\u00dclkemizin yer \u015fekilleri de d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer yerler gibi \u0130\u00e7 ve D\u0131\u015f Kuvvetlerle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n \u0130\u00e7 Kuvvetler: Volkanizma, Depremler ve Tektonik Hareketlerdir. Bunlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekillendirirler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yer \u015fekilleri olu\u015ftururlar. Bu kuvvetlerin sonucunda yer \u015fekilleri y\u00fckselir, k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r yada k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, yeni da\u011flar yada \u00e7ukur alanlar olu\u015fur v.s.
\n D\u0131\u015f Kuvvetler: Akarsular, Buzullar, R\u00fczgarlar, Dalgalar gibi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerdir. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler yava\u015f \u015fekillendirme yaparlar. \u0130\u00e7 kuvvetler yery\u00fcz\u00fcne engebe kazand\u0131r\u0131rken d\u0131\u015f kuvvetler onlar\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fcleyip a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak a\u015f\u0131nan malzemeyi \u00e7ukur alanlara doldururlar. B\u00f6ylece yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ve biriktirmenin son safhas\u0131 ise d\u00fcmd\u00fcz yery\u00fcz\u00fc yani Peneplenler \u2019dir.
\n \u0130\u00e7 ve D\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin faaliyetleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hala devam etmektedir. Olu\u015fumu milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanan \u00fclkemizin olu\u015fumunu jeolojik zaman \u00e7izelgesi i\u00e7erisinde inceleyelim.
\n 1.ZAMAN: (4 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi) T\u00fcrkiye \u2019nin arazisinde Tethys Denizi vard\u0131. Daha sonra bu denizin taban\u0131 y\u00fckselerek \u00fclkemizin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 1. Zamanda olu\u015fmu\u015f araziler sertle\u015fmi\u015f (Masif) haldedir. Bu y\u00fczden esnemezler, k\u0131r\u0131lmazlar. Trakya \u2019da Y\u0131ld\u0131z Da\u011fl. Ege\u2019de Mente\u015fe, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da K\u0131r\u015fehir ve Do\u011fuda Bitlis masif alanlard\u0131r. Bu zamanda g\u00fcr olan bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc Ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc yataklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.
\n 2.ZAMAN: (360 Milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) Bu zamanda yerkabu\u011fu hareketleri (Tektonizma) fazla olmam\u0131\u015f. \u00dclkemizin su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan masif alanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerce a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmalara maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n 3.ZAMAN: (160 Milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) Bu zaman da Alp- Himalaya k\u0131vr\u0131m ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ile \u00fclkemizin arazisi de y\u00fckselmeye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131 genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda Toroslar ve K.Anadolu Da\u011f Ku\u015faklar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Volkanizma ve faylanma etkili olmu\u015f, Volkan da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu zamandan kalan bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ise bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc Linyit Yataklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Petrol, Tuz ve Bor Mineralleri de bu zamanda meydana gelmi\u015flerdir.
\n 4.ZAMAN: (2 Milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze) Buzul D\u00f6nemi ve Buzul sonras\u0131 diye iki d\u00f6nem ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkemiz son \u015feklini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Delta ovalar\u0131 ve Akarsu sistemi olu\u015fmu\u015f) Ege denizi \u2019nin oldu\u011fu Egeit karas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kerek Ege Denizi, bunu takiben \u0130st. ve \u00c7.Kale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn bu \u00e7\u00f6kme Marmara, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz Havzalar\u0131nda hala devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Yer\u015fekillerinin Genel \u00d6zellikleri
\n 1) \u00dclkemiz y\u00fckseltisi fazla olan bir \u00fclkedir.Ortalama 1132 m. \u0130le Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek \u00fclkesidir. (Asya;1000m. Avrupa;300m.)
\n Bu durumun nedeni;
\n \u2022 Alp-Himalaya Orojenezi sunucu olu\u015fan gen\u00e7 bir arazi olmas\u0131,
\n \u2022 Epirojenik hareketlerle toptan y\u00fckselmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.(Ancak y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ovas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.Erzurum, Mu\u015f ovalar\u0131 v.s.)
\n 2) \u00dclkenin da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 uzant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, (Alp-Himalaya ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in)
\n 3) Kuzey ve G\u00fcneyde uzanan s\u0131rada\u011flar Do\u011fuda birle\u015firler buda Do\u011funun y\u00fckseltisini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,
\n 4) Kuzey ve G\u00fcneyde k\u0131y\u0131ya paralel uzanan da\u011flar bu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n girintisi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 az sade bir \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stermesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n 5) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya gidildik\u00e7e y\u00fckselti artar.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7; T\u00fcrkiye y\u00fckseltisi fazla ama yer\u015fekilleri y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir \u00fclkedir. Bu da \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli iklim tiplerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine, tar\u0131msal ve do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.
