D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi’nin 9 gezegeninden biridir ve G\u00fcne\u015f’e olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 3. S\u0131rada bulunur. Co\u011frafya’n\u0131n as\u0131l konusunu olu\u015fturan D\u00fcnya’y\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n bilinmesi gerekir:
\n Eksen
\n Kutup Noktas\u0131
\n Ekvator
\n Paralel
\n Meridyen<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n \u015eekli :<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015eekli ve Boyutlar\u0131 :<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya, Kutup Noktalar\u0131’nda bas\u0131k, Ekvator’da \u015fi\u015fkindir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc bu \u015fekline geoid denir. Geoide en yak\u0131n geometrik \u015fekil elipsoiddir. Verilen boyutlar “Hayford Elipsoidi” ne aittir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n Boyutlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Ekvator yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 = 6.378,4 km
\n Kutuplar yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 = 6.356,9 km
\n Ekvator \u00e7evresi = 40.076,6 km
\n Kutuplar \u00e7evresi = 40.009,1 km
\n Pratikte bu uzunluklar yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Paralellerin \u00d6zellikleri :<\/p>\n
\u2022 Ekvator’a paralel uzan\u0131rlar
\n \u2022 \u00c7aplar\u0131 ve uzunluklar\u0131 Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru k\u0131sal\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru say\u0131s\u0131z paralel \u00e7izilebilir. Ancak de\u011ferlendirme kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birer derece aral\u0131klarla \u00e7izildikleri varsay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Paralellerin 90 tanesi Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de, 90 tanesi G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de bulunur.
\n \u2022 60. paraleller D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011finden dolay\u0131 Ekvator’un yar\u0131s\u0131 uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Birbirini izleyen 2 paralel aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k her yerde yakla\u015f\u0131k 111 km’dir. <\/p>\n
UYARI : D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n geoid \u015fekli nedeniyle 2 paralel aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru artar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ekvator ile 10 (kuzey-g\u00fcney) enlemleri aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k 110.596 m iken, 890-900 (kuzey-g\u00fcney) enlemleri aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k 110.700 m’dir. Ancak birbirini izleyen 2 paralel aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k pratikte 111 km olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel Paraleller<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 paralellerin yerleri, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak do\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar :
\n Ekvator
\n D\u00f6nenceler
\n Kutup Daireleri
\n Kutup Noktalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Ekvatorun \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
\u2022 En uzun paraleldir.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015fin \u00f6n\u00fcnden en h\u0131zl\u0131 ge\u00e7en noktalar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu paraleldir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 Ekvator’da yakla\u015f\u0131k 1670 km\/saat’tir.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 21 Mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de dik a\u00e7\u0131yla al\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Y\u0131l boyunca s\u0131cak oldu\u011fundan termik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Y\u00fckseltici hava hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri y\u0131l boyunca birbirine e\u015fit ve 12’\u015fer saattir. <\/p>\n
D\u00f6nencelerin \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yerleri, yer ekseninin e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirlenen D\u00f6nenceler, 23027′ Kuzey ve G\u00fcney paralelleridir.
\n \u2022 Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’dekine Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’dekine O\u011flak d\u00f6nencesi denir.
\n \u2022 Orta ku\u015fak ile Tropikal ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz zeminlere dik geldi\u011fi en son noktalard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 5. Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi 21 Haziran’da, O\u011flak D\u00f6nencesi 21 Aral\u0131k’ta G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile al\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Kutup Noktalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri <\/p>\n
\u2022 90. Kuzey ve G\u00fcney paralelleridir.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz zeminlere en dar a\u00e7\u0131yla geldi\u011fi yerlerdir.
\n \u2022 S\u00fcrekli so\u011fuk oldu\u011fundan kutuplar ve \u00e7evresinde y\u0131l boyunca termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.
\n \u2022 Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberinin 21 mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de te\u011fet ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerdir.
\n \u2022 Bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 6 ay s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcnd\u00fcz, 6 ay s\u00fcrekli gece ya\u015fan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00c7izgisel h\u0131z\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131r, yer\u00e7ekiminin en fazla oldu\u011fu yerlerdir. <\/p>\n
Kutup Dairelerinin \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yerleri, yer ekseninin e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirlenen Kutup Daireleri, 66033′ Kuzey ve G\u00fcney paralelleridir.
