0131labilir hale getirilir. Kaynaklar, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kma tarzlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tipte olabilirler. Sular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131lmalar veya faylanmalar neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 (fay kaynaklar\u0131), karstik sahalardan gelmeleri (karstik kaynaklar, vokl\u00fczler), ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ve kimyasal bile\u015fimleri (maden sular\u0131), yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kma tarzlar\u0131 (aral\u0131 kaynaklar ve gayzerler) ve yeralt\u0131nda bulunu\u015f \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re (serbest ve t\u00fcnemi\u015f akifer kaynaklar\u0131, artezyen kaynaklar\u0131) \u00e7e\u015fitli tipte olabilirler. Bunlardan \u00f6zellikle s\u0131cak su kaynaklar\u0131 bir \u00fclkeye ekonomik anlamda \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayacak alternatif bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131cak su kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde \u00fclkemizin olduk\u00e7a zengin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Bu kaynaklar yurdumuzun belli kesimlerinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcney Marmara b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Ege b\u00f6lgesi, Ankara, Eski\u015fehir ve Kayseri kesimlerini i\u00e7ine alan \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi, Erzurum, Diyarbak\u0131r ve Nur da\u011flar\u0131 kesimi s\u00f6z konusu alanlard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Di\u011fer kaynak tipleri ise \u00fclkemizde olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fik alanlara da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan Toros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n eteklerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, Mu\u011fla polyesinde kaybolan ve G\u00f6kova k\u00f6rfezinde izlenen, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 kullan\u0131lmadan denize d\u00f6k\u00fclen karstik kaynaklardan vokl\u00fczler, i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerimizde fosil sular olarak nitelendirilen ve artezyen a\u00e7\u0131larak faydalanabilecek olan sular, i\u00e7 kesimlerden gelen akarsular\u0131n al\u00fcvyal taban\u0131 beslemesi nedeniyle k\u0131y\u0131 ovalar\u0131n\u0131n hemen her noktas\u0131nda dikkati \u00e7eken yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131 ve her b\u00f6lgemizde dikkati \u00e7eken kimyasal bile\u015fimleri farkl\u0131 olan maden sular\u0131 bu tip alanlara \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturur.
\n \u00dclkemizde yer alan yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131ndan \u0131s\u0131tma, sulama ve end\u00fcstriyel alanlarda, turizm faaliyetlerinde ve d\u0131\u015f ticarette yararlan\u0131labilir. S\u00f6z konusu sular\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n
AKARSULAR
\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Nehri: Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsuyudur. K\u00fcfi Suyu ve Banaz \u00c7ay\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur ve Ege denizine d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Uzunlu\u011fu 584 km\u2019dir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes ovas\u0131 batakl\u0131klar\u0131 kurutulduktan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en verimli alanlar\u0131ndan birisi olmu\u015ftur.
\n Dicle Nehri: Ana kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131ndan ve dipten s\u0131zma yoluyla Elaz\u0131\u011f yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Hazar (G\u00f6lc\u00fcl) g\u00f6l\u00fcnden al\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00f6nemli akarsular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Do\u011fu Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar, Basra K\u00f6rfezi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Toplam uzunlu\u011fu 1900 km\u2019dir. T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu ise 523 km\u2019dir. En \u00f6nemli kollar\u0131 Batman ile Garzan, Botan, Habur, B\u00fcy\u00fck Zap ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Zap’t\u0131r. Debisi ortalama 360 m\u00b3\/sn dir. Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda 55 m\u00b3\/sn ile en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, \u015eubat sonunda 2263 m\u00b3\/sn ak\u0131m\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. Akarsuda genellikle yaz sonu kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonbahar ba\u015f\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle su azal\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen k\u0131\u015f sonu ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilkbahar ba\u015f\u0131ndaki karlar\u0131n erimesinden olu\u015fan su ile kabar\u0131r. Dicle nehri \u00fczerinde Kralk\u0131z\u0131, Il\u0131su, Batman, Dicle ve Cizre gibi \u00f6nemli Hidroelektrik Santralleri kurulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n
