KUZEY KUTUP B\u00d6LGES\u0130 – ARKT\u0130KA<\/p>\n
Matematiksel bir belirlemeye g\u00f6re kutup b\u00f6lgeleri kutup d\u00f6nencelerinin alt\u0131nda ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kalan (ve her biri 21,2 milyon km\u00b2 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olan) yerler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Bir ad\u0131n\u0131 da Eski Yunanca\u2019da \u201cay\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen arktos s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden alan Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi toplam 27 milyon km\u00b2\u2019lik bir alana yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun 9 milyon km\u2019si kara, geri kalan\u0131 denizdir.
\n Sularla \u00e7evrili b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n tersine, Kuzey Kutbu k\u0131smen karalarla \u00e7evrili bir okyanustan olu\u015fur. Akdeniz\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f kat\u0131 geni\u015fli\u011findeki Kuzey Buz Denizi, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer yer 30 metreyi bulan ve suyun \u00fczerinde y\u00fczen buzlarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r bu buz k\u00fctlelerine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 yapar. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7la, bazen, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 15 metreyi bulan buz k\u00fctleleri yerinden f\u0131rlayabilir. Ba\u015fka yerlerde de buz \u00e7atlar ve birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Suda y\u00fczen bu buz k\u00fctleleri d\u00fcz ve kaygan de\u011fildir, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u011fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar tepecikleriyle kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bankizlerin (y\u00fczer buzlar) kenarlar\u0131 yaz boyunca k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece sa\u011flam g\u00f6vdeli gemiler kendilerine k\u0131sa bir yol a\u00e7abilir.
\n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na ilk olarak 1909\u2019da buzlar \u00fczerinde k\u00f6pekleriyle yolculuk eden ABD\u2019li Robert Edwin Peary\u2019nin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra SSCB ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekipleri buz \u00fczerinde kamp kurarak kutup b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. ABD\u2019nin n\u00fckleer denizalt\u0131s\u0131 Nautilus 1958\u2019de buzlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019ni a\u015farken, yolu \u00fczerindeki Kuzey Kutbu\u2019ndan da ge\u00e7ti.1969\u2019da Wally Herbert \u00f6nderli\u011findeki bir \u0130ngiliz ke\u015fif heyeti, Alaska\u2019dan Spitzberg\u2019e (bug\u00fcn Svalbard) buzlar \u00fczerinden giden ilk ekip oldu. Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na denizden giderek varan ilk gemi SSCB\u2019nin n\u00fckleer buzk\u0131ran\u0131 Arktika\u2019yd\u0131(1977).
\n Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019nin bir yakas\u0131nda Gr\u00f6nland, Kanada ve Alaska, \u00f6b\u00fcr yakas\u0131nda SSCB ve \u0130skandinavya yer al\u0131r. Bu deniz, Bering Bo\u011faz\u0131 ile Bering Denizi\u2019ne ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019a a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na ise daha geni\u015f bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktan ge\u00e7ilir. Gr\u00f6nland ile Kanada anakaras\u0131 aras\u0131nda Baffin Adas\u0131 ile bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada bulunur. \u0130zlanda ise, ger\u00e7ek Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin hemen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.
\n Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin topraklar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla, bozk\u0131r ya da tundrad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede 1000\u2019den fazla de\u011fi\u015fik bitki bulunur. Burada uzun yaz g\u00fcnlerinde \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen y\u00fczerce de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7i\u00e7ek yeti\u015fir. Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki bitkilerin t\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u015fka so\u011fuk da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fenler gibi bodur de\u011fildir. B\u00f6lgenin yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte birini ot yeti\u015fmeyen \u00e7\u0131plak da\u011flar kaplar.
\n Binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde toprak alanlar bug\u00fcnk\u00fcnden daha geni\u015fti. Bu, o d\u00f6nemde karalar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek ya da deniz y\u00fczeyinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olu\u015funa ba\u011flanabilir. \u0130klim de daha \u0131l\u0131mand\u0131. Baz\u0131 yerlerde yo\u011fun bir bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131 ve bu bitkilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tropik b\u00f6lgelerdekileri and\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bu zengin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc toprakalt\u0131nda kalarak zamanla k\u00f6m\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bug\u00fcn da\u011flar, \u00f6zellikle Gr\u00f6nland , b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131l boyunca karla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Tundra b\u00f6lgeleri ise k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ince bir kar tabakas\u0131yla kaplan\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu yerlerde toprak y\u00fczeyinin hemen alt\u0131 s\u00fcrekli donmu\u015f olarak kal\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n sualt\u0131nda kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok so\u011fuk olmayan b\u00f6lgelerde tah\u0131l ve sebze yeti\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi gibi hayvan da otlat\u0131labilir.