\n \u2022 Kutup ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ile Orta ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberinin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve 21 Haziran ile 21 Aral\u0131k’ta te\u011fet ge\u00e7ti\u011fi paralellerdir.
\n \u2022 21 Haziran’da Kuzey Kutup Dairesi’nde, 21 Aral\u0131k’ta G\u00fcney Kutup Dairesi’nde 24 saat g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ya\u015fan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Meridyenlerin \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir kutuptan di\u011ferine uzanan meridyenler de paraleller gibi say\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r. Ancak pratikte her 1 dereceden bir yay ge\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131larak, 360 tane olduklar\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\n \u2022 Birbirini izleyen 2 meridyen aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k Ekvator \u00fczerinde 111 km olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\n \u2022 Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 meridyeni olarak Londra yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Greenwich kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
\n \u2022 Bir meridyenin, kar\u015f\u0131t (anti) meridyeniyle aras\u0131nda 180 meridyen fark vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
UYARI : Meridyen yaylar\u0131 e\u015fit uzunluktad\u0131r. Aralar\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru azal\u0131r ve t\u00fcm meridyenle kutuplarda birle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Birbirini izleyen 2 meridyen aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k; Ekvator \u00fczerinde 111.322 m. (pratikte 111 km olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir, 45. (Kuzey – G\u00fcney) paralellerinde 78.850 m, 90. (Kuzey – G\u00fcney) paralellerinde ise 0 m’dir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015eekline Ba\u011fl\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
\u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n geoid \u015fekli nedeniyle, yer\u00e7ekimi Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru artar. D\u00fcnya, geoid de\u011fil de k\u00fcre \u015feklinde olsayd\u0131, yer\u00e7ekimi D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n her yerinde ayn\u0131 olurdu.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n geoid \u015fekli nedeniyle Ekvator di\u011fer paralellerden ve meridyenlerden daha uzundur. D\u00fcnya k\u00fcre \u015feklinde olsayd\u0131, Ekvator \u00e7evresi (kutuplar\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen iki meridyenin uzunlu\u011fu) birbirine e\u015fit olurdu.
\n \u2022 Ekvator \u00e7evresi =40.077 km
\n \u2022 Kutuplar \u00e7evresi=40.009 km
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle, ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru azal\u0131r. Ekvator \u00fczerindeki noktalar saatte 1666,6 km yol katederken, Kutup Noktalar\u0131’nda al\u0131nan yol s\u0131f\u0131r km oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, eksen \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 0 km\/saat’tir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle Kutup Noktalar\u0131’nda birle\u015fen meridyen yaylar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu birbirine e\u015fittir. Bir kutuptan di\u011ferine uzanan bir meridyen yay\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.005 km’dir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle meridyenler aras\u0131 uzakl\u0131k, Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru azal\u0131r ve meridyenler Kutup Noktalar\u0131’nda birle\u015firler.