Ceyhan Nehri: Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Uzunlu\u011fu 509 km\u2019dir. Elbistan yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan do\u011far. \u00c7ukurova’da geni\u015f bir delta olu\u015fturarak \u0130skenderun K\u00f6rfezi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca kollar\u0131 Hurman, G\u00f6ksun, S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc ve Aksu \u00c7aylar\u0131d\u0131r. Ceyhan Nehri Kas\u0131m ve Aral\u0131k aylar\u0131nda sonbahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle ge\u00e7ici olarak kabar\u0131r. Bu aylardaki debisi 50 m\u00b3\/sn’den 380 m\u00b3\/sn’ye y\u00fckselir. Ocak ay\u0131nda azald\u0131ktan sonra \u015eubat ay\u0131nda tekrar y\u00fckselir. \u0130lkbahar mevsiminde ya\u011fmur halindeki ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar ve karlar\u0131n erimesiyle tekrar kabar\u0131r. May\u0131s ay\u0131ndan itibaren azalmaya ba\u015flar. Nehir \u00fczerine Aslanta\u015f, Menzelet, S\u0131r ve Berke Hidroelektrik Santralleri kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n F\u0131rat nehri: T\u00fcrkiye’nin en verimli ve su potansiyeli en y\u00fcksek \u0131rma\u011f\u0131. F\u0131rat isminin k\u00f6keni: Bat\u0131 dillerinde F\u0131rat nehri, Euphrates olarak ge\u00e7er. Euphrates ad\u0131 Yunanca’dan gelen bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck olup, as\u0131l kaynak muhtemelen eski Fars\u00e7a’daki Ufratu ve Akad dilindeki Purattu ‘dur. Eski Fars\u00e7a’daki s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Avesta Fars\u00e7a’s\u0131nda ge\u00e7en huperethuua(ge\u00e7mesi kolay) oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Siverek il\u00e7esi, Da\u011fba\u015f\u0131 Buca\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Maktalan civar\u0131nda \u015eanl\u0131urfa topraklar\u0131na giren F\u0131rat nehri Ad\u0131yaman ve Gaziantep il s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirledikten sonra Suriye, daha sonra Irak topraklar\u0131na girer. Irak’ta denize uzak olmayan bir noktada Dicle Nehri ile birle\u015ferek \u015eatt’ul Arab’\u0131 olu\u015fturur ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nehrin en \u00f6nemli kollar\u0131 Murat, Karasu, Tohma, Peri, \u00c7alt\u0131 ve Munzur \u00c7aylar\u0131’d\u0131r. Toplam uzunlu\u011fu 2.800 km ile T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu ise 971 km’dir. 720.000 km\u00b2 su toplama havzas\u0131na sahiptir. F\u0131rat Nehri’nin rejimi T\u00fcrkiye’deki di\u011fer akarsulara g\u00f6re daha d\u00fczenlidir. Mart ile Haziran aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f kabar\u0131r, Temmuz ile Ocak aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yine de bol su ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 olur. Nehir \u00fczerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck barajlar\u0131 in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu barajlardan Keban, Karakaya, Atat\u00fcrk ve Birecik Barajlar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca F\u0131rat’\u0131n suyu in\u015fa edilen 2 adet \u015eanl\u0131urfa t\u00fcneli de Harran Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresine y\u0131llardan beri suya hasret topraklara suyu ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Gediz Nehri: Anadolu\u2019dan Ege Denizi\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fclen B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Nehri\u2019nden sonra ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsudur. \u0130\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki Murat ve \u015eaphane da\u011flar\u0131ndan inen sular\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan Gediz Nehri, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerlerken, kuzeyden Kunduzlu, Selendi, Deliini\u015f ve Demrek \u00c7aylar\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcneyden ise Kulu volkanik y\u00f6resinden gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dereleri sular\u0131na katar. Nehir, Salihli il\u00e7esinin kuzeydo\u011fusundan Gediz Ovas\u0131\u2019na girer ve g\u00fcneyden Kemalpa\u015fa Ovas\u0131\u2019ndan gelen Nif \u00c7ay\u0131n\u0131 alarak Fo\u00e7a tepelerinin g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundan \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nehrin toplam uzunlu\u011fu 401 km olup, su toplama havzas\u0131 ise 17.500 km2 dir. Ta\u015fk\u0131n d\u00f6nemlerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k yatak de\u011fi\u015ftiren Gediz Nehri, yakla\u015f\u0131k 40.000 