\n Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, bak\u0131r, nikel, kalay, elmas, alt\u0131n ve petrol gibi de\u011ferli madenler vard\u0131r. Alaska, Sibirya ve Kanada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde zengin petrol yataklar\u0131 bulunur. Ama boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreye zarar vermeyecek bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6\u015femek zorunlu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in petrol ve gaz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 pahal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u0130klim<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131 ay boyunca hi\u00e7 do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Kutbu bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde s\u00fcrekli karanl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6b\u00fcr alt\u0131 ayda ise, g\u00fcne\u015f hi\u00e7 batmaz ve yaz\u0131n, gece yar\u0131s\u0131 bile kitap okunabilir. Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015fu ve bat\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok yava\u015ft\u0131r. Alacakaranl\u0131k uzun bir s\u00fcreye yay\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli karanl\u0131k ve s\u00fcrekli ayd\u0131nl\u0131k d\u00f6nemler g\u00fcneye inildik\u00e7e k\u0131sal\u0131r.
\n Burada en s\u0131cak ayda bile deniz suyu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 +10\u00b0 C\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Arktik kara ve deniz iklimlerinin egemen oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede ya\u011f\u0131\u015f azd\u0131r, y\u0131lda 100 mm ile 500 mm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Kuru r\u00fczgarlar ve sis, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k (Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da \u015fubat ortalamas\u0131 -40\u00b0 C), s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevsimlere g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermesi (+15\u00b0 C ile -40\u00b0 C) bu b\u00f6lgenin iklim \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. 23 Eyl\u00fcl ile 21 Mart aras\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in hi\u00e7 do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131\u015f kutup gecesi, y\u0131l\u0131n geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise, hi\u00e7 batmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kutup g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fc ya\u015fan\u0131r.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, kutup b\u00f6lgelerinin de en az tropik b\u00f6lgeler kadar g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kara bitkileri buna, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme bi\u00e7imi benimseyerek uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Denizlerde ise y\u00fcksek oksijen ve zengin besin maddesi nedeniyle, bir de 0 derece dolay\u0131ndaki deniz suyu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in plankton ve bal\u0131k \u00e7ok boldur.
\n Ya\u015fam\u0131n denizlerdeki bu zenginli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n, az say\u0131daki buzsuz k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenir. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc tundralara \u00f6zg\u00fc yosunlardan, likenlerden, ard\u0131\u00e7 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve c\u00fcce ak kay\u0131nlardan olu\u015fur. Temmuz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 6\u00b0 C\u2019nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse bunlar da yerlerini buz \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Zemin 600 m derinli\u011fe kadar donmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r ve yaz\u0131n ancak y\u00fczeyden 10-200 m aras\u0131nda bir derinli\u011fe kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Donmu\u015f zeminin alt\u0131nda bulunan \u00e7amur katman\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru akar ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.
\n San\u0131lan\u0131n tersine d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgeleri her zaman Kuzey Kutup Dairesi i\u00e7inde bulunmaz. Sibirya\u2019da, kutup dairesinin g\u00fcneyindeki bir yerde s\u0131cakl\u0131k bazen -67\uf0b0C\u2019 ye kadar d\u00fc\u015fer. Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k -23\uf0b0 dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Oysa ABD\u2019nin baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerlerinde k\u0131\u015f daha so\u011fuk ge\u00e7er.
\n Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde yazlar da olduk\u00e7a s\u0131cak ge\u00e7ebilir. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6lgede 38\uf0b0C\u2019 ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Denizden esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczg\u00e2rlardan korunan kuytu yerlerde s\u0131cakl\u0131k s\u0131k s\u0131k 27\uf0b0C\u2019 ye kadar \u00e7\u0131kar, ama yaz mevsimi olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcrer.