\n T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N DA\u011eLAR
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de da\u011flar \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alan kaplar. Da\u011f; \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re 500m. Ve daha y\u00fcksek kabar\u0131kl\u0131klard\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 tek bulunurken baz\u0131lar\u0131 da s\u0131rada\u011flar \u015feklindedir.Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re da\u011flar ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.1-Orojenik Hareketlerle Olu\u015fan Da\u011flar:
\n Orojenez da\u011f olu\u015fumu demektir. Yan bas\u0131n\u00e7la s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan yerkabu\u011fu plakalar\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131larak yada k\u0131r\u0131larak engebe kazan\u0131r ve s\u0131rada\u011flar olu\u015fur. \u00dclkemizde orojenez iki \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. A) K\u0131vr\u0131lma ile B) K\u0131r\u0131lma ile
\n a) K\u0131vr\u0131m Da\u011flar\u0131: Orojenez sonucu esnek tabakalar k\u0131vr\u0131larak y\u00fckselir ve s\u0131rada\u011flar olu\u015fturur. \u00dclkemizdeki da\u011flar Alp-Himalaya orojenezi sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Kuzey Anadolu ve Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
B K\u0131vr\u0131lma sonucu y\u00fcksekte kalan kubbemsi k\u0131s\u0131mlara Antiklinal, al\u00e7akta kalan \u00e7anaks\u0131 yap\u0131ya ise Senklinal denir. Bu olu\u015fumda da bazen k\u0131r\u0131lmalar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla senklinaller boyunca fay hatlar\u0131 olu\u015fabilir. \u00dclkemizi K.Anadolu b) K\u0131r\u0131k Da\u011flar\u0131: Orojenez sonucu sert tabakalar k\u0131vr\u0131lmaz k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece y\u00fckselen k\u0131s\u0131mlar (Horst) s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, Al\u00e7alan k\u0131s\u0131mlar \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ovalar\u0131n\u0131 (Graben) olu\u015ftururlar. Horst ve Grabenler aras\u0131nda ise k\u0131r\u0131klar (Fay Hatlar\u0131) bulunur. Bu y\u00fczden buralar hem deprem alanlar\u0131d\u0131r hem de kapl\u0131ca kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerdir. Ege b\u00f6lgesinde k\u0131y\u0131ya dik uzanan da\u011flar bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2- Volkanizma ile Olu\u015fan Da\u011flar:
\n Yerin derinliklerindeki ma\u011fman\u0131n yerkabu\u011funun zay\u0131f ve \u00e7atlak k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yer \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan genelde tek da\u011flardan ibaret olan da\u011flard\u0131r.
\n Not: Volkanik sahalar mineralce zengindir. O y\u00fczden tar\u0131m arazileri de \u00e7ok verimlidir. Ayr\u0131ca maden bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zengin alanlard\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiyedeki volkanik da\u011flar;
\n Marmara B\u00f6lgesi : Uluda\u011f
\n G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi : Karacada\u011f
\n Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi : K\u00f6ro\u011flu Da\u011flar\u0131
\n Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi : Hassa B\u00f6lgesi (Hatay)Ege B\u00f6lgesi : Kula Tepeleri (En gen\u00e7)
\n Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi : A\u011fr\u0131 ,Tend\u00fcrek, Nemrut, S\u00fcphan Da\u011flar\u0131
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi : Erciyes, Melendiz, Hasanda\u011f, Karada\u011f, Karacada\u011f. <\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YEDEK\u0130 DA\u011eLARIN DA\u011eILI\u015eI
\n Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131: Alp-Himalaya sisteminin kuzey kanad\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kocaeli Yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a kadar uzan\u0131r. Bu uzan\u0131\u015f boyunca da\u011flar Bat\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019de y\u00fckselir Orta Karadeniz\u2019de 1000m. lere al\u00e7al\u0131r D.Karadeniz\u2019de ise tekrar y\u00fckselerek 3000 m. nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n
K.Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131ya paralel uzan\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan k\u0131y\u0131 kesimde f\u0131nd\u0131k, \u00e7ay gibi mono k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeti\u015ftirilir. Ayr\u0131ca ormanlar\u0131nda s\u0131k olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n G\u00fcney Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131: Alp sisteminin g\u00fcney koludur. Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 da denir. Girit ve Rodos Adalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flar \u0130ran\u2019a kadar uzan\u0131r. Bu da\u011flar \u00f6zellikle Ta\u015feli Yar\u0131madas\u0131 karstik arazilerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc karstik \u015fekle rastlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Bat\u0131 Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131: K\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131da olduklar\u0131ndan horstlar \u015feklinde olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda ise Grabenler yani \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ovalar\u0131 uzan\u0131r. Denize dik uzand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in;
\n \u2022 \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmazlar.
\n \u2022 K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok girintili \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u0130klimin i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara kadar girebilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f. Bu da tar\u0131m\u0131 olumlu etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Da\u011flar\u0131n Ekonomiye Etkileri
\n Olumlu Etkileri
\n \u2022 K\u0131y\u0131 kesimleri i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerden ay\u0131rarak k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 karasal olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f Bu durum mevsim \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durumda tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine imkan sa\u011flar.
\n \u2022 K.A.D.\u2019da g\u00fcr ormanlar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n \u2022 Da\u011flar akarsular\u0131n su deposudur.
\n \u2022 Yaban hayat\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fama alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n temel depo alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Avc\u0131l\u0131k,Da\u011f Sporlar\u0131 ve K\u0131\u015f Turizmine imkan sa\u011flarlar.
\n \u2022 Yaylac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri ile hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 destekler.
\n Olumsuz Etkileri
\n \u2022 Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Yol yap\u0131m maliyetlerini artt\u0131r\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Heyelanlar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu yerlerde can ve mal kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olurlar.
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131m ve Yerle\u015fme alanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131na neden olur
\n \u2022 <\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u2018N\u0130N PLATOLARI
\n Plato: Fiziki co\u011frafya terimidir. Yer \u015feklini ifade eder. \u00c7evresine g\u00f6re al\u00e7akta kalm\u0131\u015f, akarsularca par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f dalgal\u0131 ve e\u011fimli geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir.