ha\u2019l\u0131k bir delta olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ndeki baz\u0131 adalar da kara ile birle\u015fmi\u015f ve delta ovas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Nehri: T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131ndan do\u011farak yine, T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131ndan denize d\u00f6k\u00fclen en uzun akarsudur. Uzunlu\u011fu 1.355 km\u2019dir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca kollar\u0131 Delice\u0131rmak, Devrez ve G\u00f6k\u0131rmak\u2019t\u0131r. Nehir, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’nun kuzeydo\u011fusundaki K\u0131z\u0131lda\u011f’\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan do\u011far ve s\u0131ras\u0131yla Sivas, Kayseri, Nev\u015fehir, K\u0131r\u015fehir, K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Ankara, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131, \u00c7orum ve Samsun illerinden ge\u00e7erken \u00e7ok say\u0131da dere ve \u00e7ay\u0131n sular\u0131n\u0131 toplayarak Bafra Burnu’ndan Karadeniz’e ula\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Ya\u011fmur ve kar sular\u0131yla beslenen nehrin rejimi d\u00fczensizdir. Temmuz ve \u015eubat aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck su d\u00fczeyinde akan nehir, Mart ay\u0131nda h\u0131zla kabarmaya ba\u015flar ve Nisan ay\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek su d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131r. Ortalama debisi 184 m\u00b3\/sn olan nehrin 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00f6zlem s\u00fcresince en az 18,4 m\u00b3\/sn\u2019ye ve en \u00e7ok 1.673 m3\/sn.\u2019 ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Nehir \u00fczerine 6 baraj yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar Kayseri ilinde Sar\u0131o\u011flan, Ankara yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Kesikk\u00f6pr\u00fc, Hirfanl\u0131 ve Kapulukaya barajlar\u0131 ile nehrin Bafra Ovas\u0131\u2019na kurulmu\u015f Alt\u0131nkaya ve Derbent barajlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130rili ufakl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6l\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Deltas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin en \u00f6nemli ku\u015f ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131ndan da biridir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 suyunun renginden alan, antik\u00e7a\u011fda ise tuzlu akarsu anlam\u0131na gelen Halys ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak, Anadolu’da kurulmu\u015f medeniyetlere hep ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f. Bug\u00fcn K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Vadisi’nde tarihin her d\u00f6nemine ait izler bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn; kaya mezarlar\u0131 ve yerle\u015fimleri, farkl\u0131 medeniyetlere ait kaleler, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler ve daha pek \u00e7ok iz.
\n G\u00f6ksu: Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde bir nehir. \u0130ki kayna\u011f\u0131 da Toros da\u011flar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu kaynaklar Mut’un g\u00fcneyinde birle\u015ferek G\u00f6ksu’yu olu\u015ftururlar. G\u00f6ksu 260 km uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r ve Ta\u015fucu ile Silifke aras\u0131nda Akdenizle birle\u015fir. Akg\u00f6l’\u00fc ve Paradeniz’i i\u00e7ine alan G\u00f6ksu deltas\u0131nda, 300’den fazla ku\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc ya\u015far. Nesli t\u00fckenmekte olan deniz kaplumba\u011fas\u0131 Caretta caretta yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeye b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u0130mparator Frederick Barbarossa \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1190 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00f6ksu’da ( o zamanki ad\u0131yla Saleph) bo\u011fulmu\u015ftur.
\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Nehri: Biga y\u00f6resinde Bozda\u011flardan do\u011far, kendi ismi ile an\u0131lan bu ovay\u0131 sulayarak, Sel\u00e7uk \u0130l\u00e7esinin bat\u0131s\u0131ndan denize d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderesin al\u00fcvyon getirip k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisinden s\u00fcrekli olarak ilerlemi\u015f olmas\u0131 neticesinde, \u0130lk \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli liman \u015fehirlerinden biri olan Efes bu g\u00fcn denizden 5-6 km. i\u00e7eride kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Meri\u00e7 Nehri: Yunanistan ile T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan, Yunanistan’da do\u011farak T\u00fcrkiye’ye giren ve Edirne \u00fczerinde Ege Denizi’ne d\u00f6k\u00fclen \u0131rmakt\u0131r.
