AKARSULARDA A\u015eINDIRMA
\n \u2022 Kimyasal a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsuyun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerdeki kolay eriyebilen kayalar\u0131 eriterek beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Mekanik a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsular\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 daha \u00e7ok mekanik yolla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n Mekanik A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmada Etkili Olan Fakt\u00f6rler
\n \u2022 Akarsu yatak e\u011fiminin ve ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131,
\n \u2022 Akarsuyun ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131,
\n \u2022 Akarsuyun y\u00fck miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131,
\n \u2022 Akarsuyu yata\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn c\u0131l\u0131z olmas\u0131,
\n \u2022 Akarsu yata\u011f\u0131ndaki kayalar\u0131n kolay a\u015f\u0131nabilir olmas\u0131 mekanik a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmay\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n *Akarsular a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma faaliyetini daha \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131zdan kayna\u011fa do\u011fru geri a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.
\n *Denize d\u00f6k\u00fclen bir akarsu yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en son deniz seviyesine kadar a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Buna taban seviyesi (genel kaide seviyesi) denir. G\u00f6le d\u00f6k\u00fclen akarsu da yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en son g\u00f6l seviyesine kadar yapar. Buna da yerel kaide seviyesi denir.
\n Denge Profili: Akarsular\u0131n yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zdan kayna\u011fa do\u011fru geri a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak d\u00fczle\u015ftirmesiyle olu\u015fan i\u00e7 b\u00fckey e\u011friye denir. T\u00fcrkiye akarsular\u0131 denge profiline ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sebebi : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yer \u015fekillerinin yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Denge Profiline Kavu\u015fan Akarsuyun \u00d6zellikleri
\n Yatak e\u011fimi azd\u0131r.
\n Ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 ve enerji potansiyeli azd\u0131r.
\n A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa elveri\u015flidir. <\/p>\n
A\u015eINDIRMA \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130
\n VAD\u0130
\n Akarsular\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak i\u00e7inde akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 , s\u00fcrekli ini\u015fi olan yata\u011f\u0131na denir.
\n Vadi Tipleri
\n \u00c7ENT\u0130K VAD\u0130 (“V” B\u0130\u00c7\u0130ML\u0130)<\/p>\n
Akarsu yatak e\u011fiminin fazla oldu\u011fu alanlarda derine a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n etkisiyle olu\u015furlar. T\u00fcrkiye’de en fazla g\u00f6r\u00fclen vadi \u015feklidir.
\n BO\u011eAZ (YARMA)VAD\u0130<\/p>\n
Akarsular taraf\u0131ndan da\u011flar\u0131n enine yar\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan ve profilleri \u201cu\u201d harfine benzeyen vadilerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en fazla Karadeniz ve Akdeniz B\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u0131y\u0131 ile i\u00e7 kesim aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7it yollar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n KANYON VAD\u0130
\n Daha \u00e7ok karstik arazilerde olu\u015fan derin ve dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 vadilerdir. Bo\u011faz vadilere benzerler. \u00d6r: G\u00f6ksu vadisi ve K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc kanyonu. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kanyonu A.B.D\u2019de Colorado( B\u00fcy\u00fck Kanyon) kanyonudur.<\/p>\n
TABANLI VAD\u0130<\/p>\n
Akarsu yatak e\u011fiminin az oldu\u011fu alanlarda yana a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n etkisiyle olu\u015fur.\u00d6r: Ege B\u00f6lgesi akarsu vadilerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.
\n MENDERES (B\u00dcKL\u00dcM)
\n Akarsu yatak e\u011fiminin az oldu\u011fu alanlarda , akarsuyun b\u00fckl\u00fcmler yaparak akmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015furlar.
\n Menderesler olu\u015fturan bir akarsuyun \u00f6zellikleri
\n Yatak e\u011fimi azd\u0131r.
\n Ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Akarsuyun uzunlu\u011fu artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n S\u0131k s\u0131k yatak de\u011fi\u015ftirir.
\n Hem a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma, hem de biriktirme yapar.
