Islahat Ferman\u0131<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6kme d\u00f6neminde, devletin y\u0131k\u0131lmaktan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, siyasi kurulu\u015flar, ki\u015fi haklar\u0131, yeni kurumlar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 konular\u0131nd yap\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in Abd\u00fclmecid ve Abd\u00fclaziz zamanlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan fermanlard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
1839’da G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu, 1856 Islahat Ferman\u0131 ve 1860 Abd\u00fclaziz Ferman\u0131d\u0131r. Bu fermanlarla, devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn toplumsal ve ekonomik nedenleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan, baz\u0131 bat\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 devlete getirmekle devletin kurtar\u0131labilece\u011fi san\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat bu fermanlarla toplumdaki kurulu\u015f ve anlay\u0131\u015f ikileme d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u0130slam d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve bu anlay\u0131\u015fla kurulan kurulu\u015flarla birlikte bat\u0131 taklit\u00e7isi kurulu\u015flar t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Bu iki ayr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve kurulu\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda toplumun i\u00e7inde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6nleyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u0131slahat fermanlar\u0131, beklenen etkiyi g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131’n\u0131n ekonomik deste\u011fine, verece\u011fi bor\u00e7lara gerkesinim duyan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, bunlar\u0131 ancak bat\u0131 devletlerine \u00e7e\u015fitli imtiyazlar tan\u0131mak ko\u015fuluyla elde edebilmi\u015ftir. Bu imtiyazlar sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na giren yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve yat\u0131r\u0131m, sahip oldu\u011fu imkan ve g\u00fc\u00e7le yerli sanayii b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge bir devlet haline gelmi\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomiksi ve zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
Bu anlamda Islahat Fermanlar\u0131, d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekte toplumsal ve ekonomik hayat\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir.
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde mutlak monar\u015fiden anayasal\u0131 monar\u015fiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi belirleyen ve me\u015frutiyet re\u015fiminin temellerini atan anayasad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Rusya ile sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi s\u0131rada Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid tahta ge\u00e7ti (31 A\u011fustos 1876). \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlar\u0131n giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131rada Mehmed R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n sadrazaml\u0131ktan \u00e7ekilmesi \u00fczerine II. Abd\u00fclhamid, Mithad Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 bu makama getirmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
Mithad Pa\u015fa, Avrupa devletlerine verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirerek anayasal d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ilmesini savunuyor, uluslararas\u0131 konferans ve benzeri m\u00fcdahalelerin ancak bu yolla \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Padi\u015fah, Mithad Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Kan\u0131n-\u0131 Cedid” adl\u0131 anayasa tasla\u011f\u0131 yerine, Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131 \u00e7evirtip naz\u0131rlar\u0131na inceleterek ikinci bir taslak haz\u0131rlatt\u0131. Anayasay\u0131 haz\u0131rlamakla g\u00f6revli 28 ki\u015filik Cemiyet-i Mahsusa’n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi son taslak Heyet-i V\u00fckela’da (Bakanlar Kurulu) kesin bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131ktan sonra padi\u015fah\u0131n bir hatt-\u0131 h\u00fcmayunuyla kabul edildi (23 Aral\u0131k 1876). <\/p>\n
Temsili bir organdan yada meclisten de\u011fil, padi\u015fah\u0131n tek yanl\u0131 iradesinden kaynaklanan Kanun-i Esasi bu bak\u0131mdan bir ferman anayasas\u0131d\u0131r. Me\u015fruti bir rejim \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekle birlikte, teokratik Osmanl\u0131 monar\u015fisinin geleneksel ilke ve kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 anayasa h\u00fckm\u00fc haline getirmeye \u00f6ncelik verir. Saltanat hakk\u0131 Osmano\u011fullar\u0131 soyuna aittir ve umumun kefaleti alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Geleneksel yetkilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcren padi\u015fah hukuken sorumsuzdur. Devletin dini \u0130slam’d\u0131r; padi\u015fah ayn\u0131 zamanda halifedir ve \u015feriat kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulat\u0131r, yasalar din kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz, \u015feyh\u00fclislaml\u0131k makam\u0131 ve \u015feriye mahkemeleri anayasada \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ ve yetkilerini birbirinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ay\u0131rmayan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi sistemi y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin, \u00f6zellikle de padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesine dayal\u0131d\u0131r. Sadrazam\u0131, naz\u0131rlar\u0131 ve \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131 padi\u015fah se\u00e7erek atar; vekiller meclise de\u011fil padi\u015faha kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur. Ya\u015fama organ\u0131 say\u0131lan Meclis-i Umumi’nin toplant\u0131 d\u00f6neminin k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131na, uzat\u0131lmas\u0131na ya da se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesi kayd\u0131yla feshine karar vermeye padi\u015fah yetkilidir. Meclis-i Umumi’nin senato kanad\u0131 durumundaki Heyet-i Ayan’\u0131n \u00fcyelerini de padi\u015fah atar. <\/p>\n