\n Sakarya Nehri: K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak ve F\u0131rat Nehrinden sonra T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc en uzun, Kuzeybat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsuyudur. Uzunlu\u011fu 824 km olup, beslenme havzas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi 53.800 km2 dir. Afyon\u2019un kuzeydo\u011fusundaki Bayat Yaylas\u0131\u2019ndan do\u011far. \u00d6nce \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru akar sonra K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak\u2019\u0131n tersine bir k\u0131vr\u0131mla, kuzeye d\u00f6ner, Polatl\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck kollar\u0131ndan biri olan Porsuk \u00c7ay\u0131\u2019n\u0131 al\u0131r. Geyve Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7er ve Adapazar\u0131 Ovas\u0131\u2019ndan akarak Karadeniz\u2019e d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sakarya Nehri\u2019nin Alada\u011f ve Kirmir sular\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck santrallerinden biri olan Sar\u0131yar Hidroelektrik Santrali ve G\u00f6k\u00e7ekaya Hidroelektrik Santral\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n Seyhan Nehri: T\u00fcrkiye’nin Akdeniz’e d\u00f6k\u00fclen \u0131rmaklar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisidir. Uzunlu\u011fu 850 km’dir. Havza alan\u0131 ise 20.600 km\u00b2dir. \u0130ki \u00f6nemli kolu vard\u0131r. En uzun olan\u0131, Uzun Yayla’dan do\u011fan Zamant\u0131 suyudur. Orta Toroslar’\u0131n uzan\u0131\u015f do\u011frultusunda akan bu su, \u00c7ukurova’ya inmeden \u00f6nce di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kolu olan G\u00f6ksu ile birle\u015fir. Adana’dan ge\u00e7erek Akdeniz’e d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Seyhan Nehri \u00fczerinde Yedig\u00f6ze, \u00c7atalan ve Seyhan Hidroelektrik Santrallar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak Nehri: T\u00fcrkiye’nin Karadeniz’e d\u00f6k\u00fclen b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Kelkit Irma\u011f\u0131, \u00c7ekerek Irma\u011f\u0131 ve as\u0131l Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana kolun birle\u015fimi ile olu\u015fur. As\u0131l Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak’\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 519 km’dir. K\u00f6se Da\u011f\u0131’ndan do\u011far, Canik Da\u011flar\u0131’ndan ge\u00e7ip \u00c7ar\u015famba Ovas\u0131\u2019na yay\u0131l\u0131r ve Karadeniz’e d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde, su birikintileri ile geni\u015f batakl\u0131klar meydana getirir. Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak vadilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u0131k ormanlarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan di\u011fer akarsular\u0131m\u0131z gibi pek a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma yapmaz. Bu nedenle K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak nehrinin tersine suyu berrak ve ye\u015filimsidir. Akarsudan \u00f6zellikle Turhal ve Amasya’da sulama i\u015flerinde \u00e7ok yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u00c7ine \u00c7ay\u0131: Mu\u011fla’n\u0131n Yata\u011fan il\u00e7esinin do\u011fusunda Sar\u0131germe Deresi ve Karagedik Da\u011flar\u0131ndan beslenen ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Nehrine d\u00f6k\u00fclen 359 km. uzunlu\u011funda bir akarsudur. Yukar\u0131 kesimleri Mu\u011fla ilinde yer al\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kollar\u0131ndan biri Bay\u0131r ve Ye\u015filyurt ovalar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131r. Nitekim Bay\u0131r kasabas\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bu kolun \u00fczerinde Kazan G\u00f6leti yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130smini Ayd\u0131n’\u0131n \u00c7ine il\u00e7esinden almaktad\u0131r. Mu\u011fla-Ayd\u0131n karayolunun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00c7ine \u00c7ay\u0131 vadisinin g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7atlamalarla olu\u015fmu\u015f ve ilgin\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler ta\u015f\u0131yan gnays, ince taneli \u015fist ve yer yer kuvarsit gibi kaya\u00e7lar bir do\u011fa harikas\u0131d\u0131r ve turistlerin \u00e7ok ilgisini \u00e7ekmektedir. G\u00f6kbel denilen bu b\u00f6lgede, \u00c7ine \u00c7ay\u0131 \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131ca antik \u00e7a\u011fdan kalma ve y\u00f6rede \u0130nce K\u00f6pr\u00fc olarak bilinen, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de yayalar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fine m\u00fcsait olan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6kbel vadisinin tabiat de\u011ferleri, yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren \u00c7ine Baraj\u0131 nedeniyle k\u0131smen kaybedilecektir. Bu baraj\u0131n in\u015faat\u0131 i\u00e7in, vadiyi daha y\u00fcksek rak\u0131mdan takip eden, g\u00fczel bir yol yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ine \u00c7ay\u0131’n\u0131n antik \u00e7a\u011fdaki ad\u0131 Marsyas’t\u0131r. \u0130smini Eski Yunan mitolojisinin talihsiz satiri Marsyas’tan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n SU KAYNAKLARI
\n D\u00fcnyadaki toplam su miktar\u0131 1,4 milyar km 3 t\u00fcr. Bu sular\u0131n % 97,5\u2019u okyanuslarda ve denizlerde tuzlu su olarak, % 2,5\u2019u ise nehir ve g\u00f6llerde tatl\u0131 su olarak bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu kadar az olan tatl\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n da % 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n kutuplarda ve yeralt\u0131nda hapsedilmi\u015f olarak bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle insano\u011flunun kolayl\u0131kla yararlanabilece\u011fi elveri\u015fli tatl\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar az oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama ya\u011f\u0131\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 643 mm olup, y\u0131lda ortalama 501 milyar m 3 suya tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Bu suyun 274 milyar m 3 \u00fc toprak ve su y\u00fczeyleri ile bitkilerden olan buharla\u015fmalar yoluyla atmosfere geri d\u00f6nmekte, 69 milyar m 3 l\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 yeralt\u0131suyunu beslemekte, 158 milyar m 3 l\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 ise ak\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7erek \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki akarsular vas\u0131tas\u0131yla denizlere ve kapal\u0131 havzalardaki g\u00f6llere bo\u015falmaktad\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131suyunu besleyen 69 milyar m 3 l\u00fck suyun 28 milyar m 3 \u00fc p\u0131narlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yer\u00fcst\u00fc suyuna tekrar kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerden \u00fclkemize gelen y\u0131lda ortalama 7 milyar m 3 su bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclkemizin br\u00fct yer\u00fcst\u00fc suyu potansiyeli 193 (158+28+7) milyar m 3 olmaktad\u0131r.