\n *Akarsularda menderes olay\u0131 en fazla Ege B\u00f6lgesi’nde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
PER\u0130BACALARI <\/p>\n
Volkanik arazilerde ( kal\u0131n t\u00fcfl\u00fc arazilerde) sel a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. Kal\u0131n t\u00fcf \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7indeki kayalar, y\u00fczeyi kaplayarak akan sel sular\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisine kar\u015f\u0131 altlar\u0131ndaki tabakalar\u0131 korurlar. Zamanla \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re a\u015f\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f yer \u015fekilleri olu\u015fur. Bunlara peribacalar\u0131 denir. \u00d6r: En yayg\u0131n olarak \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi’nde , Orta K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Nev\u015fehir (\u00dcrg\u00fcp, G\u00f6reme, Avanos) \u00e7evresinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Peribacalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n etkisi dolayl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KIRGIBAYIR(Badlan K\u00f6t\u00fc arazi) <\/p>\n
E\u011fimin fazla , bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn seyrek oldu\u011fu milli, t\u00fcfl\u00fc arazilerde sel sular\u0131n\u0131n araziyi \u00e7ok s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde yarmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan yer \u015fekilleridir. En fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr arazilerde tar\u0131m yapma imkan\u0131 yoktur.
\n DEV KAZANI
\n Akarsular\u0131n \u015felale \u015feklinde akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde, sular\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fme alan\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ile olu\u015fan \u00e7ukurluklara denir. \u00d6r: Manavgat, Kur\u015funlu, D\u00fcden \u015felalelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.
\n PENEPLEN (Yontuk d\u00fcz)
\n Yer \u015fekillerinin deniz seviyesine kadar a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hafif dalgal\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ova ve platolar\u0131n y\u00fcksekte kalmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi: III. zaman sonlar\u0131nda peneplen haline gelen yerlerin tekrar y\u00fckselmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n PLATO
\n Akarsular taraf\u0131ndan derince yar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcksek d\u00fczl\u00fcklere denir. En fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: Haymana, Cihanbeyli, Obruk, Bozok, Uzun yayla.
\n Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi: Ta\u015feli ve Teke platolar\u0131 (Karstik arazi \u00fczerinde olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.)
\n G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: G. Antep ve \u015e.Urfa platolar\u0131
\n Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: Erzurum-Kars platolar\u0131 (Volkanik arazi \u00fczerinde olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.)
\n Ege B\u00f6lgesi:Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaya platosu (bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi’nde yer al\u0131r.)
\n Marmara B\u00f6lgesi: \u00c7atalca-Kocaeli Platolar
\n A\u015eINIM \u0130ZLER\u0130
\n 1. Toprak renginin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve dalgal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131.
\n 2. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcndeki zay\u0131flamalar bo\u015fluklar.
\n 3. Pulluk izini and\u0131ran a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma izleri.
\n 4. Keskin kenarl\u0131 yar\u0131nt\u0131lar.
\n 5. Etek ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 derelerde kum \u00e7ak\u0131l ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131.
\n 6. G\u00f6let, g\u00f6l ve baraj gibi su toplama rezervuarlar\u0131n\u0131n kil, mil ve molozla dolu olmas\u0131.
\n 7. Akan sular\u0131n bulan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vs.<\/p>\n
\u00dcLKEM\u0130ZDE A\u015eINIM<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizin her b\u00f6lgesi de\u011fi\u015fik derecelerde su a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 etkisindedir. R\u00fczgar a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ise genellikle Orta Anadolu’nun g\u00fcney kesimlerinde, I\u011fd\u0131r’da, Menemen’de ve baz\u0131 kumlu k\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerinde yer yer etkilidir. Yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00fclkemiz kara y\u00fczeyinin % 85’i ile i\u015flenen tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n % 73’\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011fun erozyon tehdidi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durum b\u00f6yleyken s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tar\u0131ma uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde VI. ve VII. S\u0131n\u0131f 6 milyon hektar alan i\u015flemeli tar\u0131m arazisi olarak yetene\u011fine uygun olmayan \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu alanlar\u0131n orman, \u00e7ay\u0131r -mera gibi s\u00fcrekli \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekir. Keza ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7ay\u0131r, otlak, orman, \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131k gibi \u00f6rt\u00fcyle kapl\u0131 i\u015flemeli tar\u0131ma uygun I., II., III. ve IV s\u0131n\u0131f araziler de vard\u0131r. Demek ki arazileri yetene\u011fine uygun kullanma da koruma \u00f6nlemleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Bu gidi\u015fle topraklar\u0131m\u0131z gittik\u00e7e verimsizle\u015fecek, ekilebilen tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131m\u0131z, otlat\u0131lacak meralar\u0131m\u0131z daralacak ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fclkeye yeterli olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SU TOPLAMA HAVZALARINDA EROZYON VE SED\u0130MANTASYON SORUNU<\/p>\n