Padi\u015fah\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fi kutsald\u0131r; i\u015flem ve eylemlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hukuki ya da cezai sorumluluk alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir; anayasaya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini etmesi bile \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemei\u015ftir. Heyet-i Ayan ve se\u00e7imle gelen Heyet-i Mebusan \u00fcyeleri anayasaya de\u011fil, padi\u015faha sadakat yemini ederek g\u00f6reve ba\u015flarlar. Heyet-i V\u00fckela’n\u0131n, kendi g\u00fcndemini belirlemesi ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 uygulatabilmesi i\u00e7in de padi\u015fah\u0131n izni ve onay\u0131 gerekir. Meclisler de ancak kendi alanlar\u0131na giren s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 konularda ve padi\u015fah\u0131n izniyle yasa \u00f6nerilebilir. Padi\u015fah\u0131n yasalar\u0131 veto etme yetkisi de vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca Heyet-i Ayan padi\u015fah\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Heyet-i V\u00fckela ile Heyet-i Mebusan aras\u0131nda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve Heyet-i Mebusan’\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde iki kez direnmesi durumunda da padi\u015fah alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde yeniden toplanmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla meclisi feshedebilir. Meclislerin toplant\u0131da olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde \u00fclke, yasa h\u00fckm\u00fcnde \u00f6zel kararlarla y\u00f6netilebilirdi.<\/p>\n
Kanun-\u0131 Esasi sistemi ger\u00e7ek bir me\u015frutiyet ya da anayasal d\u00fczen say\u0131lmaz. Anayasa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin somutla\u015fmas\u0131, yasama meclislerinin ve temsili sistemin olu\u015fmas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara kar\u015f\u0131 (\u00f6rn:113. maddeyle padi\u015faha tan\u0131nan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yetkisi) baz\u0131 hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin bir anayasal metinde yer almas\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvencelerini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik ilkelerin d\u00fczenlenmesi vb. noktalar Kanun-\u0131 Esasi’nin Osmanl\u0131 devlet d\u00fczenine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Kanun-\u0131 Esasi’nin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yasama organ\u0131 19 Mart 1877-16 \u015eubat 1878 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 aral\u0131klarla toplam be\u015f ay g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. Ama \u00f6zellikle ele\u015ftirici davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla tutucu \u00e7evrelerin ve padi\u015fah\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekti. Bunun \u00fczerine Rusya ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131 bahane eden II: Abd\u00fclhaid, Meclis-i Umumi’yi tatil etti ve bir daha toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmad\u0131 ve Kanun-\u0131 Esasi 1908’e kadar hukuken y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalmakla birlikte uygulamadan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
1908’de II. Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan\u0131 ile yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi ve 31 Mart Olay\u0131’ndan sonra yeni de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131 (22 A\u011fsutos 1909). Buna g\u00f6re 21 madde de\u011fi\u015ftirildi ve \u00fc\u00e7 yeni madde eklenerek ger\u00e7ekten me\u015fruti ve parlementer bir sistem olu\u015fturuldu. Yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle; padi\u015fah anayasaya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131na girdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet padi\u015faha de\u011fil meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olacakt\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve Heyet-i Mebusan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ki\u015filik kazand\u0131, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme ili\u015fkileri dengeli duruma getirildi, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi benimsendi, padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak veto yetkisi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca dernek kurma, toplant\u0131 vb. \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler tan\u0131nd\u0131, 113. madde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
II. Me\u015frutiyet’in \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 siyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ba\u015fka de\u011fi\u015fikliklere de u\u011frayan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi, \u00f6zellikle I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra fiilen tek parti durumuna gelen \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin y\u00f6netim s\u00fcresince uygulanmad\u0131. Ama Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, hatta 1921 tarihli Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu’nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra bile Kanun-\u0131 Esasi’nin yeni anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmeyen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi benimsendi. 