\n Yeralt\u0131suyunu besleyen 41 milyar m 3 de dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fclkemizin toplam yenilenebilir su potansiyeli br\u00fct 234 milyar m 3 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz teknik ve ekonomik \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelik olarak t\u00fcketilebilecek yer\u00fcst\u00fc suyu potansiyeli yurt i\u00e7indeki akarsulardan 95 milyar m 3, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerden yurdumuza gelen akarsulardan 3 milyar m 3 olmak \u00fczere y\u0131lda ortalama toplam 98 milyar m 3, 14 milyar m 3 olarak belirlenen yeralt\u0131suyu potansiyeli ile birlikte \u00fclkemizin t\u00fcketilebilir yer\u00fcst\u00fc ve yeralt\u0131 su potansiyeli y\u0131lda ortalama toplam 112 milyar m 3 olmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fclkeler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r; -Su fakiri: y\u0131lda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131 1 000 m 3 ten daha az -Su azl\u0131\u011f\u0131: y\u0131lda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131 2 000 m 3 ten daha az -Su zengini: y\u0131lda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131 8 000- 10 000 m 3 ten daha fazla
\n T\u00fcrkiye su zengini bir \u00fclke de\u011fildir. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ll\u0131k su miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fclkemiz su azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan bir \u00fclke konumundad\u0131r. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ll\u0131k kullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131 1 500 m 3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Devlet \u0130statistik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (D\u0130E) 2030 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in n\u00fcfusumuzun 100 milyon olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durumda 2030 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131n\u0131n 1 000 m 3\/y\u0131l civar\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Mevcut b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131, su t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisi ile su kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine olabilecek bask\u0131lar\u0131 tahmin etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00fct\u00fcn bu tahminler mevcut kaynaklar\u0131n 25 y\u0131l sonras\u0131na hi\u00e7 tahrip edilmeden aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gelecek nesillerine sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve yeterli su b\u0131rakabilmesi i\u00e7in kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi korunup, ak\u0131lc\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.
\n G\u00d6LLER
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de da\u011flarda bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6llerle birlikte 120\u2019den fazla do\u011fal g\u00f6l bulunmaktad\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en derin g\u00f6l olan ve y\u00fckseltisi 1 646 m olan Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn alan\u0131 3 712 km 2 dir. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6l, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’daki Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc’d\u00fcr. Derin bir g\u00f6l olmayan Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn denizden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 925 m alan\u0131 ise 1 500 km 2 dir. T\u00fcrkiye’de g\u00f6llerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lge vard\u0131r: G\u00f6ller Y\u00f6resi (E\u011firdir, Burdur, Bey\u015fehir ve Ac\u0131g\u00f6l), G\u00fcney Marmara (Sapanca, \u0130znik, Ulubat, Ku\u015f G\u00f6lleri), Van G\u00f6l\u00fc ve \u00e7evresi, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc ve \u00e7evresi. T\u00fcrkiye’deki g\u00f6llerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n derinli\u011fi 30 m\u2019den fazlad\u0131r, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise sadece birka\u00e7 metre derinliktedir. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn derinli\u011fi 100 m\u2019den daha fazlad\u0131r. K\u00f6yce\u011fiz G\u00f6l\u00fc gibi denizle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olan g\u00f6ller az tuzludur. Do\u011fal g\u00f6ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 555 kadar baraj g\u00f6l\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczey alan\u0131; Atat\u00fcrk Baraj\u0131 817 km 2, Keban Baraj\u0131 675 km 2, Karakaya Baraj\u0131 268 km 2, Hirfanl\u0131 Baraj\u0131 263 km 2, Alt\u0131nkaya Baraj\u0131 118 km 2, Kurtbo\u011faz\u0131 Baraj\u0131 6 km 2 dir.