\n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda Ya\u015fam<\/p>\n
Alaska, Kanada ve Gr\u00f6nland\u2019daki Eskimolar b\u00f6lgenin bat\u0131 kesimlerinde ya\u015far. Geleneksel olarak ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Eskimolar, suda kayak ad\u0131 verilen kanolar, kar ya da buz \u00fczerinde ise k\u00f6peklere \u00e7ektirilen k\u0131zaklar kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Evlerinin kat\u0131 kar bloklar\u0131ndan yapar ya da deriden, korunakl\u0131 \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda ya\u015farlard\u0131. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fu ah\u015fap evlerde oturmaktad\u0131r. Kardan yap\u0131lma kul\u00fcbeler, Kanada Eskimolar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131naklar olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Geleneksel Eskimo ya\u015fam\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yok olmu\u015ftur.
\n Avrupal\u0131lar, Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerine kal\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgeleri kurdular. Gr\u00f6nland\u2019daki Dan topluluklar\u0131 ve Kanada y\u00f6netimindeki ticaret merkezleri bunlara \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir. SSCB\u2019de de n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 150 bine ula\u015fan madencilik kasabalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kuzey Avrupa ve Asya\u2019da Laponlar ile baz\u0131 Sibiryal\u0131 kabileler ya\u015far. Bu insanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrer.
\n Hayvan Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerde Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ilgin\u00e7 hayvanlar ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunlardan biri de uzun, k\u0131vr\u0131k di\u015fleriyle, t\u00fcyl\u00fc ve kocaman bir file benzeyen mamuttu. Sibirya\u2019da hi\u00e7 bozulmadan kalm\u0131\u015f mamutlar bulunurdu. Bu hayvanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcr \u00f6lmez donduklar\u0131, toprak kaymas\u0131 sonucu \u00fczerlerinin \u00f6rt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bu so\u011fuk ortamda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeden kald\u0131klar\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tundralarda rengeyi\u011fi s\u00fcr\u00fcleri otlar. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 samur ve tilkiler kal\u0131n k\u00fcrkleri i\u00e7in avlanmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgenin \u00f6b\u00fcr hayvanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurtlar, tav\u015fanlar ve kak\u0131mlar bulunur. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde k\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatan Amerika boz ay\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015far. Buzullar \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 ise ara s\u0131ra karaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131zca di\u015fi ay\u0131lar, o da ilkbaharda yavrulayacaklarsa k\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatar. Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca besini ay\u0131bal\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Ay\u0131bal\u0131klar\u0131 ve morslar suda ya\u015far, yavrulamak, t\u00fcy d\u00f6kmek ve g\u00fcne\u015flenmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fcnerek buzlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karlar. Yaz aylar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 t\u00fcr balina da yiyecek bulmak i\u00e7in kutup b\u00f6lgesine gelir. Ticaret amac\u0131yla avlanma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden balinalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in bir cennettir. Irmaklar, g\u00f6ller som bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve alabal\u0131k ile doludur, denizler de morina ve halibut y\u00f6n\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a zengindir. D\u00fcnyada avlanan bal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nun sular\u0131ndan elde edilir.
\n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda en kuzeydeki so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde bile \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6cekler ya\u015far. Yaz aylar\u0131nda ar\u0131lar, sinekler, sivrisinekler ve kelebekler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ku\u015flar aras\u0131nda kuzgun ve kar bayku\u015fu karanl\u0131k k\u0131\u015f boyunca b\u00f6lgede kal\u0131rken, pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka ku\u015f g\u00fcneye g\u00f6\u00e7 eder. Bunlar aras\u0131nda eskiden bu b\u00f6lgedeki insanlar\u0131n et, s\u00fct ve t\u00fcylerinden yararland\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6rdekler, yabankazlar\u0131, ku\u011fular, mart\u0131lar ve kartavuklar say\u0131labilir. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6lgede dal\u0131c\u0131 mart\u0131lar, okyanus mart\u0131s\u0131 ve binlerce deniz papa\u011fan\u0131 ya\u015far.