\n \u2022 Birbirini izleyen iki meridyen aras\u0131 uzakl\u0131k Ekvator \u00fczerinde 111.322 m iken (pratikte bu uzunluk 111 km kabul edilmi\u015ftir), 45. paraleller \u00fczerinde 78.850 m, 90. paralellerde (Kutup Noktalar\u0131) 0 m’dir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle, paralellerin uzunlu\u011fu Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ekvator en uzun paraleldir. Kutuplarda ise paraleller nokta halini al\u0131r.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve karanl\u0131k yar\u0131k\u00fcreler olu\u015fur. B\u00f6ylece yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bir yar\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u00fczken, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131nda gece ya\u015fan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle 21 Mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 daral\u0131r. Bu tarihlerde Ekvator G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile al\u0131r. Bu nedenle yatay d\u00fczleme dik duran cisimlerin g\u00f6lgesi olu\u015fmaz. Kutuplara do\u011fru g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 darald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in cisimlerin g\u00f6lge boyu uzar.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca dik ve dike yak\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131 ile alan Ekvator’un g\u00fcne\u015ften ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi daha fazlad\u0131r. Kutuplara do\u011fru \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131 nedeniyle al\u0131nan \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi azal\u0131r.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle yerden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen alan geni\u015fler.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle termik bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131 olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
Termik Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015faklar\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle \u0131s\u0131nma ve so\u011fumaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara termik bas\u0131n\u00e7 denir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131, y\u0131l boyunca dik ve dike yak\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131larla alan Ekvator fazla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Is\u0131nan hava genle\u015ferek y\u00fckselir ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fer. Kutuplar, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 dar a\u00e7\u0131 ile ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan her zaman so\u011fuktur.So\u011fuk hava a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yere \u00e7\u00f6ker ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 y\u00fckselir.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle, Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Kuzey Kutbu’ndan Ekvator’a do\u011fru daral\u0131r. Bu nedenle 60. Kuzey paralelinde 60\u00b0 a\u00e7\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fclen Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 G\u00fcney Kutbu’nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle hep ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde hareketle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. 1519 y\u0131l\u0131nda Macellan taraf\u0131ndan, hep bat\u0131ya gidilerek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na var\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile \u0130spanya’n\u0131n Cadiz K\u00f6rfezi’ndeki Sancular Liman\u0131’nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve ayn\u0131 limanda 1522 y\u0131l\u0131nda son bulan D\u00fcnya seyahati ile bu sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Hareketleri<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketi (Eksen \u00c7evresindeki Hareketi)<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya, bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc 24 saatte tamamlar. Buna 1 G\u00fcne\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc denir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki hareketinin h\u0131z\u0131, 2 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ifade edilir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7izgisel H\u0131z <\/p>\n
Dairesel hareket yapan Yerk\u00fcre \u00fczerindeki bir noktan\u0131n birim zamanda eksen \u00fczerindeki yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgisel h\u0131z, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle Ekvator’da en fazlad\u0131r, kutuplara do\u011fru azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131sal H\u0131z<\/p>\n
Dairesel hareket yapan D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bir noktan\u0131n birim zamanda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.
\n D\u00fcnya, ekseni \u00e7evresindeki hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 4 dakikada 1 derecelik, 1 saatte 15 derecelik, 24 saatte 360 derecelik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapar.
\n A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki her noktada ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : D\u00fcnya kendi ekseni \u00e7evresinde,
\n 4 dakikada 10′ lik,
\n 1 saatte 150′ lik,
\n 24 saatte 360\u00b0’lik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapar.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bir noktaya G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve yatay d\u00fczleme dik duran cisimlerin g\u00f6lge boylar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn saatlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fle saatinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131yla gelir ve en k\u0131sa g\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fur.
\n \u2022 Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fczler birbirini izler.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle, r\u00fczgarlar esme y\u00f6nlerinden saparlar. Bu sapma, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de esme y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011f\u0131na, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de esme y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn soluna do\u011frudur.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle, okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinden sapar ve halkalar olu\u015ftururlar. Okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatan s\u00fcrekli r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Bu nedenle r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n esme y\u00f6nlerinden sapmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ak\u0131nt\u0131lar da y\u00f6nlerinden sapar. <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Y\u0131ll\u0131k Hareketi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya ekseni \u00e7evresinde hareket ederken ayn\u0131 zamanda saat ibresinin tersi y\u00f6nde, G\u00fcne\u015f’in \u00e7evresinde de d\u00f6ner. Bu hareketini elips bir y\u00f6r\u00fcngede 365 g\u00fcn 6 saatte tamamlar. Buna 1 G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 denir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, G\u00fcne\u015f’in \u00e7evresinde \u00e7izdi\u011fi y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemine ekliptik denir. Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u015feklinin elips olmas\u0131 nedeniyle D\u00fcnya y\u0131ll\u0131k hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda G\u00fcn\u00f6te – G\u00fcnberi konumuna gelir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00f6te (Aphel)<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n, G\u00fcne\u015f’ten en \u00e7ok uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00f6r\u00fcngede en yava\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya G\u00fcn\u00f6te konumuna 4 Temmuz’da gelir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnberi (Perihel)<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n, G\u00fcne\u015f’e en \u00e7ok yakla\u015f\u0131p, y\u00f6r\u00fcngede en h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya G\u00fcnberi konumuna 3 Ocak’ta gelir.<\/p>\n
Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u015eeklinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya G\u00fcne\u015f’in etraf\u0131nda elips bir y\u00f6r\u00fcngede d\u00f6ner. Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u015feklinin elips olmas\u0131 nedeniyle;
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngedeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f’e yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a artar, G\u00fcne\u015f’ten uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a azal\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sonbahar ekinosuna 2 g\u00fcn gecikme ile 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Her iki yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede mevsim s\u00fcreleri de\u011fi\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Mevsim S\u00fcreleri : Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u015fekli tam daire bi\u00e7iminde olsayd\u0131, D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngedeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez, her iki yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede mevsim s\u00fcreleri e\u015fit olurdu.