\n Bal\u0131kl\u0131g\u00f6l: (Aynzeliha Ve Halil-\u00dcr Rahman G\u00f6lleri ) Urfa \u015fehir merkezinin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve \u0130brahim Peygamberin ate\u015fe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer olarak bilinen bu iki g\u00f6l, kutsal bal\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00e7evrelerindeki tarihi eserler ile Urfa’n\u0131n en \u00e7ok ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7eken yerleridir. \u0130brahim Peygamber, devrin zalim h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Nemrut ve halk\u0131n\u0131n tapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 putlarla m\u00fccadele etmeye, tek tanr\u0131 fikrini savunmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, Nemrut taraf\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kalenin bulundu\u011fu tepeden ate\u015fe at\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada Allah taraf\u0131ndan ate\u015fe “Ey ate\u015f, \u0130brahim’e kar\u015f\u0131 serin ve selamet ol” emri verilir. Bu emir \u00fczerine, ate\u015f suya odunlar da bal\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Hz. \u0130brahim bir g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esinin i\u00e7ersine sa\u011f olarak d\u00fc\u015fer. Hz. \u0130brahim’in d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer Halil-\u00fcr Rahman g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Rivayete g\u00f6re Nemrut’un k\u0131z\u0131 Zeliha da \u0130brahim’e inand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kendisini onun pe\u015finden ate\u015fe atar. Zeliha’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde de Aynzeliha G\u00f6l\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Her iki g\u00f6ldeki bal\u0131klar halk taraf\u0131ndan kutsal kabul edilerek yenilmemekte ve korunmaktad\u0131r. Eski bir rivayete g\u00f6re, anadolu topraklar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fc i\u015fgal durumuna d\u00fc\u015ferse bu kutsal baliklar melek asker olup kurtulu\u015f sava\u015flara kat\u0131lacak deniliyor. Kutsal bal\u0131klara`da askerbal\u0131k deniliyor.
\n Bey\u015fehir g\u00f6l\u00fc : T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fc. \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’nun bat\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n, Bey\u015fehir, Seydi\u015fehir aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 651 km2, uzunlu\u011fu 45 km, en geni\u015f yeri 25 kilometredir. Sular\u0131 tatl\u0131 olup, derinli\u011fi en \u00e7ok 10 m civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7evresi, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 2000 metreyi a\u015fan da\u011flarla \u00e7evrilidir. Deniz seviyesinden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ise 1115 metredir. Fazla gelen sular, yap\u0131lan bir kanalla do\u011frudan \u00c7ar\u015famba Suyuna verilir. Konya Ovas\u0131n\u0131n sulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in
\n G\u00f6l\u00fcn taban\u0131 neojen g\u00f6l tortular\u0131 ile doludur. G\u00f6l\u00fcn bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de i\u00e7inde pek\u00e7ok adan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131; \u0130\u011fdeli, Akburun, K\u0131zkulesi, Mada, Y\u0131lanl\u0131, K\u00fclbent adalar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6lde bol miktarda bal\u0131k vard\u0131r.
\n Marmara g\u00f6l\u00fc : Manisa’n\u0131n kazas\u0131 Salihli’nin kuzeyindeki bir g\u00f6l. G\u00f6l\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu saha \u00e7ukur olup, bat\u0131 ve kuzeyi tepelerle \u00e7evrilidir. Do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131 Gediz Ovas\u0131na, kuzeybat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 Akhisar Ovas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olup, buralardan al\u00fcvyon setleriyle ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durum, Marmara G\u00f6l\u00fcne set g\u00f6l\u00fc karakterini verir. Gediz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc havzas\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan g\u00f6l\u00fcn seviyesi, Gediz Ovas\u0131n\u0131n seviyesinden daha al\u00e7akt\u0131r. Derinli\u011fi az olan g\u00f6l\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 44,5 km\u00b2dir. Gediz Nehri ile Demrek Deresinden ve kuzeydeki Kum \u00c7ay\u0131ndan g\u00f6le kanallar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanallar bilhassa ilkbahar sonlar\u0131nda kabar\u0131k olan akarsular\u0131n sular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6le ta\u015f\u0131rlar. G\u00f6l kapal\u0131 bir \u00e7ukurda olup, sular\u0131 tuzludur.
\n Sultan sazl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Koordinatlar: 38\u00b0 20′ Kuzey, 35\u00b0 16′ Do\u011fu Y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc: 39.000 ha. Rak\u0131m: 1074 m.
