Derinlikleri y\u00fczlerce metreyi bulabilen bu ma\u011faralar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 son derece zor ve tehlikelidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ova, g\u00f6l veya nehir seviyesine yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde veya hemen altlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7irimsiz birimlerin bulundu\u011fu kire\u00e7ta\u015flar\u0131nda son derece uzun ve yatay ma\u011faralar geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu ma\u011faralara d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan su girse de (d\u00fcden veya subatan), \u00e7o\u011funlukla i\u00e7inden su \u00e7\u0131kan kaynak durumundad\u0131r. Birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ka\u00e7 kattan olu\u015fan bu ma\u011faralar\u0131n i\u00e7leri yer yer g\u00f6ller, damlata\u015f havuzlar\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrden damlata\u015flar ile kapl\u0131 olabilir. <\/p>\n
Ma\u011faralar karanl\u0131k bo\u015f galeri ve salonlardan olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7leri, yer\u00fcst\u00fc ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilmi\u015f kil, mil, \u00e7ak\u0131l, blok ve moloz y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 ile yerinde olu\u015fmu\u015f damlata\u015flar ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Ma\u011fara \u00e7\u00f6kellerinin bi\u00e7im, boyut ve de\u011fi\u015fik renkli olmalar\u0131nda ma\u011faran\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi ana kayan\u0131n kimyasal bile\u015fimi, tabakalar\u0131n duru\u015flar\u0131, \u00e7atlak veya k\u0131r\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile yeralt\u0131sular\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel ve kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri belirleyicidir. <\/p>\n
Yeralt\u0131sular\u0131n\u0131n genel \u00f6zellikleri, ma\u011faraya giri\u015f \u015fekilleri, ma\u011faradaki hareketleri ve ma\u011faray\u0131 olu\u015fturan kayac\u0131n fiziksel-kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re damlata\u015flar 5 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n 1- Damlama ve s\u0131zma ile olu\u015fan damlata\u015flar (sark\u0131t, dikit, s\u00fctun, duvar damlata\u015flar\u0131, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fck, sayvan, so\u011fan sark\u0131t, filaya\u011f\u0131 sark\u0131t, mantar dikit…)
\n 2- Ayk\u0131r\u0131 (erratik) \u015fekiller (heliktit veya ekzantrik, ma\u011fara kalkan\u0131,. ma\u011fara \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, ma\u011fara i\u011fnesi, ma\u011fara karn\u0131bahar\u0131, patlam\u0131\u015f m\u0131s\u0131r \u015fekillleri… )
\n 3- Suyun y\u00fczeyde serbest ak\u0131m\u0131 ile olu\u015fanlar (\u00f6rt\u00fc damlata\u015f\u0131, damlata\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, \u015felale damlata\u015flar\u0131)
\n 4- Su alt\u0131nda ve d\u00fczeyinde olu\u015fanlar (damlata\u015f havuzu, ma\u011fara incisi, ma\u011fara s\u00fct\u00fc)
\n 5- Buz olu\u015fumlar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Ma\u011faraya ula\u015fan sular\u0131n ilk olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015fekil sark\u0131tlard\u0131r. Tavandaki \u00e7atlaklar veya tabaka aralar\u0131ndan damlayan bu sularda bir k\u0131s\u0131m CO2’in serbest hale ge\u00e7mesiyle damlan\u0131n \u00e7evresinde ince, yar\u0131m k\u00fcre \u015feklinde CO3 \u00e7\u00f6kelir. Dairesel \u00e7ekirde\u011fin ortas\u0131 bo\u015f oldu\u011fundan, su buradan damlar. Damlayan her su, bu \u00e7ekirde\u011fi silindirik olarak b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece, zamanla i\u00e7i bo\u015f, geni\u015fli\u011fi her yerde e\u015fit \u00e7ubuk makarna veya t\u00fcp \u015feklinde saydam \u015fekiller olu\u015fur. Sark\u0131t olu\u015fumunun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6nemini karakterize eden bu \u015fekillere makarna sark\u0131t ad\u0131 verilir ve damlaman\u0131n seyrinde herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece \u00e7aplar\u0131 5-10 mm, boylar\u0131 1-3 metreye ula\u015fabilir. <\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen makarna sark\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki kanal\u0131n t\u0131kanmas\u0131 veya su ak\u0131m\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin olmas\u0131 durumunda, sular makarnan\u0131n i\u00e7inden de\u011fil, d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnden akarlar. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde uzama ile yanal y\u00f6nde kal\u0131nla\u015fma birlikte olur. D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri genel olarak havuca benzeyen sark\u0131tlar\u0131n geometrileri, damlan\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u00e7atlak yap\u0131s\u0131na, tabakalar\u0131n duru\u015funa, ma\u011fara tavan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fine ve ma\u011faradaki yeralt\u0131suyunun oynama d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re: huni, k\u00fcre, yumru veya silindir \u015feklinde olabilir. D\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeylerinde, genellikle y\u00fczeye paralel olarak geli\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fcme tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n enine kesitleri, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e halkalar \u015feklindedir. <\/p>\n