\n D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi nedeniyle Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ve G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ayn\u0131 anda birbirine g\u00f6re z\u0131t mevsim ya\u015fan\u0131r. Birinin yaz s\u00fcresi di\u011ferinin k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcresi olur. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngedeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f’e yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a artmas\u0131, uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de \u0130lkbahar ve yaz s\u00fcresi G\u00fcney yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de sonbahar ve k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcresi daha uzundur.<\/p>\n
Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemi (ekliptik) ile D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n Ekvator d\u00fczlemi \u00fcst \u00fcste \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmaz.
\n Aralar\u0131nda 23\u00b027′ l\u0131k bir a\u00e7\u0131 bulunur.
\n Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemi ile eksen aras\u0131nda ise 66\u00b033′ l\u0131k bir a\u00e7\u0131 olu\u015fur. Buna D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi denir.<\/p>\n
Ekliptik\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131lan d\u00fczleme Ekliptik veya Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge D\u00fczlemi denir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : D\u00fcnya ekseniyle, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemi aras\u0131nda 66\u00b033’l\u0131k,
\n Ekvator ile y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemi aras\u0131nda 23\u00b027′ l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n Bu a\u00e7\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olsayd\u0131, d\u00f6nence ve kutup dairelerinin enlem dereceleri de\u011fi\u015firdi.<\/p>\n
Eksen E\u011fikli\u011finin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 konumu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015fe Kar\u015f\u0131 Konumlar\u0131<\/p>\n
21 Mart – 23 Eyl\u00fcl Durumlar\u0131 (Ekinokslar)<\/p>\n
a) 21 Mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de Ekvator \u00fczerindeki noktalar yerel saat 12.00’de G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile al\u0131r.
\n b) b) Ekvator’da yatay d\u00fczleme dik duran cisimlerin yerel saat 12.00′ de g\u00f6lgesi olu\u015fmaz.
\n c) Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi, Kutup Noktalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er.
\n d) D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n her yerinde g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve gece s\u00fcresi birbirine e\u015fittir.
\n e) Ayn\u0131 meridyen \u00fczerinde yer alan t\u00fcm noktalarda G\u00fcne\u015f, yerel saatle ayn\u0131 anda do\u011far ve ayn\u0131 anda batar.
\n f) 21 Mart’tan sonra Kuzey Y.’de, 23 Eyl\u00fcl’den sonra da G\u00fcney Y.’ de g\u00fcnd\u00fczler gecelere g\u00f6re daha uzun olmaya ba\u015flar. <\/p>\n
21 Haziran Durumu (Solstisi)<\/p>\n
a) G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile yerel saat 12.00’de Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi’ne gelir.
\n b) Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi’nde yatay d\u00fczleme dik duran cisimlerin yerel saat 12.00’de g\u00f6lgesi
\n olu\u015fmaz.
\n c) Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi Kutup Dairelerine te\u011fet ge\u00e7er.
\n d) Bir noktadan kuzeye do\u011fru gidildi\u011finde gece s\u00fcresi uzamaya ba\u015flar.
\n e) Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de y\u0131l\u0131n en uzun g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fc, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ise y\u0131l\u0131n en uzun gecesi
\n ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bu tarihten itibaren Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de g\u00fcnd\u00fczler, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ise geceler
\n k\u0131salmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
21 Aral\u0131k Durumu (Solstisi)<\/p>\n
a) G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile yerel saat 12.00’de O\u011flak d\u00f6nencesi’ne gelir.