1924 tarihli Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu 1921 Anayasas\u0131’yla birlikte Kanun-\u0131 Esasi’yi de kesin olarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Kanunname-i Osmani veya Kanun-\u0131 Kadim olarak da bilinmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde cezaland\u0131rma, y\u00f6netim ve maliye alanlar\u0131nda \u015fer’i hukuka uygun olmak ko\u015fuluyla padi\u015fah\u0131n koydu\u011fu yasad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kanunlar\u0131 geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde inceleyen Osmanl\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131, kavanin-i \u015feriyeyle (dinsel yasalar) kavanin-i \u00f6rfiyeyi (t\u00f6resel yasalar) birbirinden ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kamu ve \u00f6zel hukuku ilgilendiren t\u00f6resel kaynakl\u0131 yasalar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnekleri Fatih Kanunamesi ve Sultan S\u00fcleyman Kanunnamesi’dir. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n mutlak t\u00f6resel yetkilerinden kaynaklanan h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7erdikleri i\u00e7in, yasay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fatih Kanunnamesi’nden sonra Sultan II. Bayezid d\u00f6neminde (1481-1512) \u015fer-i vergilendirme ilkeleri ile t\u0131mar i\u015flemlerinin yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kanunname-i Sultani Ber Muceb-i \u00d6rf-i Osmani adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bir yasa derlemeleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminde ise kanunname \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ve sistemli bir hale getirildi. B\u00f6ylece Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun’un ve eyaletlerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan sistemlerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler, T\u0131marl\u0131 sipahilerin hak ve sorumluluklar\u0131ndan pazar d\u00fczenine, k\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131yafet zorunluluklar\u0131na kadar bir \u00e7ok alandaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaps\u0131yordu. Yeni fethedilen \u00fclkeler ve b\u00f6lgeler i\u00e7in de o b\u00f6lgeye ait yeni kanunnameler haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6lge kanunnameleri birbirinde olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenle \u00fckle i\u00e7inde yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc, yerle\u015fti\u011fi yerin kanunnamesinin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne girer, eski y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtulurdu. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve gayri m\u00fcslimler i\u00e7in de kanunnamelerde farkl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler vard\u0131. <\/p>\n
17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Kanunnameleriyle ilgili ilk \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Hazerfen H\u00fcseyin Efendi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Osmanl\u0131 kanunnamelerinin \u00f6zet ve yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Telhis\u00fc’l-Beyan fi Kananin-i Al-i Osman’d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 ME\u015eRUT\u0130YET<\/p>\n
D\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti \u0130ngiltere, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 onayl\u0131yordu. Alman gizli servisleri bu haberi gen\u00e7 subaylara ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
II. Abdulhamid’in siyasetini yersiz bulan ve ancak yeniden anayasal\u0131 bir monar\u015fiye d\u00f6n\u00fclmekle yurdun kurtar\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inanan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin asker \u00fcyeleri, 1908 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131 i\u00e7inde saraya ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Padi\u015fah\u0131n bu hareketi bast\u0131rma giri\u015fimleri i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. Sonunda, II. Abd\u00fclhamid kapal\u0131 bulunan parlamentoyu yeniden toplama karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Mebus se\u00e7imlerinin yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve Parlamento 17 Aral\u0131k 1908’de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 31 Mart Olay\u0131 \u00fczerine II.Abd\u00fclhamit tahttan indirildi. Anayasada \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131larak parlamenter sisteme y\u00f6nelindi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n
M\u00dcR\u00dcR TESKERES\u0130<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde seyahat etmek ve \u0130stanbul’a gitmek i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netimden al\u0131nan izin ve ge\u00e7i\u015f belgesi. Bir y\u0131l i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan m\u00fczir tezkiresine ki\u015finin t\u00fcm kimlik bilgileri, nereye ve ni\u00e7in gitti\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Geli\u015fig\u00fczel yerle\u015fimleri engellemek, vergi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131, ka\u00e7ak i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fsiz ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik olan bu uygulama 1908’de II. Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan edilmesinden sonra ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul’a yap\u0131lan akraba ziyaretlerinde bile bu durumu kan\u0131tlayarak k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde olsa m\u00fcrur tezkiresi al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmekteydi. Baz\u0131 iskelelere u\u011frayan gemiler, k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve ge\u00e7itlerden ge\u00e7erken ve hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fcleri i\u00e7in al\u0131nan m\u00fcruriye resmini belgelemek i\u00e7in de ilgili ki\u015filere m\u00fcrur tezkiresi verilirdi. <\/p>\n