\n ANTARKT\u0130KA<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r. 14200000 km\u00b2\u2019 lik bir alan\u0131 kaplayan bu k\u0131ta, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en so\u011fuk ve en eri\u015filmez yeri olan G\u00fcney Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndedir. Ad\u0131, Arktika\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki anlam\u0131na gelen Antarktika\u2019y\u0131 ortalama 2.000 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir buz katman\u0131 z\u0131rh gibi \u00f6rter. Y\u00fczeyi buzlarla kapl\u0131 olan Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n merkezinde G\u00fcney Kutup Noktas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bir zamanlar \u201cula\u015f\u0131lamaz\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan kutup noktas\u0131nda buzun kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 4.335 m\u2019 yi bulur. Bu buz k\u00fctlesi 24 milyon km\u00b3\u2019 l\u00fck hacmi ile yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn buzlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 92\u2019sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan kopan 350-600 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki buz par\u00e7alar\u0131 g\u00fcnde 1-3 m h\u0131zla ilerler ve birbiri \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr y\u00fczen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlardan biri olan Ross Buzlas\u0131 540.000 km\u2019 yi bulan alan\u0131yla neredeyse Fransa b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndedir. Gelgit olay\u0131n\u0131n buzladan kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7alar y\u00fczerek \u00e7evreye da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr buzda\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 20.000 km\u00b2 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ula\u015fanlar olur.
\n \u00c7evresinde b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fczen buz par\u00e7alar\u0131yla kapl\u0131 olan G\u00fcney Okyanusu bulunur. Atlas Okyanusu, Hint Okyanusu ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019un en g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgeleri Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde birle\u015ferek G\u00fcney Okyanusu as\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak i\u00e7in gelen bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Kutbu, Kuzey Kutbu\u2019ndan \u00e7ok daha so\u011fuktur.
\n G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019nda yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en so\u011fuk ve en f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 iklimi egemendir. Ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k yaz aylar\u0131nda -20\u00b0C\u2019 dir ve bu, g\u00fcneyden f\u0131rt\u0131nalar esti\u011finde -70\u00b0C\u2019 ye kadar d\u00fc\u015febilir. Co\u011frafi G\u00fcney Kutbu noktas\u0131nda bulunan ABD g\u00f6zlem istasyonunda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n -50\u00b0C oldu\u011fu, en s\u0131cak ayda ancak -29\u00b0C\u2019 ye y\u00fckseldi\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yani yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bu en b\u00fcy\u00fck buzdolab\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Kutbu\u2019ndan ortalama 22 derece daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu durum do\u011fal olarak ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemektedir. Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda 400\u2019e yak\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7an bitki t\u00fcr\u00fc say\u0131labilirken, G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019nda bir tane bile olmamas\u0131 bunun bir belirtisidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131tan\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve a\u00e7\u0131k denizlerde \u00e7ok say\u0131da hayvan ya\u015far. Penguenler, mart\u0131lar, foklar ve balinalar so\u011fuk, ama besin maddesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin G\u00fcney Kutbu denizlerindeki planktonlar\u0131 ve bal\u0131klar\u0131 yiyerek ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlar y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki bu b\u00f6lgenin nas\u0131l bir yer oldu\u011funu merak ettiler. B\u00f6lgeye d\u00fczenlenen bir\u00e7ok ke\u015fif gezisinin sonunda Antarktika haritas\u0131 a\u015fama a\u015fama \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn k\u0131tan\u0131n y\u00fczeyi olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bilinmektedir. Ama buzun alt\u0131ndaki bu karan\u0131n durumu, buzun olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci, bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc so\u011fuk iklimde bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildikleri, buradaki iklimin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6teki b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerindeki etkileri gibi konularda \u00f6\u011frenilmesi gereken daha pek \u00e7ok \u015fey var.
\n Da\u011flar, R\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ve Buz<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney Kutup Noktas\u0131 deniz y\u00fczeyinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bir platonun merkezine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u00c7evresinde tepeleri 5000 metreyi bulan s\u0131rada\u011flar uzan\u0131r. Bu da\u011flar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Erebus ve Terror gibi etkin yanarda\u011flar da vard\u0131r. Antarktika, y\u00fczey kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer yer 4500 metreye ula\u015fan, ortalama kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 2000 metreyi bulan bir buz tabakas\u0131yla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu buzlar \u00e7ok yava\u015f olarak merkezden \u00e7evreye do\u011fru hareket eder.