\n Yayla: Be\u015feri ve Ekonomik co\u011frafya terimidir. Belli bir \u015fekli olmayan ge\u00e7ici bir yerle\u015fim ve ekonomik etkinlik alan\u0131d\u0131r. G.D.Anadolu\u2019da Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131l\u0131rken Karadeniz ve Akdeniz yaylac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle Sayfiye (Dinlenme) ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00dclkemizde platolar \u00e7ok geni\u015f alanlar kaplar \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 4.zamanda epirojenez ile y\u00fckselen \u00fclkemiz daha sonra akarsularca a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak platolar\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Platolar\u0131n y\u00fckseltisi de Bat\u0131dan Do\u011fuya do\u011fru artar.
\n \u00dclkemizdeki Plato \u00c7e\u015fitleri
\n A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma Platolar\u0131: Daha \u00f6nceden a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015f platolar\u0131n tekrar y\u00fckselmesi ve akarsularca par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. KOCAEL\u0130 PLATOSU
\n Tabaka D\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Platolar\u0131: Kal\u0131n ve sert arazilerin \u00e7evresinin a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla y\u00fcksekte kalmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan geni\u015f dalgal\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir. \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da C\u0130HANBEYL\u0130, OBRUK v.s.
\n Lav Platolar\u0131: Volkanizma sonucu yery\u00fcz\u00fcne yay\u0131lan y\u00fcksek lav y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n akarsularca par\u00e7alanmas\u0131yla olu\u015furlar. D.Anadolu\u2019da ERZURUM-KARS, NEV\u015eEH\u0130R-\u00dcRG\u00dcP \u00c7EVRES\u0130 PLATOLARI gibi.
\n Karstik Platolar: Kalkerli (Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131) araziler \u00fczerinde olu\u015furlar. Akdeniz \u00e7evresinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. TA\u015eEL\u0130 PLATOSU gibi.
\n T\u00dcRK\u0130YEDEK\u0130 PLATOLARIN DA\u011eILI\u015eI
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu: Cihanbeyli, Obruk, Haymana, Uzunyayla ve Bozok Platolar\u0131.
\n Marmara B\u00f6lgesi : \u00c7atalca-Kocaeli Platolar\u0131
\n G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: \u015eanl\u0131urfa, Gaziantep, Mardin E\u015fi\u011fi
\n Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi : Ta\u015feli Platosu
\n Ege B\u00f6lgesi : Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya ve \u0130\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Anadolu Platolar\u0131
\n Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi : Erzurum-Kars, Ardahan Platolar\u0131
\n Platolar\u0131n Ekonomiye Etkileri
\n \u2022 Y\u00fcksek platolar yaz aylar\u0131nda hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 yaylac\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 Al\u00e7ak platolar ise tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kuru tar\u0131m yap\u0131labilir. Az su isteyen Bu\u011fday, \u015eekerpancar\u0131, Arpa v.s. ekimi yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Y\u00fcksek platolarda yerle\u015fme seyrektir. \u00dclkemizin en tenha yerlerinden biri de Ta\u015feli Platosu\u2019dur. <\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u2018N\u0130N OVALARI
\n \u00c7evresine g\u00f6re al\u00e7akta kalm\u0131\u015f \u00e7o\u011fu akarsular\u0131n biriktirmesiyle al\u00fcvyon dolgu alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir. \u00c7evrelerine g\u00f6re al\u00e7akta olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n denizden y\u00fckseklikleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. (Y\u00fcksekova 2000m., Adapazar\u0131 Ovas\u0131 17m. gibi)
\n Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Ovalar
\n Tektonik Ovalar: \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ovalar\u0131 da denir. Yerkabu\u011fu hareketleri sonucu y\u00fckseltiler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurda kalan yada \u00e7\u00f6ken sahalar\u0131n zamanla al\u00fcvyonlarla dolmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. ERZURUM, ERZ\u0130NCAN,B. VE K. MENDERS OVALARI
\n Delta Ovalar\u0131: Akarsular\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeyi denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckleri s\u0131\u011f k\u0131y\u0131larda biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fan kabaca \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015fekilli ovalard\u0131r. BAFRA, \u00c7AR\u015eAMBA OVALARI
\n G\u00f6lyeri Ovalar\u0131: 3. Zamanda \u00e7ok geni\u015f alan kaplayan g\u00f6llerin sular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir. TUZ G\u00d6L\u00dc, AK\u015eEH\u0130R G\u00d6L\u00dc, EBER G\u00d6L\u00dc
\n Karstik Ovalar: Karstik arazilerde dolin ve uvalalar\u0131n birle\u015fip geni\u015flemesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f ovalard\u0131r. Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesinde \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. MU\u011eLA, ELMALI, KESTEL OVALARI
\n Da\u011f Ete\u011fi Ovalar\u0131: Da\u011flar\u0131n ete\u011finde da\u011fdan inen akarsular\u0131n biriktirdi\u011fi al\u00fcvyonlarla olu\u015fmu\u015f az e\u011fimli d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir. BURSA OVASI, NUR DA\u011eL. ETEKLER\u0130 (\u0130SKENDERUN)
\n Bulunduklar\u0131 yere g\u00f6re Ovalar
\n A) \u0130\u00e7 Ovalar: D.Anadoludaki gibi da\u011flar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki tektonik \u00e7ukurlarda olu\u015fmu\u015f ovalard\u0131r. Erzurum, Mu\u015f, Erzincan v.s. \u0130\u00e7 Anadoludaki gibi platolar aras\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ovalard\u0131r. Konya , Aksaray ovalar\u0131 gibi.