N\u0130ZAM-I CED\u0130D<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f anlamda, Sultan III. Selim’in Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu Bat\u0131l\u0131 us\u00fcllerle yeniden d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla giri\u015fti\u011fi reform (\u0131slahat) hareketlerine verilen (yeni d\u00fczen) add\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dar anlamda ise, bu hareketin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ve ileride onun yerine ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere Avrupa usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re kurulan yeni ordu anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
SENED-\u0130 \u0130TT\u0130FAK-\u0130 \u0130TT\u0130FAK<\/p>\n
Ayan Meclisi’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7inde kendisini resmen kabul ettirdi\u011fi, 29 Eyl\u00fcl 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fme. <\/p>\n
Sadrazam Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa devletin durumunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere devlet ileri gelenlerini toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Anadolu ve Rumeli ayanlar\u0131 Padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7a\u011flayan k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcnde kabul edildiler. <\/p>\n
Senedi \u0130ttifak ad\u0131yla tarihe ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmede al\u0131nan kararlar :<\/p>\n
1- Padi\u015fah\u0131n emirleri her yerde ve her durumda ge\u00e7erli olacak
\n2- Devlet vergileri d\u00fczenli olarak toplanacak, ayan bu konuda verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc noksans\u0131z yerine getirecek
\n3- Devlet ad\u0131na asker al\u0131naca, buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131 ayan cezaland\u0131racak<\/p>\n
Sultan II. Mahmud al\u0131nan bu kararlar\u0131 onaylayan bir hatt\u0131 h\u00fcmayun imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n
SEKBAN-I CED\u0130D<\/p>\n
Nizam-\u0131 Cedid ordusu yerine kurulan askeri ordu. 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bayraktar Mustafa Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Avrupa standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kurulan bu ordu \u00dcsk\u00fcdar’daki k\u0131\u015flalarda askeri e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flad\u0131. Sekizinci ocak olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131 ve tu\u011f ve sancak verilerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ocak haline getirildi. 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni\u00e7erilerin isyan\u0131 ve Mustafa Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle Sekban-\u0131 Cedit oca\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
TANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI<\/p>\n
3 Kas\u0131m 1839’da Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid’in sadrazam\u0131 Mustafa Re\u015fid taraf\u0131ndan G\u00fclhane Park\u0131’nda yabanc\u0131 devletlerin el\u00e7ileri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir halk toplulu\u011funun huzurunda okunan, ki\u015filerle devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilere hukuki y\u00f6nden yenilikler getiren, \u015feriata dayanan eski yasalar\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren, Tanzimat-\u0131 Hayriye ad\u0131 verilen \u0131slahat hareketinin siyasal ve hukuki y\u00f6nden teminat alt\u0131na alan belge.<\/p>\n
Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n bozulmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle Sultan II. Mahmud d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan yenilik hareketleri ve Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid’in tahta \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz \u0131slahat hareketine devam etmek amac\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesi Osmanl\u0131 Devlet yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fmin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. Sadrazam Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayununu Padi\u015fah ad\u0131na kaleme alm\u0131\u015f; devlet ve birey aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde devletin modernle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131na dayanan temel ilkeler kabul ve ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131’n\u0131n tam metni \u015f\u00f6yledir ;<\/p>\n
Herkesin bildi\u011fi gibi, devletimizde, kurulu\u015fundan beri Kuran’\u0131n y\u00fcce h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ve \u015feriat yasalar\u0131na tam uyuldu\u011fundan, \u00fclkemizin g\u00fcc\u00fc ve b\u00fct\u00fcn tab’as\u0131n\u0131n refah ve mutlulu\u011fu en y\u00fcksek noktaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak, y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l var ki, birbirlerini izleyen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle \u015feriata ve y\u00fcce yasalara uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan evvelki kuvvet ve refah, tam tersine zay\u0131fl\u0131k ve fakirli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Oysa, \u015feriat yasalar\u0131 iel y\u00f6netilmeyen bir \u00fclkenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesinin imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik ortadad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz mutlu g\u00fcnden bu yana b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131m\u0131z, hep \u00fclkenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, ahalimiz ve fakirlemizin refah\u0131 amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik oldu. E\u011fer, y\u00fcce devletimize dahil \u00fclkelerin co\u011frafi konumu, verimli topraklar\u0131 ve halk\u0131n\u0131n yetenekleri g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak gerekli giri\u015fimler yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile, be\u015f-on y\u0131lda kalk\u0131nabilece\u011fimiz s\u00f6z g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez. <\/p>\n