\n K\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n al\u00e7ak ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn oldu\u011fu yerlerde buzlar katmanlar halinde denize ta\u015far; y\u00fcksek ve da\u011fl\u0131k yerlerde ise buzullar vadilerin aras\u0131ndan denize akar. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131tan\u0131n \u00e7evresinde, denizden 15 ile 60 metre y\u00fckseklikte sarp kayalar bi\u00e7iminde y\u00fckselen buzdan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir duvar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n Antarktika\u2019da baz\u0131 b\u00f6cekler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kara hayvan\u0131 yoktur ve \u00e7ok az bitkiye rastlan\u0131r. Ama k\u0131tay\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen denizler hayvan t\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece zengindir. Bir\u00e7ok bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck balinalar ve foklar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra penguenler, mart\u0131lar ve boran ku\u015flar\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli ku\u015flar vard\u0131r.
\n H\u0131z\u0131 saatte 160 kilometreye eri\u015fen sert r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar bazen g\u00fcnlerce durmaks\u0131z\u0131n eser. S\u0131cakl\u0131k yaz\u0131n bile (ocak ay\u0131nda) genellikle donma noktas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Martta denizler de donmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca k\u0131\u015f\u0131n geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131ta s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak ufalanm\u0131\u015f buz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcr. R\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n ve okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n buzlar \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 5 metreyi bulan buzdan da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131 olu\u015fur ya da denizde, buzlar aras\u0131ndaki geni\u015f su kanallar\u0131 birka\u00e7 dakikada kapanabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck buzda\u011flar\u0131 ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n etkisiyle buz k\u00fctlelerinden kopar.
\n Denizdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck buz k\u00fctleleri yaz aylar\u0131nda erimeye ba\u015flayarak par\u00e7alan\u0131r ve karadan kopan b\u00fcy\u00fck buzda\u011flar\u0131yla birlikte kuzeye do\u011fru hareket eder.
\n G\u00fcney Kutbu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Antarktika\u2019ya yaln\u0131zca deniz yoluyla ula\u015f\u0131labilen zamanlarda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar b\u00f6lgeye denizin buzlarla kapl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz mevsiminde gelir ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in bir kamp kurarlard\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerdeki incelemelerinin bahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler, b\u00f6ylece bir y\u0131l sonra ba\u015fka bir gemi gelip onlar\u0131 al\u0131ncaya kadar bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bitirirlerdi. Gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kamplar\u0131n\u0131 Ross Denizi \u00e7evresinde kurard\u0131. Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyine d\u00fc\u015fen ve k\u0131tan\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar giren bu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6rfez, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019na en yak\u0131n yere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bu denizi 1841\u2019de \u0130ngiliz James Clark Ross ke\u015ffetti ve b\u00f6lgedeki Erebus ve Terror yanarda\u011flar\u0131na Ross\u2019un iki ke\u015fif gemisinin ad\u0131 verildi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131za kadar, fok avc\u0131lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye pek kimse u\u011framad\u0131. Norve\u00e7li Roald Amundsen 14 Aral\u0131k 1911\u2019de G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019na ayak basan ilk ki\u015fi oldu. Onu 35 g\u00fcn arayla, bir \u0130ngiliz ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubuna ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden Kaptan Robert Scott izledi. Scott ve yan\u0131ndakiler d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolculu\u011funda \u00f6ld\u00fcler.
\n 1929\u2019da ABD\u2019li deniz subay\u0131 Richard Evelyn Byrd, Ross Denizi\u2019ndeki Balinalar K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Amerika ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kamp\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. Oradan \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015filik ekibiyle G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019na giden ilk insan oldu.
\n K\u0131tan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr yan\u0131nda kalan Weddell Denizi, yo\u011fun buz k\u00fctleleriyle gemilere ge\u00e7it vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, daha az say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan incelenebildi. K\u0131tan\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc 1928\u2019de Sir Hubert Wilkins ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Wilkins ayr\u0131ca Antarktika \u00fczerinde u\u00e7an ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131yd\u0131. Yedi y\u0131l sonra ABD\u2019li Lincoln Ellsworth k\u0131tay\u0131 bir u\u00e7tan \u00f6teki uca u\u00e7akla ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015fararak Weddell Denizi\u2019nden Balinalar K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne ula\u015ft\u0131.