\n Tektonik k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in fay hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerindedirler ve deprem alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fay kaynaklar\u0131 ve kapl\u0131calar s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 i\u00e7 ovalar plato-ova aras\u0131 bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015fekline benzerler b\u00f6yle \u015fekillere HAVZA denir. Ergene havzas\u0131, Diyarbak\u0131r, Malatya Havzas\u0131 gibi. Akdenizdeki baz\u0131 i\u00e7 ovalarda karstik ova \u015feklindedir. <\/p>\n
B\u00f6lgelere G\u00f6re \u00d6nemli \u0130\u00e7 Ovalar;
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu: Konya, Kayseri, Ankara Ovalar\u0131
\n Marmara B\u00f6lgesi : Ergene, Bursa, Adapazar\u0131, Bal\u0131kesir Ovalar\u0131
\n G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: Diyarbak\u0131r, Antep Ovalar\u0131
\n Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi : Burdur, Amik, Isparta, Elmal\u0131, Kestel (Karstik)
\n Ege B\u00f6lgesi : Bergama, Torbal\u0131, \u00d6demi\u015f, Salihli, Manisa, Afyon Ovalar\u0131
\n Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi : Erzurum, Malatya, Mu\u015f, I\u011fd\u0131r Ovalar\u0131
\n B) K\u0131y\u0131 Ovalar\u0131: Akarsular\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131larda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu delta ovalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridi d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdir.
\n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Delta Ovalar\u0131; \u00c7AR\u015eAMBA (Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak), BAFRA (K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak), SAKARYA (Sakarya), S\u0130L\u0130FKE (G\u00f6ksu Irma\u011f\u0131) \u00c7UKUROVA (Seyhan, Ceyhan), D\u0130K\u0130L\u0130 (Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay), B. Ve K. MENDERES OVALARI
\n K\u0131y\u0131 \u015eeridi Ovalar\u0131; Dalaman, K\u00f6yce\u011fiz, Manavgat, Finike ….
\n Ovalar\u0131n Ekonomiye Etkileri
\n \u2022 Tar\u0131msal etkinlik sahalar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa Katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ula\u015f\u0131ma elveri\u015flidir.
\n \u2022 Yerle\u015fmeye uygun alanlard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Su kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindirler. (Artezyen, kuyu, g\u00f6l v.s.)
\n Ovalar\u0131n Sorunlar\u0131
\n \u2022 Sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla dolmaktad\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 Tu\u011fla, Kiremit v.s. yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in toprak ihtiyac\u0131 ovalardan kar\u015f\u0131lanmakta buda toprak kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Taban suyu y\u00fcksek yerler batakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de Dalga ve Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n Olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015eekiller
\n Dalga ve Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ve biriktirme yoluyla \u015fekillendirmeler yaparlar. Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fclkemiz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda pek etkili olmay\u0131p daha ziyade dalgalar \u015fekillendirme yaparlar.
\n Falez (Yal\u0131yar): Dalgalar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya inen dik yama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00f6vmesiyle olu\u015fan dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 yada alt\u0131 oyulmu\u015f k\u0131y\u0131lard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde en \u00e7ok Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Ordu-Sinop k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Akdeniz\u2019de Teke ve Ta\u015feli Y.Adl.\u2019da, Ege
\n b\u00f6lgesindeki dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131larda yer yer falezlere rastlan\u0131r.
\n Kumsal (Plaj): Dalgalar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131dan kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeler zamanla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak ufalan\u0131r ve geni\u015fli\u011fi 50m. Civarlar\u0131nda olan kum y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015feritler halinde k\u0131y\u0131ya biriktirir. Bu olu\u015fum falezli dik k\u0131y\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki al\u00e7ak yama\u00e7l\u0131 s\u0131\u011f k\u0131y\u0131larda olu\u015fur. Orta ve Bat\u0131 karadenizde, Antalya-Mersin k\u0131y\u0131 hatt\u0131nda ve Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda grabenlerin uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde bir\u00e7ok plajlar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n Bu olu\u015fum alanlar\u0131 deniz turizmi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli alanlard\u0131r.
\n K\u0131y\u0131 Oku (Kordonu): Dalga ve ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ufalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeyi s\u0131\u011f olan koylar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda biriktirmesiyle denize do\u011fru ilerleyen \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n Lag\u00fcn (Deniz Kula\u011f\u0131): Koy a\u011fz\u0131nda geli\u015fen k\u0131y\u0131 oklar\u0131n\u0131n koyun a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131p denizden ay\u0131rmas\u0131 ve koyu bir g\u00f6l haline getirmesiyle olu\u015fur.
\n B. ve K. \u00c7ekmece, Durusu, \u00d6l\u00fcdeniz bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015f g\u00f6llerdir.