Havza: K\u0131sa bir tabirle da\u011f ve tepelerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f sular\u0131 ayn\u0131 denize, g\u00f6le, g\u00f6lete veya baraja akan kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan erozyon yarat\u0131c\u0131 etkilerden dolay\u0131, \u00f6zellikle yo\u011fun ya\u011f\u0131\u015flardan sonra topra\u011fa s\u0131zamayan su y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Arazinin \u00e7\u0131plak olmas\u0131, e\u011fim, bilin\u00e7siz insan faaliyetleri vb fakt\u00f6rler de buna eklenince su debisi kontrols\u00fcz olarak artar. Bu arada s\u00fcr\u00fckleme g\u00fcc\u00fc de kazanarak kum kil mil ta\u015f gibi materyali de beraberlerinde ta\u015f\u0131yarak havza sular\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deniz, g\u00f6l, g\u00f6let ve barajlara ta\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda; \u00c7ubuk-1 baraj\u0131n\u0131n 54 y\u0131lda % 70; Seyhan baraj\u0131n\u0131n 37 y\u0131lda % 40; Kartalkaya baraj\u0131n\u0131n 25 y\u0131lda % 30; Alt\u0131napa g\u00f6letinin 18 y\u0131lda % 30 ve \u00f6rne\u011fimizdeki G\u00fcven\u00e7 g\u00f6letinin su toplama rezervuar\u0131n\u0131n 8 y\u0131lda % 30 oran\u0131nda doldu\u011fu yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca elimizde net bir veri olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Keban baraj\u0131 g\u00f6l\u00fc hacminin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sedimantasyonla doldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Binlerce y\u0131lda meydana gelen tar\u0131m\u0131n, ya\u015fam\u0131n altyap\u0131s\u0131 her \u015feyi topraklar\u0131m\u0131z erozyonla yerinden olmakta akarsularla ya yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmakta ya da deniz g\u00f6l, g\u00f6let ve barajlara akmaktad\u0131r. Barajlar ki \u00f6zellikle GAP’\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bunun m\u00fchendislerimizin 200 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir r\u00fcyas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu r\u00fcya ki bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi ve manevi bir bedel \u00f6dememiz pahas\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ama gelin g\u00f6r\u00fcn ki bu tesisler erozyon ve bunun neticesi sediment ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda dolarak i\u015flev g\u00f6remez hale gelmektedir. \u00dclkemizde y\u0131ll\u0131k erozyon sonucu ta\u015f\u0131nan 500 milyon m3’l\u00fck sedimentin 108 milyon m3′ \u00fcn\u00fcn GAP b\u00f6lgesindeki barajlara akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir \u00fclkenin g\u00f6let ya da baraj yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in maddi imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla olmas\u0131 bile tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir anlam ifade etmemektedir. Bu t\u00fcr bir tesis i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle depolamaya uygun topo\u011frafik yap\u0131, jeolojik y\u00f6nden ge\u00e7irimsiz zemini elveri\u015fli iklim y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeterli havzaya sahip yerlerin olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. E\u011fer bug\u00fcn mevcut rezervuarlar\u0131m\u0131z dolarsa 50 -100 y\u0131l sonra 10’larca baraj\u0131 yapabilecek maddi imkana sahip olmam\u0131z\u0131n pek fazla anlam\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. Baraj g\u00f6let yapacak topo\u011frafya bulamayaca\u011f\u0131z. Yani kurakl\u0131k bir afet, ama bilin\u00e7siz arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar sonucu meydana gelen erozyonla topraklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ak\u0131p gitmesi su rezervuarlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dolmas\u0131 da ayr\u0131 bir afet… Yani baraj ve g\u00f6let yap\u0131m\u0131n bundan b\u00f6yle havza koruma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden di\u011fer yap\u0131m fakt\u00f6rleriyle birlikte ciddi olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, havza koruma y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sorun arz eden yerlerde bu t\u00fcr in\u015faatlar\u0131n havza koruma \u00f6nlemleri al\u0131n\u0131ncaya kadar ertelenmesi do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fekli olacakt\u0131r. Demek ki havza \u0131slah\u0131 havza sular\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile paralel g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gereken bir konudur.<\/p>\n
A\u015eINIMIN \u00d6NLENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
\u00c7are : \u00d6ncelikle tar\u0131m arazisi olsun, mera olsun, orman olsun her arazi yetene\u011fine uygun kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok dik sarp, e\u011fimli araziler mera veya orman \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha d\u00fcz ve d\u00fcze yak\u0131n meyilli arazilerde kontur s\u00fcr\u00fcm ve e\u011fime dik \u015feritsel ekim \u015feklinde tekni\u011fine uygun tar\u0131m yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca toprak \u00fczerinde kalan an\u0131z ve organik bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kesinlikle yak\u0131lmamal\u0131 hafif\u00e7e topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak y\u00fczeyde b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde toprak gev\u015fek yap\u0131s\u0131yla suyu emer hem de toprak erozyonu etkili \u015fekilde engellenir. Bu t\u00fcr yerlerde \u00e7apa bitkileri mutlaka m\u00fcnavebeyle ekilmelidir. Meralarda otlatma y\u0131l i\u00e7inde belirli s\u00fcrelerde planl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lmal\u0131 ot \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli bir y\u00fcksekli\u011fin alt\u0131na inmesine izin verilmemeli ayr\u0131ca mera \u0131slah\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n
Sekileme <\/p>\n
\u0130\u015flemeli tar\u0131m alt\u0131ndaki orta e\u011fimli araziler basamaklar halinde sekilenerek, y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla toprak ve su kayb\u0131 \u00f6nlenir. Sekiler,<\/p>\n
a) Tarla sekileri,
\n b) Basamak sekiler,
\n c) Hendek sekiler,
\n d) Cep sekiler gibi de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
E\u015fik ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcler<\/p>\n