\n Sultan sazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesinde Kayseri il s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde Develi, Yahyal\u0131 ve Ye\u015filhisar il\u00e7elerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7gen i\u00e7erisinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Alan\u0131n kuzeyi Erciyes da\u011f\u0131 (3916 m.), do\u011fusu Develi, Akp\u0131nar, \u00c7i\u00e7ekliyurt da\u011flar\u0131 (2074-2057 m.), G\u00fcneyi Toros silsilesine ba\u011fl\u0131 Alada\u011flar (ort 3373 m) ve Elmal\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 (2235 m.) ile Bat\u0131s\u0131 Kartalkaya (1958 m.) ve \u0130ncil da\u011flar\u0131yla (1759 m.) \u00e7evrilidir.
\n Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc: Co\u011frafi Koordinatlar\u0131: 38\u00b0 45′ Kuzey 33\u00b0 24’ Do\u011fu \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesinde, do\u011fudan K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak masifi, g\u00fcneyden Obruk, bat\u0131dan Cihanbeyli ve kuzeyden Haymana platolar\u0131yla \u00e7evrili \u00e7ukur alan\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusundaki en al\u00e7ak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin Van G\u00f6l\u00fcnden sonra ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130dari olarak Aksaray, Konya ve Ankara illeri s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indedir. Kapal\u0131 bir havzada yer alan g\u00f6l, jeolojik olarak tektonik k\u00f6kenlidir. B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fclkemizin en s\u0131\u011f g\u00f6llerinden biridir. Derinli\u011fi bir\u00e7ok yerde 0.5 metreyi dahi bulmaz. Suyun bol oldu\u011fu ilkbahar aylar\u0131nda g\u00f6l alan\u0131 164 200 hektara ula\u015f\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin en az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan yeri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in akarsu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok fakirdir. \u00d6nemli say\u0131labilecek akarsular\u0131, g\u00fcneyden g\u00f6le giren Ba\u011fl\u0131ca ve K\u0131rdelik sular\u0131, E\u015fmekaya kaynaklar\u0131 ve bat\u0131dan giren \u0130nsuyu ile do\u011fudan gelen Pe\u00e7enek suyudur. Ancak, bu sular\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131n kurur ve g\u00f6le ula\u015famaz. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 buharla\u015fman\u0131n da etkisiyle g\u00f6l\u00fcn tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 kurur. Kuruyan b\u00f6lgelerde 30 cm’yi bulan tuz tabakas\u0131 olu\u015fur. Sadece \u00fclkemizin de\u011fil d\u00fcnyan\u0131n da en tuzlu g\u00f6llerinden biridir. Suyun yo\u011funlu\u011fu 1.225 gr\/cm3’d\u00fcr. Tuz oran\u0131 ise %32’4’dir. G\u00f6lde, tuz konsantrasyonunun y\u00fcksekli\u011fi nedeniyle sucul bitkilere rastlanmaz. G\u00f6l \u00e7evresinde, ancak akarsu etkisinde kalan b\u00f6lgelerde tuza dayan\u0131kl\u0131, seyrek bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne rastlan\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin tuz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc buradan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Ku\u015f varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden T\u00fcrkiye’nin en zengin g\u00f6llerinden biridir. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f su alan\u0131 su ku\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131\u015flama alan\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ayr\u0131ca, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc civar\u0131nda, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc ile ekolojik olarak ili\u015fkili, Kulu G\u00f6l\u00fc, Samsam G\u00f6l\u00fc, Uyuz G\u00f6l\u00fc, Kozanl\u0131 Saz G\u00f6l\u00fc, Boluk G\u00f6l\u00fc, Tersakan G\u00f6l\u00fc, E\u015fmekaya G\u00f6l\u00fc ve Hirfanl\u0131 Baraj\u0131 gibi de\u011fi\u015fik karakterde irili ufakl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok sulak alan mevcuttur. Bu alanlar\u0131n birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ve de\u011fi\u015fik karakterde olu\u015fur; farkl\u0131 habitat istekleri olan de\u011fi\u015fik t\u00fcrde ve \u00e7ok zengin bir yaban hayat\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131nmas\u0131na, beslenmesine ve \u00fcremesine olanak sa\u011flayan e\u015fine az rastlan\u0131r de\u011ferde sulak alanlar kompleksi olu\u015fturmakta, bu durum g\u00f6l\u00fcn \u00f6nemini daha da art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