\n Tombolo: K\u0131y\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bir adan\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131 okunun geli\u015fmesiyle anakaraya ba\u011flanmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015furlar. B\u00f6ylece ada bir yar\u0131madaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n Karadeniz\u2019de Sinop ve Marmara Denizi\u2019ndeki Kap\u0131da\u011f Yar\u0131madalar\u0131 birer Tombolodur. <\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N AKARSULARI
\n Genel \u00d6zellikler;
\n \u2022 Akarsular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n boylar\u0131 k\u0131sad\u0131r. (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir yar\u0131mada olmas\u0131 ve da\u011flar\u0131n uzan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminden dolay\u0131)
\n \u2022 Ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131zlar\u0131 (debileri) fazlad\u0131r. (Da\u011flar\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131)
\n \u2022 Rejimleri (Mevsimlere g\u00f6re ak\u0131m\u0131) d\u00fczensizdir. (Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesi akarsular\u0131 hari\u00e7)
\n \u2022 Ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli de\u011fildirler. (h-H\u0131zl\u0131 akt\u0131klar\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz rejimli olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in)
\n \u2022 Enerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidirler.
\n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Akarsular\u0131m\u0131z;
\n Karadeniz\u2019e D\u00f6k\u00fclenler : Sakarya, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak, Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak, \u00c7oruh
\n Marmara\u2019ya D\u00f6k\u00fclenler : Susurluk
\n Ege\u2019ye D\u00f6k\u00fclenler : Meri\u00e7, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay, Gediz, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes
\n Akdeniz\u2019e D\u00f6k\u00fclenler : Aksu, G\u00f6ksu, Seyhan, Ceyhan, Asi
\n D\u0131\u015far\u0131ya D\u00f6k\u00fclenler: F\u0131rat, Dicle \uf0e0 Basra K\u00f6rfezi, Kura, Aras \uf0e0 Hazar Denizi, \u00c7oruh (G\u00fcrcistan) \uf0e0 Karadeniz
\n D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan Gelenler: Asi(Suriye) \uf0e0 Akdeniz , Meri\u00e7 (Bulgaristan) \uf0e0 Ege
\n Akarsu Havzalar\u0131m\u0131z;
\n Akarsular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun havzas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Sular\u0131n\u0131 denize ula\u015ft\u0131ramayan Kapal\u0131 Havzalar\u0131m\u0131zda vard\u0131r. Bunlar;
\n Konya Ovas\u0131, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, Ak\u015fehir-Eber g\u00f6lleri ve G\u00f6ller Y\u00f6residir.
\n Akarsular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Rejimleri
\n Akarsu rejimi, akarsuyun y\u0131l i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ak\u0131m grafi\u011fi ve akarsuyun beslenme \u015feklini ifade eder. Her mevsim birbirine yak\u0131n ak\u0131m g\u00f6steren akarsular\u0131n rejimi D\u00dcZENL\u0130 REJ\u0130M, Kurak d\u00f6nemlerdi olan ve sular\u0131 azalan yada kuruyan akarsular\u0131n rejimine D\u00dcZENS\u0130Z REJ\u0130ML\u0130 akarsular denir.<\/p>\n
Akarsular Ya\u011fmur, Kaynak, Kar ve Buzul sular\u0131yla baz\u0131lar\u0131 da G\u00f6l sular\u0131yla beslenirler. Akarsu, bunlardan biriyle besleniyorsa SADE REJ\u0130ML\u0130, birka\u00e7\u0131 ile besleniyorsa KARMA REJ\u0130ML\u0130 akarsu denir.
\n a) Ya\u011fmur Sular\u0131yla Beslenenler: Genellikler yaz\u0131n kururlar. Ya\u011fmurun fazla oldu\u011fu aylarda canlan\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 Ege, Akdeniz ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu akarsular\u0131.
\n b) Kar ve Buzul Sular\u0131yla Beslenenler: Y\u00fcksek Da\u011flardan beslenirler. Karlar\u0131n eridi\u011fi yaz aylar\u0131nda canlan\u0131rlar.
\n \u2022 D.Karadeniz (bir K\u0131sm\u0131), D.Anadolu akarsular\u0131
\n c) Kaynak Sular\u0131 ile Beslenenler: Genelde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck akarsulard\u0131r. Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesindeki Karstik sahalarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Manavgat \u00c7ay\u0131
\n d) G\u00f6lden \u00c7\u0131kan Akarsular: Baz\u0131 g\u00f6llerin ya\u0131\u015fl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ta\u015fan fazla sular\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131rlar. (Gide\u011fen-G\u00f6laya\u011f\u0131 denir)
\n \u2022 Bey\u015fehir G\u00f6l\u00fc \uf0e0 \u00c7ar\u015famba Suyu \uf0e0 Konya Ovas\u0131, E\u011firdir G\u00f6l\u00fc \uf0e0 Kovada \u00c7ay\u0131 \uf0e0 Kovada G\u00f6l\u00fc
\n e) Karma Rejimli Akarsular: Uzun boylu akarsulard\u0131r, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli beslenme kaynaklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 F\u0131rat, Dicle, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak gibi.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YEDE \u0130KL\u0130M ELEMANLARI
\n 1-SICAKLIK: En \u00f6nemli iklim eleman\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonomik faaliyetlere, yerle\u015fme tiplerine v.s. gibi bir\u00e7ok alana etki eder. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ;
\n – En s\u0131cak Yerler: YAZ \uf0e0 G.D.ANADOLU (Nedeni;nem farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131)
\n KI\u015e \uf0e0 AKDEN\u0130Z\u2019dir.