Yar\u0131nt\u0131 ve derelerin \u00f6n\u00fc ta\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131 , beton, betonarme, kargir e\u015fik ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile kesilerek dere meyli de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek suyun ak\u0131\u015f enerjisinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yla yatak a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenebilir. Burada \u00f6ncelikle \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerimizin hemen mahallinden kolayca temin edebilece\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7 kaz\u0131klarla bo\u015f zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek bu t\u00fcr e\u015fikleri in\u015fa etmesi pratik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fekli
\n olacakt\u0131r
\n . <\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyada da yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan yeni bir teknik olarak Gabyoni (Fild\u00f6fer) kafeslerle havza koruma yap\u0131lar\u0131 in\u015fa edilmektedir. Burada \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye kar\u015f\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f galvaniz kapl\u0131 yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik teller, \u00f6zel makinelerle alt\u0131gen g\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00e7ift b\u00fck\u00fcm olarak \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp dikd\u00f6rtgen kafes olarak yap\u0131lmakta, bunlar yanyana ve \u00fcst\u00fcste konarak beton ya da kargir benzeri yap\u0131lar elde edilmektedir. Fild\u00f6fer kafeslerle yap\u0131lan in\u015faatlar beton yap\u0131lara k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a esnek bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle dere zeminlerindeki oyulma, oturma ve \u00e7\u00f6kmelerde beton gibi rijit bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in esnemekte , ayr\u0131ca i\u00e7i ta\u015fla dolu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in aralar\u0131 do\u011fal malzemeler olan mil, silt, bitki ile dolarak do\u011fal olarak ye\u015fermekte tabiatla ve tam bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Ta\u015flar\u0131n aras\u0131na dolan mil ve silt y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kumta\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek yap\u0131ya sonsuza kadar dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda bu tip yap\u0131lar rekreasyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak da \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sa\u011flamakla, yarar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Toprak : Kayalar\u0131n ve canl\u0131 art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan, i\u00e7inde mikroorganizmalar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran canl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 ve \u00fczerinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcretim ve faaliyetin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan, ancak \u00fcretiminde hi\u00e7 kimsenin katk\u0131s\u0131 olmayan ya\u015fam\u0131n ve tabii ekolojinin olmazsa olmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Erozyon : Toprak zerrelerinin su, r\u00fczgar, yer\u00e7ekimi veya canl\u0131 hareketleri ile yerlerinden kopar\u0131l\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fka yerlerde y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Toprak ve suyun birlikteli\u011finin g\u00fczel evlad\u0131 bitki; ama toprak ana ne zaman evlad\u0131 olan bitkiden ayr\u0131 kalsa gariptir, art\u0131k k\u00fcst\u00fcr buralarda duramaz. \u0130lk imkanda yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ister, bu defa yer\u00e7ekiminin dayan\u0131lmaz cazibesine dayanamaz, al\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gider.<\/p>\n
Asl\u0131nda erozyon do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131n tabii bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal denge i\u00e7inde do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki bu a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kurulu\u015fundan beri vard\u0131r ve devam etmektedir. Yeni \u00fcst toprak olu\u015fumunu da sa\u011flayan bu olay do\u011fal dengenin korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararl\u0131 olup, do\u011fal veya jeolojik erozyon olarak bilinir. \u00d6yle olmasayd\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Nil vadisi, Gediz, \u00c7ukurova, Aksu, \u00c7ar\u015famba, Bafra, Mezopotamya ovalar\u0131 var olur muydu?<\/p>\n
130 milyon km2 ‘yi kaplayan Avrasya, Afrika, Amerika ve Avustralya’da ortalama erozyonun km2 ‘ de 135 ton oldu\u011fu hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu miktar yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn her 22000 y\u0131lda 1m al\u00e7almas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eder. Bu gidi\u015fle k\u0131talar 20 milyon y\u0131ldan az bir s\u00fcre sonra deniz y\u00fczeyine inecek kadar a\u015f\u0131nacak demektir. Bu s\u00fcrede jeolojik zaman y\u00f6n\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa say\u0131l\u0131r. Burada sorunun as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131 insan etkisiyle yarat\u0131lan h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r. Do\u011fal \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f toprak i\u015fleme, ormanlar\u0131n kesilmesi, yak\u0131lmas\u0131, meralar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlat\u0131lmas\u0131, yok edilmesi insanlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca olumsuz etkiler olarak say\u0131labilir. A\u015f\u0131n\u0131m, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcce g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r; Su a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve r\u00fczgar a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
Su a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ya\u011fmurun ve toprak y\u00fczeyinden akan suyun neden oldu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r ve 6 t\u00fcrl\u00fc olur.<\/p>\n
Ya\u011fmur Damlas\u0131 A\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131: Damlalar toprak zerrelerini kopar\u0131r s\u0131\u00e7rat\u0131r.