Ma\u011fara tavan\u0131ndan damlarken sark\u0131tlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan veya olu\u015fturmayan kalsiyum bikarbonatl\u0131 sular tabanda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri noktada, buharla\u015fma ve C02 kayb\u0131 nedeniyle, bir \u00e7ekirdek etrafinda \u00e7\u00f6kelirler. Damlama sonucu s\u0131\u00e7rayarak yay\u0131lan sular\u0131n, damlama noktas\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresindeki karbonat \u00e7\u00f6kelimi \u00fcst \u00fcste devam ederek dikitleri olu\u015fturur. \u015eekli ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri tavandan d\u00fc\u015fen suyun ak\u0131\u015f \u015fekli ve miktar\u0131 ile i\u00e7erdikleri CO3 oran\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen dikitler, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kubbe bi\u00e7imindedir ve \u00fcst kesimleri damlamaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ukurdur. Genel olarak kesintisiz damlayarak akan sular, taban ve \u00fcst kesimlerinin kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 hemen hemen birbirine e\u015fit dikitleri olu\u015fturur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 az, boyu b\u00fcy\u00fck dikitler ise ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 az olan s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n alt\u0131nda olu\u015furlar. Dikitlerin \u015fekillerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fiklik veya bozulmalar, b\u00fcy\u00fcmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ile ma\u011faradaki \u00e7\u00f6kme ve oturmalardan ileri gelir. <\/p>\n
Ma\u011faralar\u0131n yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131:
\n – Turizm
\n – Do\u011fal so\u011fuk hava depolamac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n – Hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin (tulum peyniri, ya\u011f,..) olgunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131
\n – K\u00fclt\u00fcr mantarc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n – Solunum yolu hastal\u0131klar\u0131
\n – S\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz, do\u011falgaz ve akaryak\u0131t depolanmas\u0131
\n – Askeri ama\u00e7larla s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak ve korunak
\n – Guano (yarasa g\u00fcbresi) \u00fcretimi
\n – Plaser mineral \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131
\n – Yeralt\u0131suyu havzalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi ve y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131
\n – Kaynak sular\u0131n\u0131n kirlenme odaklar\u0131n\u0131n ve koruma y\u00f6ntemlerinin belirlenmesi
\n -B\u00f6lgesel jeolojik, jeomorfolojik, hidrolojik, hidrojeolojik, antropolojik ve paleoekolojik \u00f6zelliklerin tesbit edilmesi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Derinlikleri y\u00fczlerce metreyi bulabilen bu ma\u011faralar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 son derece zor ve tehlikelidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ova, g\u00f6l veya nehir seviyesine yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde veya hemen altlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7irimsiz birimlerin bulundu\u011fu kire\u00e7ta\u015flar\u0131nda son derece uzun ve yatay ma\u011faralar geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu ma\u011faralara d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan su girse de (d\u00fcden veya subatan), \u00e7o\u011funlukla i\u00e7inden su \u00e7\u0131kan kaynak durumundad\u0131r. Birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ka\u00e7 kattan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10776,10772,10771,10775,10774,2989,10773,10770],"class_list":["post-5100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-antropolojik","tag-damlatas","tag-erratik","tag-hidrojeolojik","tag-hidrolojik","tag-jeolojik","tag-jeomorfolojik","tag-magara-olusumu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5100"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5100\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}