Yeryuvarla\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e k\u00fcrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlara geosfer ad\u0131 verilir. Geosferlerin yo\u011funluklar\u0131 ve bile\u015fimleri birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A. YERKABU\u011eU
\n Litosfer ya da ta\u015fk\u00fcre olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin en hafif ve en ince tabakas\u0131d\u0131r. Yer zamanla y\u00fczeyden itibaren so\u011fuyarak d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir kabuk olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan bu kabuk, sert ve ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlardaki s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruyucu bir \u00f6zelliktedir.
\n Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden itibaren ortalama 33 km derinli\u011fe kadar uzan\u0131r. Yerkabu\u011fu, bile\u015fimleri ve yo\u011funluklar\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131 iki tabakadan olu\u015fur. Yer kabu\u011fu S\u0130AL ( Silisyum – Al\u00fcminyum ) ve S\u0130MA ( Silisyum – Magnezyum ) olarak iki katman halinde s\u0131ralan\u0131r. Sialin yo\u011funlu\u011fu 2,7 gr\/Cm\u00b3 iken simada bu yo\u011funluk 2,9 gr\/ Cm\u00b3 t\u00fcr.
\n \u00d6zelli\u011fi:
\n – Ortalama kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 33 km.dir. Bu de\u011fer karalarda 80-90 km.ye kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda 7-10 km.ye kadar iner.
\n – Yer kabu\u011funda y\u00fczeyden derinliklere do\u011fru her 33 metre inildik\u00e7e s\u0131cakl\u0131k 1 \u00b0C artar. Bu de\u011fere jeotermal \u0131s\u0131 basama\u011f\u0131 denir.
\n – Derinlik artt\u0131k\u00e7a yo\u011funlukta artar, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bas\u0131n\u00e7ta artar.
\n – \u00dcst b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde k\u0131talar\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131 Sial katman\u0131 yer al\u0131rken bu katmanda silisyum ve al\u00fcminyum mineralleri yo\u011funluktad\u0131r.
\n – Alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle plastiki yap\u0131da, silisyum ve magnezyum minerallerinden yap\u0131l\u0131 sima katman\u0131 yer al\u0131r.
\n – Bu katmanda yo\u011funluk 2,7 \u2013 2,9 gr\/cm3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1. Granitik Kabuk (Sial)
\n Bile\u015fiminde silisyum ve al\u00fcminyum oldu\u011fundan bu ismi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu 2,7 \u2013 2,8 gr\/cm3 t\u00fcr. Kat\u0131 halde bulunur. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda az iken, k\u0131ta tabanlar\u0131nda fazlad\u0131r.
\n 2. Bazaltik Kabuk (Sima)
\n Bile\u015fiminde silisyum ve ma\u011fnezyum oldu\u011fundan bu ismi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu 3 gr\/cm3 dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sial\u2019in tersine okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda kal\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r, k\u0131ta tabanlar\u0131nda incelir. <\/p>\n
B. MANTO
\n Yer \u00e7ekirde\u011finin \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc durumunda oldu\u011fundan bu ad verilmi\u015ftir. Astenosfer ad\u0131 da verilir. Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 33 km ile 2900 km derinlikleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Yer kabu\u011funun (ta\u015f k\u00fcrenin) alt\u0131nda yer alan manto s\u0131cak ve ak\u0131\u015fkand\u0131r. \u00dcst ve alt manto olmak \u00fczere iki guruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Mantonun yo\u011funlu\u011fu 3,5 – 6 gr\/Cm\u00b3 , s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 1200 \u00b0C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu katman yer k\u00fcrenin hacminin %80 i olu\u015fturur. Yer kabu\u011fu bu katman \u00fczerinde levha ad\u0131 verilen par\u00e7alar halinde y\u00fczer durumdad\u0131r. Mantonun \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki maddeler plastik \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterir. S\u0131v\u0131 haldeki manto malzemesine ma\u011fma denir.
\n \u00d6zellikleri:
\n * Yer kabu\u011fu ile \u00e7ekirdek aras\u0131ndaki katmand\u0131r.
\n * Yerin derinli\u011fine do\u011fru 100 ila 2890 km aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.
\n * Yer hacminin %80\u2019ni olu\u015fturur.
\n * Krom, nikel, demir, silisyum ve magnezyum minerallerinden olu\u015fur.
\n * Yo\u011funluk ortalama 3,5-6 gr\/cm\u00b3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n * Ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k 1000 – 2000 \u02da C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00fcstten alta do\u011fru artar.
\n * S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve yo\u011funluktan dolay\u0131 Konveksiyonel ak\u0131nt\u0131lar olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
C. \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK. En kal\u0131n ve a\u011f\u0131r olan katmand\u0131r. Barisfer ad\u0131 da verilir. Mantonun alt\u0131ndan ba\u015flar ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n merkezine kadar uzan\u0131r. Yerin derinli\u011fine do\u011fru 2900 ila 6378 km aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 3478 kmdir. Demir – Nikel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan \u00e7ekirde\u011fin yo\u011funlu\u011fu 10 gr\/Cm\u00b3 ila 13,6 gr\/Cm\u00b3 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu 10 gr\/cm\u00b3 olan ve s\u0131v\u0131 halde bulunan \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131na d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ekirdek denir. Bunun alt\u0131nda, yo\u011funlu\u011fu 13,6 gr\/cm3 olan ve kat\u0131 halde bulunan i\u00e7 \u00e7ekirdek vard\u0131r. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n merkezinde s\u0131cakl\u0131k 4500 \u2013 5000 \u00b0C yi bulmaktad\u0131r.