\n b) O\u011flak d\u00f6nencesi’nde yatay d\u00fczleme dik duran cisimlerin yerel saat 12.00’de g\u00f6lgesi olu\u015fmaz.
\n c) Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi Kutup Daireleri’ne te\u011fet ge\u00e7er.
\n d) Bir noktadan kuzeye do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcresi uzamaya ba\u015flar.
\n e) Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de y\u0131l\u0131n en uzun gecesi, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ise y\u0131l\u0131n en uzun g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fc
\n ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bu tarihten itibaren Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de geceler, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de g\u00fcnd\u00fczler
\n k\u0131salmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
UYARI : 21 Haziran’da Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi, 21 Aral\u0131k’ta O\u011flak d\u00f6nencesi, 21 Mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl’de Ekvator \u00fczerindeki noktalarda, cisimlerin saat 12.00’da olu\u015fan g\u00f6lgesi tam dibe d\u00fc\u015fer. Ekinokslarda, 450 enlemlerinde olu\u015fan g\u00f6lge boyu cismin boyuna e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : 21 Haziran’da,
\n – G\u00fcney Kutup Dairesi ile G\u00fcney Kutbu aras\u0131ndaki enlemlerde gece s\u00fcresi 24 saatten fazlad\u0131r.
\n – T\u00fcrkiye’de saat 12.00’de cisimlerin y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki en k\u0131sa g\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
UYARI : 21 Aral\u0131k’ta;
\n – Kuzey Kutup Dairesi ile Kuzey Kutbu aras\u0131ndaki enlemlerde gece s\u00fcresi 24 saatten fazlad\u0131r.
\n – T\u00fcrkiye’de yerel saat 12.00’de cisimlerin y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki en uzun g\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak D\u00f6nenceler ve Kutup Daireleri’nin yerleri belirlenir.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6nenceler
\n 23\u00b027′ Kuzeye paralelleridir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz zeminlere dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile geldi\u011fi en son yerlerdir.
\n Kutup Daireleri
\n 66\u00b033′ Kuzey ve G\u00fcney paralelleridir. Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberinin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi, 21 Haziran ve 21 Aral\u0131k tarihlerinde te\u011fet ge\u00e7ti\u011fi paralellerdir.<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak matematik iklim ku\u015faklar\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Matematik \u0130klim Ku\u015faklar\u0131 <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n 23\u00b027′ l\u0131k eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi dikkate al\u0131narak belirlenmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6nenceler aras\u0131nda kalan alan, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7inde iki kez dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile geldi\u011fi Tropikal Ku\u015fak’t\u0131r. D\u00f6nenceler ile Kutup Daireleri aras\u0131nda kalan alanlar, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7inde gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, bu nedenle 4 mevsimin belirgin olarak ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orta Ku\u015fak, Kutup Daireleri ile Kutup Noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kalan alanlar ise Kutup Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak mevsimler olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni 23\u00b027′ e\u011fik oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7inde gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131
\n olarak \u0131s\u0131tma miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n 21 Haziran’da Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de yaz mevsimi,
\n G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de tam tersine k\u0131\u015f mevsimi ba\u015flar.
\n 23 Eyl\u00fcl, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de sonbahar,
\n G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ilkbahar mevsiminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 21 Aral\u0131k’ta G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de yaz mevsimi, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de k\u0131\u015f mevsimi ba\u015flar.
\n 21 Mart’ta Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de ilkbahar, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de sonbahar mevsimi ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi nedeniyle bir noktaya G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve atmosferde tutulma miktar\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 21 Aral\u0131k’ta O\u011flak D\u00f6nencesi’ne dik gelir. Bu tarihte \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar Ankara’ya y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki en dar a\u00e7\u0131 (260) ile ula\u015f\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, atmosferde en uzun yolu ge\u00e7erek yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan tutulma oran\u0131 da en fazlad\u0131r.