\n – En So\u011fuk Yerler: YAZ-KI\u015e K.D.ANADOLU\u2019dur. (Erzurum,Kars,A\u011fr\u0131)
\n – En fazla S\u0131cakl\u0131k Fark\u0131: K.D.ANADOLU (30\uf0b0C)
\n – En Az ise: D.KARADEN\u0130Z\u2019dir. (15\uf0b0c)
\n Ortalama S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:
\n – K\u0131y\u0131lar i\u00e7 kesimlere g\u00f6re daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131larda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 enleme g\u00f6re (g\u00fcneyden kuzeye do\u011fru azal\u0131r) paralellik g\u00f6sterir.
\n – \u0130\u00e7 kesimlerde ise s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckseltiye g\u00f6re (bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya doru azal\u0131r) paralellik g\u00f6sterir.
\n K\u0131\u015f S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131: K\u0131\u015f\u0131n i\u00e7 ve do\u011fu kesimler kuzeyden gelen hava k\u00fctlelerinin etkisiyle \u00e7ok so\u011fur. Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesi ise enlem fakt\u00f6r\u00fc sayesinde daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lara gidildik\u00e7e bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k azal\u0131r ama D.Karadeniz\u2019de f\u00f6hn r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019daki Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Sibirya\u2019dan gelen so\u011fuk havay\u0131 engellemesiyle k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marmara\u2019dan daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n
Yaz S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131: Yaz\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu enlemin etkisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Afrika\u2019dan gelen \u00e7\u00f6l r\u00fczgarlar\u0131yla kavrulur. Y\u00fcksekli\u011fin etkisiyle Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu yaz\u0131n en serin yerdir. K\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerde de yaz\u0131n nemlilik sayesinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar olmaz. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Don Olaylar\u0131 ve \u00d6nemi: Don olaylar\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131dan i\u00e7 kesimlere ve bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya gidildik\u00e7e artar. Bu olay\u0131 tar\u0131m yerle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131m gibi etkinlikleri \u00e7ok etkiler. \u00d6zellikle mevsim normali d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki donlar ve dona al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olmayan Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesi tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Yollarda kazalara ve trenlerin raydan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olur. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclen donlar bahar aylar\u0131ndaki kadar zararl\u0131 olmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc karla kapl\u0131 tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 dondan korunmu\u015f olur. <\/p>\n
2-BASIN\u00c7 VE R\u00dcZGARLAR
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131ktan sonra iklimi etkileyen en \u00f6nemli elemand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bas\u0131n\u00e7 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur r\u00fczgarlarda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na ve da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur. Ayr\u0131ca estikleri yerlerin \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131rlar. (S\u0131cak, So\u011fuk Nemli v.s.)
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131ktan etkilenen bas\u0131nc\u0131n \u00fclkemizde mevsimlere g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f durumu \u015fekildeki gibi olur.Kara ve Denizlerin farkl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 sonucu \u00fclkemizde i\u00e7 kesimlerle k\u0131y\u0131 kesimler aras\u0131nda olu\u015fan r\u00fczgarlar \u00e7evredeki daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezlerinin etkisi art\u0131nca kendi etkileri kaybolur. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezleri ise SibiryaYB, Basra AB, \u0130zlanda AB. Ve Asor YB.\u2019d\u0131r.
\n Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 ve r\u00fczgarlarda \u00fclkemizin heryerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu r\u00fczgarlar \u00e7ok zay\u0131f eserler ve herhangi bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015fa neden olamazlar. Bunlara Meltem R\u00fczgarlar\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Meltemler g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131ndan do\u011fan bas\u0131n\u00e7 farklar\u0131 sonucu olu\u015furlar.<\/p>\n
NEM VE YA\u011eI\u015eLAR<\/p>\n
Atmosferdeki su buhar\u0131na nem denir. Higrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Gram (gr) olarak ifade edilir.
\n Havadaki nem en \u00e7ok buharla\u015fma ile ve k\u0131smen de bitkilerdeki terleme ile kazan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Atmosferdeki nem 3 \u015fekilde ifade edilir;
\n 1-Mutlak Nem: 1m\u00b3 havadaki nem miktar\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve buharla\u015fman\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu ekvator ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok, kutuplarda ve da\u011f zirvelerinde azd\u0131r.
\n 2-Maksimum Nem: 1m\u00b3 havan\u0131n belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi en fazla nem miktar\u0131na denir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a max. Nem de artar.
\n 3-Ba\u011f\u0131l (Nisbi) Nem: Mutlak nemin max. Neme oran\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131 havan\u0131n neminin % olarak ifadesidir.<\/p>\n
Yo\u011funla\u015fma
\n Su buhar\u0131n\u0131n so\u011fumaya u\u011fray\u0131p tekrar s\u0131v\u0131 yada kat\u0131 hale gelmesine yo\u011funla\u015fma denir. Bunu i\u00e7in havadaki nem doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015fmal\u0131 yani ba\u011f\u0131l nem %100 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece doyma noktas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan nem yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olu\u015fur.
\n Not: Yo\u011funla\u015fma i\u00e7in ilk \u015fart SO\u011eUMA \u2019d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in bir hava k\u00fctlesi;
\n So\u011fuk bir hava k\u00fctlesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa,
\n So\u011fuk bir b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7erse
\n Y\u00fckselmeye u\u011frarsa, s\u0131cakl\u0131k azal\u0131r doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r ve YA\u011eI\u015e OLU\u015eUR.<\/p>\n
Yo\u011funla\u015fma \u00dcr\u00fcnleri
\n Bulut: Havadaki so\u011fuma sonucu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck su taneciklerinin bir araya gelmesiyle olu\u015fan k\u00fcmelerdir.