Ulu Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na ve Peygamberimiz hazretlerinin ruhaniyetine s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, y\u00fcce devletimizin ve \u00fclkemizin iyi bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netilmesi i\u00e7in bundan b\u00f6yle baz\u0131 yeni yasalar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. <\/p>\n
S\u00f6z konusu yasalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi; \u0131rk, namus ve mal\u0131n korunmas\u0131; vergi toplanmas\u0131; halk\u0131n askere al\u0131n\u0131p silah alt\u0131nda tutulma s\u00fcresi gibi hususlar gelmektedir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki; D\u00fcnyada can, \u0131rz ve namustan daha k\u0131ymetli bir\u015fey yoktur. Bir insan bunlar\u0131 tehlikede g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan k\u00f6t\u00fc olmasa bile, can\u0131n\u0131 ve namusunu korumak i\u00e7in olmad\u0131k \u00e7arelere ba\u015fvurur. Bunun devlet ve memlekete zarar verece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, can ve namustan emin olan bir kimse sadakat ve do\u011fruluktan ayr\u0131lmaz, i\u015fi ve g\u00fcc\u00fc ile devletine ve milletine yararl\u0131 olur. <\/p>\n
Mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde ise kimse devlet ve ulusuna \u0131s\u0131namaz, \u00fclkesinin y\u00fckselmesi ile ilgilenmez, hep korku ve \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc i\u00e7inde ya\u015far. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, mal\u0131ndan, m\u00fclk\u00fcnden emin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman hep kendi i\u015fi ve i\u015finin geni\u015fletilmesi ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. Devlet ve millet gayreti, vatan sevgisi kendisinde her g\u00fcn artar. <\/p>\n
Vergi konusuna gelince: Bir devlet, \u00fclkesini korumak i\u00e7in askere ve gerekli \u00f6b\u00fcr masraflara muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu, para ile olur. Para, tab’adan toplanacak vergiler ile olu\u015ftu\u011fundan bunun en iyi \u015fekilde toplanmas\u0131 gerekir. <\/p>\n
Evvelce gelir san\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan “yed’i vahit” belas\u0131ndan \u00fclkemiz hamdolsun, kurtulmu\u015fsa da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem olup hi\u00e7bir zaman yararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmam\u0131\u015f olan iltizam us\u00fcl\u00fc hala s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu, \u00fclkenin siyasi i\u015flerini ve mali konular\u0131n\u0131 bir adam\u0131n keyfine, hatta cebir ve zulm\u00fcne teslim etmek demektir. Bu adam iyi bir insan de\u011filse hep kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na bakar, b\u00fct\u00fcn davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe, zulme y\u00f6nelir. Bu nedenle, \u00fclkemiz insanlar\u0131n\u0131n her biri i\u00e7in, mal\u0131na ve gelirine g\u00f6re bir verginin saptanmas\u0131 ve kimseden bundan fazla bir\u015fey al\u0131nmamas\u0131 gerekir. Y\u00fcce devletimizin karada ve denizdeki askeri masraflar\u0131 ile \u00f6b\u00fcr masraflar\u0131 yasalarla belirlenip s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve uygulama ona g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Askerlik de, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00f6nemli konulardan biridir. \u00dclkenin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in asker vermek halk\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca borcudur. Fakat, bir memleketin mevcut n\u00fcfusuna bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kiminden tahamm\u00fcl\u00fcnden \u00e7ok, kiminden az asker al\u0131nmas\u0131 hem d\u00fczesizli\u011fe; hem tar\u0131m, ticaret ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015ferinin k\u00f6t\u00fc gitmesine; hem \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu askerlik b\u0131kk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa; hem de n\u00fcfusun azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Bu nedenle, her memlektten al\u0131nacak asker miktar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun y\u00f6ntem konulmal\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt veya be\u015f y\u0131l hizmet i\u00e7in s\u0131ra ussul\u00fc getirilmelidir. Bunlar yap\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a devletin kuvvetlenip geli\u015fmesi, huzur ve asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n dayana\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan hususlard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Bu nedenle, bundan b\u00f6yle su\u00e7 i\u015fleyenlerin durumlar\u0131 \u015feriat yasalar\u0131 gere\u011fince a\u00e7\u0131kca incelenip bir karara ba\u011flanmad\u0131k\u00e7a kimse hakk\u0131nda, a\u00e7\u0131k veya gizli, idam ve zehirleme i\u015flemi uygulanmayacakt\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 kimse, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131rz ve namusuna sald\u0131rmayacakt\u0131r. Herkes mal\u0131na, m\u00fclk\u00fcne tam sahip olacak, bunlar\u0131 diledi\u011fi gibi kullanacak, bunu yaparken de devlet b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinin m\u00fcdahalesine u\u011framayacakt\u0131r. Birinin su\u00e7lulu\u011funun saptanmas\u0131 halinde miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n o i\u015fle ilgileri bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131ndan su\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131 elinden al\u0131n\u0131p varisleri miras hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmayacaklard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Y\u00fcce devletimizin tab’as\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla \u00f6b\u00fcr uluslar bu haklardan tam yararlanacaklard\u0131r.