\n 21 Haziran’da ise \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n Ankara’ya 73\u00b0 ile ula\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak atmosferde kat ettikleri yol ve atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan tutulma oran\u0131 en azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\uf076 Eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi nedeniyle G\u00fcne\u015f’in ufuk d\u00fczleminde \u00f6\u011fle vakti ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepe noktas\u0131n\u0131n yeri y\u0131l i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
\uf076 D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ayn\u0131 anda gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ya\u015fayan alanlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran s\u0131n\u0131ra ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi denir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi Kutup noktalar\u0131 ile Kutup Daireleri aras\u0131nda yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme soncunda gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri de\u011fi\u015fir, aralar\u0131ndaki fark Ekvator’dan kutuplara do\u011fru artar. Bu fark 21 Haziran ve 21 Aral\u0131k’ta en fazla olur.<\/p>\n
\uf076 Bir noktada G\u00fcne\u015f’\u00een do\u011fu\u015f ve bat\u0131\u015f saatleri y\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015fir. G\u00fcne\u015f, yaz aylar\u0131nda erken do\u011fup ge\u00e7 batarken k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda ge\u00e7 do\u011fup erken batar.
\n \u00d6rnek : 21 Haziran’da G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi’ne dik gelir. Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi Kutup Daireleri’ne te\u011fet ge\u00e7er. Bunun do\u011fal sonucu olarak Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre’de g\u00fcnd\u00fczler gecelere g\u00f6re uzundur.<\/p>\n
Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi Olmasayd\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni 23\u00b027′ e\u011fik olmasayd\u0131 eksen ile y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemi (ekliptik) aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131 90\u00b0 olurdu.
\n \u2022 Yerleri eksen e\u011fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirlenen D\u00f6nenceler, Kutup Daireleri ve Matematik \u0130klim Ku\u015faklar\u0131 olu\u015fmazd\u0131.
\n \u2022 I\u015f\u0131nlar y\u0131l boyunca Ekvator’a dik gelirdi.
\n \u2022 Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberi y\u0131l boyunca Kutup Noktalar\u0131’ndan ge\u00e7ece\u011fi i\u00e7in yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri s\u00fcrekli 12 \u015fer saat olurdu.
\n \u2022 D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bir nokta G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca ayn\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131 ile alaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mevsimler olu\u015fmazd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi Daha Fazla Olsayd\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni 23\u00b027′ dan daha fazla e\u011fik olsayd\u0131, D\u00f6nenceler ve Kutup Daireleri’nin yerleri de\u011fi\u015firdi.
\n Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak;
\n \u2022 Tropikal ku\u015fak ve Kutup ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fler, Orta ku\u015fak daral\u0131rd\u0131.
\n \u2022 Orta ku\u015fakta yazlar daha s\u0131cak, k\u0131\u015flar daha so\u011fuk ge\u00e7erdi.
\n \u2022 Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberinin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme alan\u0131 geni\u015fleyece\u011fi i\u00e7in gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri aras\u0131ndaki fark daha da artard\u0131. <\/p>\n
Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi Daha Az Olsayd\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekseni 23\u00b027′ dan daha aza e\u011fik olsayd\u0131, d\u00f6nencelerin ve kutup dairelerinin yerleri de\u011fi\u015firdi. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak;
\n \u2022 Tropikal ku\u015fak ve Kutup Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 daral\u0131r, Orta Ku\u015fak geni\u015flerdi.
\n \u2022 Orta Ku\u015fak’ta yazlar daha serin, k\u0131\u015flar daha \u0131l\u0131k ge\u00e7erdi.
\n \u2022 Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberinin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme alan\u0131 daralaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri aras\u0131ndaki fark daha da azal\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi Konum<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki herhangi bir alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yere, o alan\u0131n co\u011frafi konumu denir. Co\u011frafi konum, matematik konum ve \u00f6zel konum olarak iki \u015fekilde ifade edilir.<\/p>\n
Matematik Konum<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bir nokta veya alan\u0131n yerinin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in, o noktan\u0131n Ekvator’a ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 meridyenine olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7in enlem ve boylam kavramlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rnek : T\u00fcrkiye 36\u00b0 – 42\u00b0 Kuzey enlemleri,
\n 26\u00b0 – 45\u00b0 Do\u011fu boylamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel Konum<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bir yerin \u00e7evresine, denizlere, yer \u015fekillerine, anayollara, ge\u00e7itlere ve kom\u015fular\u0131na g\u00f6re konumudur.