\n Sis : Yery\u00fcz\u00fcne yak\u0131n yerde olu\u015fan bulutlard\u0131r. Nemli havan\u0131n so\u011fuk zeminle temas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fur. Cephe alanlar\u0131nda da ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131nda siste olu\u015fur.
\n Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrleri
\n Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f: Atmosferdeki nemin yo\u011funla\u015fma ile s\u0131v\u0131 yada kat\u0131 hale gelip yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Pl\u00fcviyometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na YA\u011eI\u015e REJ\u0130M\u0130 denir.<\/p>\n
Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olu\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri
\n Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 3\u2019e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 1-Yama\u00e7 Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 (Orografik) : Nemli hava k\u00fctlelerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131 boyunca y\u00fckselip so\u011fumaya u\u011framas\u0131yla olu\u015furlar.D\u00fcnyada G.D. Asya\u2019da ,O.Ku\u015fak karalar\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u00dclkemize Karadeniz, Y\u0131ld\u0131z ve GB. Toroslar\u0131n denize bakan yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda bolca g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 2- Konveksiyonel Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar (Y\u00fckselim): G\u00fcne\u015fli ve R\u00fczgars\u0131z kara alanlar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nan havan\u0131n y\u00fckselip so\u011fumas\u0131yla olu\u015fan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok Ekvatoral B\u00f6lgede \u00fclkemizde ise \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da rastlan\u0131r (K\u0131rkikindi Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131).
\n 3- Cephesel Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar (Frontal): S\u0131cak ve so\u011fuk hava k\u00fctlelerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda olu\u015fan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok 60\uf0b0 enlemlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dclkemizde ise k\u0131\u015f ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hep cephesel k\u00f6kenlidir. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u00c7e\u015fitleri ve \u00d6nemi
\n YA\u011eMUR: \u0130kiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck taneli ve yava\u015f ya\u011fana \u00c7\u0130SEL\u0130, iri taneli ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ya\u011fana SA\u011eANAK ya\u011f\u0131\u015f denir. \u00c7iseli ya\u011fmur daha zarars\u0131zd\u0131r. Ancak sa\u011fanak ya\u011f\u0131\u015flarla toprak fazla ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 hemen ememez ve sellere, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla erozyona neden olur. Tar\u0131msal alanlar\u0131n, hidroelektrik santrallerinin su ihtiyac\u0131, kurak b\u00f6lgelerin i\u00e7me ve sulama suyu, meralar\u0131n ye\u015ferebilmesi (hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan) ya\u011fmurlar\u0131n etkisiyle olur. Buda insan hayat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.
\n KAR: Kar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fmad\u0131k\u00e7a tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlere zarar vermez hatta onlar\u0131 dondan korur. Yava\u015f yava\u015f eriyerek erozyona sebep olmaz, topra\u011f\u0131n su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131 besler. Ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olan\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 etkiler. Kar\u0131n yerde kalma s\u00fcresi B \u2019dan D \u2019ya do\u011fru artar.
\n DOLU: Zararl\u0131 etkileri fazla olan bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fididir. Yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7abuk erir ve sellere yol a\u00e7ar, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine ve hatta e\u015fyalara zarar verir.
\n Bol Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 Yerler (+1000 mm) Kurak Yerler (-500 mm)
\n -D.Karadeniz
\n -B.Karadeniz
\n -G.D.ve Orta Toroslar
\n -D. Ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019daki y\u00fcksek yerler -I\u011fd\u0131r ovas\u0131
\n -Konya Ovas\u0131
\n -Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00c7evresi
\n -G.D.Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneyi
\n -D.Anadolu\u2019daki \u00e7ukur ovalar.
\n S\u0130S: Kara, K\u0131y\u0131 Yama\u00e7(orografik) ve cephe sisleri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitleri vard\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f mesafesi 1 km\u2019den az oldu\u011funda meteorolojik anlamda o g\u00fcn sisli g\u00fcn say\u0131l\u0131r. En fazla sisli g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019dad\u0131r. Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131 kesiminde ise sis neredeyse hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olumsuz etkiler. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de genel olarak k\u0131y\u0131 kesimler ve y\u00fcksek da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131 bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 denize kapal\u0131 i\u00e7 kesimler ve \u00e7ukur yerler az ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.Buna g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YEDEK\u0130 B\u0130TK\u0130 TOPLULUKLARI<\/p>\n
Relikt (Kal\u0131nt\u0131) Bitki: 4.Zamandaki buzul devrinde ya\u015fayabilen iklimlerin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131yla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde da\u011flar\u0131n y\u00fcksek kesimlerindeki so\u011fuk alanlarda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren eski devre ait bitkilerdir.
\n Endemik Bitki: Ancak s\u0131cak iklimlerde yeti\u015fen ama \u00fclkemizde Toroslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye bakan s\u0131cak yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda yeti\u015fme ortam\u0131 bulabilen bitkiler.