\n \u00d6zellikleri;
\n – Olu\u015fum s\u0131ras\u0131nda demir, nikel gibi a\u011f\u0131r minerallerin derinlere inerek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7 katmand\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu katmana \u201cbarisfer\u201d (a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fcre) ad\u0131 verilir.
\n – En kal\u0131n yer katman\u0131d\u0131r.
\n – Yo\u011funlu\u011fu 10 \u2013 15 gr\/cm\u00b3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n – S\u0131cakl\u0131k 5000 \u02da C \u00fczerindedir. (6300 \u00b0C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.)
\n – \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ekirdek olmak \u00fczere iki katman halindedir. <\/p>\n
YERKABU\u011eUNU OLU\u015eTURAN TA\u015eLAR<\/p>\n
1. P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck (Ma\u011fmatik – Kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m) Ta\u015flar
\n \u0130\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar: Ma\u011fma, her zaman yery\u00fcz\u00fcne kadar \u00e7\u0131kamaz. Bazen yerkabu\u011funun belirli yerlerine sokularak kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. So\u011fuma yava\u015f oldu\u011fundan iri kristalli olurlar. Bu ta\u015flara \u00f6rnek olarak granit ve siyanit verilebilir.
\n D\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar: Ma\u011fman\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fur. So\u011fuma h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan kristalle\u015fme ya hi\u00e7 olmaz, ya da \u00e7ok az olur. Bu ta\u015flara \u00f6rnek olarak andezit ve bazalt verilebilir.<\/p>\n
2. Tortul (Sediment) Ta\u015flar
\n \u2022 Mekanik (klastik veya k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131) tortul ta\u015flar: Akarsular, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ve buzullar gibi d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 materyalleri ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ve \u00e7ukur alanlarda biriktirmesi sonucu olu\u015furlar. Kilta\u015f\u0131, kumta\u015f\u0131(Gre), buzulta\u015f\u0131 (moren) ve konglomera k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tortul ta\u015flardand\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Kimyasal tortul ta\u015flar: Sularda erimi\u015f halde bulunan maddelerin kimyasal yollarla \u00e7\u00f6kelmesi sonucunda olu\u015furlar. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131(kalker), traverten, kayatuzu, jips (al\u00e7\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131) ve dolomit kimyasal tortul ta\u015flardand\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Organik tortul ta\u015flar: Canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste birikerek kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015furlar. Turba, linyit, ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, antrasit ve mercan kalkerleri organik tortul ta\u015flardand\u0131r.
\n 3. Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m (Metamorfik) Ta\u015flar
\n P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ve tortul ta\u015flar\u0131n, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda kalarak de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011framas\u0131yla olu\u015furlar. Bu t\u00fcr ta\u015flar, eski \u00f6zelliklerini kaybederek yeni \u00f6zellikler kazan\u0131rlar. Mermer, killi \u015fist, kristalli \u015fist, gnays ve kuvars ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131n olan\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
KITALARIN SER\u00dcVEN\u0130
\n Yer kabu\u011fu \u00fcst mantoda, levhalar halinde y\u00fczer durumdad\u0131r. Mantonun alt k\u0131sm\u0131 ile \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k, yo\u011funluk ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 dikey y\u00f6nde hareketlilik olu\u015fur ki; bu harekete Konveksiyonel ak\u0131mlar denir. Bu ak\u0131mlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan kat\u0131 ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan kabuk par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n, levhalar\u0131n hareket etmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. Mantoda meydana gelen bu hareketlerden dolay\u0131 yer kabu\u011fu da hareket eder. Bu hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda levhalar birbirlerinden koparlar, birbirlerini s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131rlar veya birbirlerine \u00e7arparlar. Bunlar “uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran”, “yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran” ve “yanal s\u0131y\u0131ran” s\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilinen belli ba\u015fl\u0131 levhalar \u015funlard\u0131r: Pasifik, Afrika, Kuzey Amerika, G\u00fcney Amerika, Avrasya, Hindistan, Arabistan, Karayip, Kokos, Antartika, Nazka, Fiji ve Filipin levhalar\u0131….1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alfred Wegener’in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131talar\u0131n kaymas\u0131 teorisine g\u00f6re levha ad\u0131 verilen yap\u0131lar \u00fczerinde duran yer kabu\u011fu levha ile birlikte hareket eder. B\u00f6ylece i\u00e7 olaylar meydana gelir.
\n Derinlik artt\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artan yer i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu \u0131s\u0131 ak\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n \u0130\u00e7 kuvvetlerin ortaya koydu\u011fu ba\u015fl\u0131ca hareketler \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n a) Da\u011f Olu\u015fum Hareketleri ( Orojenez )
\n b) K\u0131ta Olu\u015fum Hareketleri ( Epirojenez )
\n c) Volkanik Hareketler ( Volkanizma )
\n d) Seizma Hareketleri ( Depremler<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yeryuvarla\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e k\u00fcrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlara geosfer ad\u0131 verilir. Geosferlerin yo\u011funluklar\u0131 ve bile\u015fimleri birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. A. YERKABU\u011eU Litosfer ya da ta\u015fk\u00fcre olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin en hafif ve en ince tabakas\u0131d\u0131r. Yer zamanla y\u00fczeyden itibaren so\u011fuyarak d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir kabuk olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Yer yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan bu kabuk, sert ve ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlardaki s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruyucu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10730,10729,10194,2961,4067,10350,10108,10727,10728],"class_list":["post-5070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-bazaltik-kabuk","tag-granitik-kabuk","tag-jeotermal-isi","tag-litosfer","tag-organik-tortul-taslar","tag-seizma-hareketleri","tag-volkanik-hareketler","tag-yerin-katlamlari-geosfer","tag-yeryuvarlagi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5070"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}