\n \u00d6zel Konum;
\n \u0130klim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131,
\n Do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc,
\n Tar\u0131msal etkinlikleri,
\n N\u00fcfus ve yerle\u015fme bi\u00e7imini,
\n Ekonomik etkinlikleri,
\n Ula\u015f\u0131m olanaklar\u0131n\u0131,
\n Siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131y\u0131 etkiler.<\/p>\n
Enlem <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki herhangi bir noktan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 paraleli olan Ekvator’a uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131sal de\u011feridir.
\n Q a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, D noktas\u0131n\u0131n Ekvator’a olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131 cinsinden de\u011feridir ve D noktas\u0131n\u0131n enlem derecesini verir.
\n \u00d6rnek :
\n Q a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri 45 ise, D noktas\u0131n\u0131n enlem derecesi 45\u00b0 dir.<\/p>\n
Enlemin Etkileri<\/p>\n
Bir yerin enlemi,
\n G\u00fcne\u015f’in ufukta ula\u015fabilece\u011fi y\u00fckseklik
\n G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131,
\n G\u00f6lge boylar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fimi,
\n Gece – g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcrelerindeki de\u011fi\u015fim,
\n \u0130klim ko\u015fullar\u0131, hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir.
\n \u0130klim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak,
\n Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc,
\n Tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve hayvan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri,
\n Akarsu rejimleri,
\n Deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi,
\n N\u00fcfus ve yerle\u015fme \u00f6zelli\u011fi
\n Tar\u0131m\u0131n ve ormanlar\u0131n \u00fcst y\u00fckseklik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131,
\n Kal\u0131c\u0131 karlar\u0131n ba\u015flama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilebilir.<\/p>\n
Boylam<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki herhangi bir noktan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 meridyenine olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131sal de\u011feridir.
\n Q a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, D noktas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 meridyenine olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131 cinsinden de\u011feridir ve D noktas\u0131n\u0131n boylam derecesini verir.
\n \u00d6rnek : D noktas\u0131na ait Q a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri 30 derece ise,
\n D noktas\u0131n\u0131n boylam derecesi 30\u00b0 dir.<\/p>\n
Boylam\u0131n Etkileri<\/p>\n
Bir yerin boylam\u0131 ;
\n Yerel saatler,
\n Saat dilimleri,
\n Ayn\u0131 enlem \u00fczerindeki noktalarda G\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015f ve bat\u0131\u015f saatleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir.<\/p>\n
Yerel Saat : Bir noktada G\u00fcne\u015f’in g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki konumuna g\u00f6re belirlenen saate yerel saat denir. Ayn\u0131 boylam \u00fczerindeki noktalarda yerel saat ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Herhangi bir meridyenin G\u00fcne\u015fin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na geldi\u011fi an, meridyen \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm noktalarda yerel saat 12.00’dir.
\n G\u00fcne\u015f, do\u011fudaki bir noktada bat\u0131daki yerlere g\u00f6re daha \u00f6nce do\u011far ve daha \u00f6nce batar; bu nedenle yerel saat do\u011fudaki yerlerde daha ileridir.<\/p>\n
Yerel Saat Hesaplamalar\u0131nda \u0130zlenecek Yol<\/p>\n
\u2022 Meridyen fark\u0131 hesaplan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Meridyenler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 boylam\u0131na g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde ise \u00e7\u0131karma, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nde ise toplama i\u015flemi yap\u0131larak meridyen fark\u0131 bulunur.
\n \u2022 Zaman fark\u0131 hesaplan\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Birbirini izleyen iki meridyen aras\u0131ndaki zaman fark\u0131 4 dakikad\u0131r. Meridyen fark\u0131 ile 4 dakika \u00e7arp\u0131larak zaman fark\u0131 bulunur.