\nCan, \u0131rz, namus ve mal konular\u0131nda, \u00fclkemizin t\u00fcm halk\u0131na \u015feriat yasalar\u0131 gere\u011fince garanti verilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6b\u00fcr konularda da oybirli\u011fi ile karar verilmesi i\u00e7in, Meclisi Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye \u00fcyeleri gerektik\u00e7e art\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Y\u00fcce devletimizin bakanlar\u0131 ile ileri gelenleri belirli g\u00fcnlerde orada toplanarak, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00e7ekinmeden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yleyeceklerdir. Can, mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ve vergilerin belirlenmesine ait yasalar b\u00f6yle haz\u0131rlanacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Askerlikle ilgili konular Bab-\u0131 Seraskeri Dar-\u0131 \u015euras\u0131’nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp karara ba\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra sonsuza dek uygulanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tasdik edilmek \u00fczere taraf\u0131ma g\u00f6nderilecektir. S\u00f6z konusu yasalar s\u0131rf din, devlet, \u00fclke ve ulusu kalk\u0131nd\u0131rmak amac\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacaklard\u0131ndan bunlara tam uyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131za yemin ederiz. Bu konuda, H\u0131rka-i \u015eerife odas\u0131nda, t\u00fcm din adamlar\u0131 ile bakanlar\u0131n haz\u0131r bulunacaklar\u0131 bir s\u0131rada yemin edecektir. <\/p>\n
Din adam\u0131 ve vezirlerden yasalara ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket edenlerin, kan\u0131tlanacak su\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, r\u00fctbelerine ve hat\u0131r ve g\u00f6n\u00fcle bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel ceza yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Memurlara yeterli maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olup, hen\u00fcz ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131nkiler de belirlenecektir. Bu yolla da, \u015feriata ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan ve \u00fclkenin gerilemesinde ba\u015frol\u00fc oynayan r\u00fc\u015fvet belas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yasa ile ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn bu say\u0131lan hususlar eski h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin t\u00fcmden de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi demek olaca\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fbu ferman\u0131m\u0131z \u0130stanbul halk\u0131na ve \u00fclkemiz halk\u0131na duyurulacakt\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fka, dost devletlerin de bu y\u00f6netimin sonsuza dek uygulanmas\u0131na tan\u0131k olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ferman\u0131m\u0131z, \u0130stanbul’daki t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilere resmen bildirilecektir. <\/p>\n
Tanr\u0131 hepimizi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131ls\u0131n; yasalara uymayanlar Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n lanetine u\u011fras\u0131n ve \u00f6m\u00fcrleri boyunca rahat y\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6rmesin. Amin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Islahat Ferman\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6kme d\u00f6neminde, devletin y\u0131k\u0131lmaktan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, siyasi kurulu\u015flar, ki\u015fi haklar\u0131, yeni kurumlar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 konular\u0131nd yap\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in Abd\u00fclmecid ve Abd\u00fclaziz zamanlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan fermanlard\u0131r. 1839’da G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmayunu, 1856 Islahat Ferman\u0131 ve 1860 Abd\u00fclaziz Ferman\u0131d\u0131r. Bu fermanlarla, devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn toplumsal ve ekonomik nedenleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan, baz\u0131 bat\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 devlete …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1727,1726,1728,1729,1724,1725],"class_list":["post-508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-abdulaziz","tag-abdulmecid","tag-gulhane-hatt-i-humayunu","tag-ii-abdulhamid","tag-islahat-fermani","tag-osmanli-imparatorlugu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=508"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=508"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}