\n Geni\u015f Yaprakl\u0131lar: Kay\u0131n,Kestane,Me\u015fe, Di\u015fbudak,Ihlamur, Kavak
\n \u0130\u011fne Yaprakl\u0131lar: Ladin, K\u00f6knar, Sar\u0131\u00e7am, Kara\u00e7am, K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7am
\n A \u2013 ORMANLAR
\n 1.Karadeniz Ormanlar\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n %25\u2019idir. Nem ve Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f fazla oldu\u011fundan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik fazla ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc g\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Bu ormanlar;
\n \u2022 Do\u011fudan Bat\u0131ya
\n \u2022 Al\u00e7aktan Y\u00fckse\u011fe
\n \u2022 Kuzeyden G\u00fcneye do\u011fru y\u00fckselti ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesine paralel olarak farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.
\n 2.Bat\u0131 Anadolu Ormanlar\u0131: \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 ile Ege K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Kuzeyde Karadeniz ormanlar\u0131ndaki benzerlik g\u00fcneye do\u011fru Akdeniz ormanlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n 2. Akdeniz Ormanlar\u0131: Karedeniz ormanlar\u0131ndan fark\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131da 1000 m.lere kadar \u00e7\u0131kan Maki ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sona erdi\u011fi yerde ba\u015flayan orman ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 boyunca uzan\u0131r. Sadece kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayanabilen i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 orman ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Bu ormanlar Karadeniz ormanlar\u0131 kadar g\u00fcr de\u011fildir.
\n 4. Do\u011fu ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu Ormanlar\u0131: \u0130\u00e7 kesimlerde s\u0131k olmamakla birlikte da\u011flar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan y\u00fcksek yerlerinde bulunurlar. Daha al\u00e7ak yerlerde ise insanlar\u0131n tahribi sonucu yok edilmi\u015f orman art\u0131klar\u0131 olan tek t\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lar vard\u0131r. (Antropojen Bozk\u0131r) <\/p>\n
B \u2013 MAK\u0130
\n Akdeniz iklimi etkisindeki k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerimizde insanlar\u0131n tahrip etti\u011fi orman ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olu\u015fan bitki toplulu\u011fudur. Makiler \u00e7al\u0131 yada a\u011fa\u00e7\u00e7\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Y\u00fczlerce \u00e7e\u015fidi vard\u0131r. (Tesbih, Sandal, Zakkum, Delice Zeytin, Kocayemi\u015f, Ke\u00e7iboynuzu v.s. baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. )
\n Makiler t\u00fcm k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak G\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zdan Kuzeye do\u011fru y\u00fckselti basamaklar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitleri de\u011fi\u015fir. (enlemin etkisi) Akdeniz\u2019de 800-1000m lere Ege\u2019de 500-600m lere Marmara\u2019da ise 300m\u2019ye kadar yeti\u015febilirler. Karadeniz\u2019de ise Yalanc\u0131 Maki dedi\u011fimiz Garigler yer al\u0131r.
\n C \u2013 BOZKIR
\n \u0130klim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fa\u00e7 yeti\u015fmesine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131 kurak yerlerdeki otsu, dikensi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131 topluluklar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lkbahar aylar\u0131nda
\n yemye\u015fil olan bu ot topluluklar\u0131, yaz kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sapsar\u0131 kurak ve \u00e7orak \u00e7al\u0131 toplulu\u011funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n \u0130\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerimizdeki al\u00e7ak (\u00e7ukur) alanlarda yay\u0131lan bozk\u0131rlar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda yerlerini i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 ormanlara b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da bir \u00e7ok yerde bu ormana ge\u00e7i\u015f ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 birden olmaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar\u0131n tahribi sonucu eskiden orman olan alanlar tek t\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lardan ibaret olan Antropojen Bozk\u0131rlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da y\u00fcksek platolardaki bozk\u0131rlar kurak bir yaz ya\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yaz\u0131n yemye\u015fil kal\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden buralarda b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f mera hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. <\/p>\n
D \u2013 DA\u011e \u00c7AYIRLARI (Alpin \u00c7ay\u0131rlar\u0131)<\/p>\n
Ormanlar\u0131n yeti\u015femeyece\u011fi kadar so\u011fuk ve az nemli y\u00fckseltilerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen yaz\u0131n ye\u015feren k\u0131\u015f\u0131n kar alt\u0131nda kalan so\u011fu\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ot topluluklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00dclkemizin yer \u015fekilleri de d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer yerler gibi \u0130\u00e7 ve D\u0131\u015f Kuvvetlerle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7 Kuvvetler: Volkanizma, Depremler ve Tektonik Hareketlerdir. Bunlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekillendirirler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yer \u015fekilleri olu\u015ftururlar. Bu kuvvetlerin sonucunda yer \u015fekilleri y\u00fckselir, k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r yada k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, yeni da\u011flar yada \u00e7ukur alanlar olu\u015fur v.s. D\u0131\u015f Kuvvetler: Akarsular, Buzullar, R\u00fczgarlar, Dalgalar gibi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerdir. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10752,10754,2796,10753,3281,4070,4367,2929,3606,4184,10663,2825,10751,10750,2964,4186],"class_list":["post-5080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-alp-himalaya-orojenezi","tag-asindirma-platolari","tag-atmosfer","tag-bati-anadolu-daglari","tag-delta-ovalari","tag-depremler","tag-dis-kuvvetler","tag-falez","tag-ic-kuvvetler","tag-kivrim-daglari","tag-olusumlarina-gore-ovalar","tag-taskomuru","tag-tektonik-hareketler","tag-turkiyenin-yer-sekilleri-ve-olusumu","tag-volkanizma","tag-volkanizma-ile-olusan-daglar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}