\n Y\u00fczey A\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131: \u0130nce katlar halinde b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fczeyin a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Parmak (Oluk) A\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131: E\u011fim a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 akan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ak\u0131\u015flar topra\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak, pulluk gibi izler a\u00e7ar.
\n Yatak ve K\u0131y\u0131 A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131: Sulu ve kuru derelerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131r.
\n Kaymalar: Derin toprak k\u00fctlelerinin e\u011fim a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kaymas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 topraklar\u0131n r\u00fczgarla savrularak uzaklara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle \u00e7ok kurak b\u00f6lgelerde olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnden kalkan kumullar\u0131n \u00fclkemizin g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerine ya\u011fmas\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla rastlanan bir durumdur. \u00dclkemizde Konya Karap\u0131nar ve I\u011fd\u0131r’da r\u00fczgar erozyonunun etkiledi\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 ha arazi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A\u015eINIM ETKENLER\u0130<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131n\u0131m bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, e\u011fim, iklim ve toprak etkenlerine g\u00f6re yava\u015f veya h\u0131zl\u0131 olabilir. Bu d\u00f6rt etken do\u011fal olarak bir anla\u015fma ve dengele\u015fim i\u00e7indedir. Belirli iklim ve toprak ko\u015fullar\u0131nda toprak i\u00e7inde ve \u00fczerinde bir bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fur. Bu \u00f6rt\u00fc topra\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131n\u0131mdan korur. Fakat insan ve hayvanlar\u0131n ortama gelmesiyle bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc yakma, a\u00e7ma, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlatma gibi etkilerle yok olur ve a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m h\u0131zlan\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6rt etkeni k\u0131saca incelersek;<\/p>\n
1. Bitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc: Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutarak y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 keserek veya azaltarak k\u00f6kleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla topra\u011f\u0131n porozitesini art\u0131rarak, terleme yoluyla su kaybederek, topraktaki su miktar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak, topra\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engeller.
\n 2. E\u011fim: Dik ve uzun e\u011fimlerde daha \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m olur.
\n 3. \u0130klim: Kurakl\u0131k, r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n mevsim da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 itibariyle dengesiz oldu\u011fu hallerde daha \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m olur.
\n 4. Toprak: Topra\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcnyesi, yap\u0131s\u0131, derinli\u011fi, ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi, humuslulu\u011fu gibi \u00f6zellikleri a\u015f\u0131n\u0131mda etkilidir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
AKARSULARDA A\u015eINDIRMA \u2022 Kimyasal a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsuyun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerdeki kolay eriyebilen kayalar\u0131 eriterek beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r. \u2022 Mekanik a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsular\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 daha \u00e7ok mekanik yolla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Mekanik A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmada Etkili Olan Fakt\u00f6rler \u2022 Akarsu yatak e\u011fiminin ve ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131, \u2022 Akarsuyun ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, \u2022 Akarsuyun y\u00fck miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131, \u2022 Akarsuyu yata\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki bitki …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10703,10170,2919,3847,3884,3289],"class_list":["post-5052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-akarsularin-asindirma-sekilleri","tag-denge-profili","tag-ege-bolgesi","tag-erozyon","tag-havza","tag-kimyasal-asindirma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5052","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5052"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5052\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5052"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5052"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5052"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}