\n \u2022 Zaman fark\u0131 soruda verilen yerel saate eklenir veya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Do\u011fuda olan bir yerin yerel saati ileridir. Bu nedenle soruda verilen yerin yerel saati ileri ise zaman fark\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, yerel saati geri ise zaman fark\u0131 eklenir.
\n \u00d6rnek : 20. Do\u011fu meridyeni \u00fczerindeki A noktas\u0131nda yerel saat 21.00 iken,
\n B noktas\u0131n\u0131n yerel saati ka\u00e7t\u0131r? \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :
\n Meridyenler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 boylam\u0131na g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Meridyen fark\u0131 = 40 – 20 = 20 meridyen
\n Zaman fark\u0131 = 4 * 20 = 80 dakika ise 80 \/ 60 = 1 saat 20 dakika
\n B noktas\u0131 A noktas\u0131na g\u00f6re daha do\u011fuda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yerel saati ileridir.
\n B’nin yerel saati = 21.00 + 01.20 = 22.20 dir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015f’in Do\u011fu\u015f veya Bat\u0131\u015f Saatinin Bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir noktada G\u00fcne\u015f’in do\u011fu\u015f veya bat\u0131\u015f saati verildi\u011finde, ayn\u0131 paralel \u00fczerinde bulunan ba\u015fka bir noktada G\u00fcne\u015f’in do\u011fu\u015f veya bat\u0131\u015f saatini bulmak i\u00e7in,
\n \u2022 Aradaki zaman fark\u0131 bulunur.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f do\u011fudaki yerlerde daha erken do\u011fup batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, G\u00fcne\u015f’in do\u011fu\u015f ve bat\u0131\u015f saatinin soruldu\u011fu nokta do\u011fuda ise zaman fark\u0131 verilen saatten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Sorulan nokta bat\u0131da ise zaman fark\u0131 verilen saate eklenir. <\/p>\n
UYARI : Meridyenler, Greenwich’e (0\u00b0) g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nde ise, meridyen fark\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in toplama i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n UYARI : 21 Mart ve 23 Eyl\u00fcl tarihlerinde (ekinokslarda) bir yerdeki G\u00fcne\u015f’in do\u011fu\u015f veya bat\u0131\u015f saati verilirse, bir ba\u015fka yerdeki G\u00fcne\u015f’in do\u011fu\u015f veya bat\u0131\u015f saati bulunabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu tarihlerde gece – g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri e\u015fit oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in G\u00fcne\u015f do\u011fduktan 12 saat sonra batar ve batt\u0131ktan 12 saat sonra do\u011far.
\n Saat Dilimleri
\n D\u00fcnya 15 derecelik aral\u0131klarla 24 saat dilimine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her saat diliminin ortas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en meridyen o saat dilimini kullanan \u00fclkelerin ortak saat ayar meridyenidir. T\u00fcrkiye 2. Ve 3. Saat dilimlerinde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bir \u00fclkede birden \u00e7ok saat dilimi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00fclkenin do\u011fu – bat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda en az 2 saat dilimini kapsayacak kadar geni\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi’nin 9 gezegeninden biridir ve G\u00fcne\u015f’e olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 3. S\u0131rada bulunur. Co\u011frafya’n\u0131n as\u0131l konusunu olu\u015fturan D\u00fcnya’y\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n bilinmesi gerekir: Eksen Kutup Noktas\u0131 Ekvator Paralel Meridyen D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n \u015eekli : D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015eekli ve Boyutlar\u0131 : D\u00fcnya, Kutup Noktalar\u0131’nda bas\u0131k, Ekvator’da \u015fi\u015fkindir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc bu \u015fekline geoid denir. Geoide en yak\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10744,10693,4268,10535,10741,10537,3195,2887,2828,3109,10742,10743],"class_list":["post-5076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-acisal-hiz","tag-cografi-konum","tag-donenceler","tag-dunyanin-hareketleri","tag-dunyanin-sekli-ve-boyutlari","tag-dunyanin-yillik-hareketi","tag-eksen-egikligi","tag-ekvator","tag-gunes-sistemi","tag-meridyen","tag-paralellerin-ozellikleri","tag-termik-basinc-kusaklari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5076"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5076\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}