G\u00f6l ve \u00e7evresinde, tuzlu ortamlara uyum sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan Flamingo, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7gaga, Ang\u0131t ve benzeri ku\u015flar\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, ya\u011fmurcunlar, turnalar, yaban kazlar\u0131 ve yaban \u00f6rdekleri g\u00f6lde b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar olu\u015fturmakta, g\u00f6l \u00e7evresinin nisbeten \u0131ss\u0131z olu\u015fu nedeniyle, etraftaki su birikintilerinde, mer’alarda ve ekili alanlarda rahat\u00e7a beslenmekte, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n en so\u011fuk g\u00fcnlerinde dahi donmayan g\u00f6l sular\u0131nda y\u00fczebilmektedirler. \u0130lkbaharda g\u00f6l i\u00e7inde olu\u015fan adalar batakl\u0131klar batakl\u0131k k\u0131rlang\u0131c\u0131, suna, ang\u0131t, \u00e7amurcun, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7gaga, kocag\u00f6z ve mart\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin kulu\u00e7ka yapmalar\u0131na imkan sa\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc, flamingolar\u0131n \u00fclkemizdeki en \u00f6nemli kulu\u00e7ka alan\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6l\u00fcn orta kesimlerinde herbiri 5-6 bin yuvadan olu\u015fan dev kulu\u00e7ka kolonileri bulunmaktad\u0131r
\n Van G\u00f6l\u00fc: Y\u00f6resel ad\u0131yla halk taraf\u0131ndan Van Denizi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, Tatvan il\u00e7esi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan Nemrut volkanik da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n patlamas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan kraterde biriken sular\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan volkanik bir g\u00f6ld\u00fcr. \u00c7ok say\u0131da koyu bulunan Van G\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 3.713 km\u00b2’dir. Suyu sodal\u0131 ve tuzludur. Denizden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 1 646 m., \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilinmi\u015f derinli\u011fi 457 metreyi a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6l\u00fcn do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00f6rt ada vard\u0131r. Bunlar; Akdamar, \u00c7arpanak, Ad\u0131r ve Ku\u015f adalar\u0131d\u0131r. Adalar tarihi ve turistik \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir. G\u00f6l \u00fczerinde feribotlarla Tatvan-Van demiryolu ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flanmakta; ayn\u0131 zamanda bu demiryolu, \u0130stanbul-Tahran demiryolu hatlar\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sodal\u0131 g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00f6l etraf\u0131 karadan 430 km.’dir. G\u00f6l tuzlu ve sodal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sadece inci kefal\u0131 bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Van G\u00f6l\u00fcne mahsus olan bu bal\u0131k y\u00f6renin en b\u00fcy\u00fck besin kaynaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Y\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6l\u00fcn derinliklerinde ya\u015far. \u0130lkbahar aylar\u0131nda yumurtlamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6le d\u00f6k\u00fclen dere a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131na ak\u0131n ederler. Dere a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda yakalanan bal\u0131klar il merkezi ve il\u00e7elerde sat\u0131l\u0131r. Halk bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda t\u00fcketmek i\u00e7in kurutur. Van G\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn kirlenmesi ve bilin\u00e7siz avlanma bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n neslinin azalmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim birimleri (Van’dan ba\u015flayarak saat y\u00f6n\u00fcnde): Van \u0130li, Edremit, Geva\u015f, Tatvan, Ahlat, Adilcevaz, Erci\u015f, Muradiye<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N H\u0130DROGRAFYASI (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Yer \u00dcst\u00fc ve Yer Alt\u0131 Sular\u0131) YERALTI SULARININ DA\u011eILI\u015eI VE KULLANIM B\u0130\u00c7\u0130MLER\u0130 Atmosferden yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (ya\u011fmur, kar, buzullar\u0131n erimesi), y\u00fczeysel ak\u0131\u015f ile yer \u00fcst\u00fc sular\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirirken geri kalan\u0131 uygun ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda yeralt\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Bu sular yerin derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na s\u0131zarak, alt k\u0131sm\u0131 ge\u00e7irimsiz kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu zonun \u00fczerindeki ge\u00e7irimli kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[2796,3980,10631,10262,10630,10632,3284,2953,10629,10634,10628,10633],"class_list":["post-4973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-atmosfer","tag-buyuk-menderes-nehri","tag-ceyhan-nehri","tag-cine-cayi","tag-dicle-nehri","tag-gediz-nehri","tag-goksu","tag-ic-anadolu-bolgesi","tag-maden-sulari","tag-sultan-sazligi","tag-turkiyenin-yer-ustu-ve-yer-alti-sulari","tag-yesilirmak-nehri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4973","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4973"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4973\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4973"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4973"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4973"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}