\n K\u0131tayla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerleme 1957-58 Uluslararas\u0131 Jeofizik Y\u0131l\u0131\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya 12 \u00fclke 50\u2019den \u00e7ok bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma istasyonuyla kat\u0131ld\u0131. ABD istasyonlar\u0131ndan birini tam G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019nda kurdu. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiliz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Sir Vivian Fuchs da, ilk kez Weddell Denizi\u2019nden Ross Denizi\u2019ne kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131tay\u0131 a\u015farak Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n her yan\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Uluslar aras\u0131 Jeofizik Y\u0131l\u0131\u2019ndan sonra da, aralar\u0131nda SSCB\u2019nin de bulundu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019nda bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.
\n Buradaki hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi, yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, harita \u00e7izimleri ve jeolojik bulgular Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n bir zamanlar Gondwanaland\u2019\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc desteklemektedir. Gondwanaland, bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz g\u00fcney yar\u0131k\u00fcredeki k\u0131talara birle\u015fik oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen, ilk\u00e7a\u011flardaki dev k\u0131tan\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerinde hak iddia etmektedir. Buzun alt\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr, bak\u0131r, kur\u015fun ve ba\u015fka maden yataklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ne var ki, bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Antarktika daha uzun bir s\u00fcre ekonomik bak\u0131mdan fazla de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mayacakt\u0131r. 1959\u2019un sonunda 12 \u00fclke Antarktika Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, k\u0131ta topraklar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ama\u00e7larla yararlan\u0131labilecek, burada askeri \u00fcs kurulamayacak ve silah denemeleri yap\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Antarktika\u2019daki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan elde edilen bilimsel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fu konusunda da anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7ebe Avc\u0131lar ve Toplay\u0131c\u0131lar<\/p>\n
Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi Yerlileri, Amerika\u2019da Eskimolar ve Aleutlar, Avrupa ve Asya\u2019da Laponlar ve Do\u011fu Yaklar\u2019 d\u0131r. Bunlar avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131 olarak Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndakine benzeyen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir yasam s\u00fcrerler. Buradaki ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131na en iyi uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan Eskimolar, ayn\u0131 zamanda en kuzeye kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan halkt\u0131r. Uygar \u00fclkelerin kutup b\u00f6lgelerine el atmalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Spitzbergen\u2019 deki uranyum, titanyum ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr, Alaska\u2019daki petrol ve do\u011fal gaz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmek istemeleri, do\u011faya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ya\u015fayan Eskimolar\u2019 \u0131n ya\u015fam olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD ve Rusya da Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nu i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, yo\u011fun bir sivil ve askeri \u00fcsler a\u011f\u0131 ile kaplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Amerikan atom denizalt\u0131s\u0131 \u201cNautilus\u201d ilk kez 1958\u2019de Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nu \u00f6rten 2-15 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki buz katman\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek bir u\u00e7tan \u00f6tekine 3.000 km yol alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutuplar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda her \u00fclkeye, kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n en d\u0131\u015f iki noktas\u0131ndan Kuzey Kutup noktas\u0131na \u00e7izilen iki do\u011fru aras\u0131nda kalan par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi ilkesi uygulan\u0131r.
\n ESK\u0130MOLAR<\/p>\n
Kanada, Sibirya, Gr\u00f6nland, Alaska gibi Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne yak\u0131n kesimlerde ya\u015fayan insanlara verilen add\u0131r. Baz\u0131 Amerika Yerlileri Eskimo s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda da kullan\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da 40 bin, Kuzey Kanada\u2019da 23500, Alaska\u2019da 35 bin ve SSCB\u2019de 1500 olmak \u00fczere 100 bin dolay\u0131nda Eskimo ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.
\n Geleneksel Eskimo Toplumu<\/p>\n
Eskimolar\u0131n atalar\u0131, bundan 10-15 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Sibirya ile Alaska\u2019n\u0131n birle\u015fik oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, Asya\u2019dan Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdi. Eskimolar binlerce y\u0131l boyunca, hi\u00e7bir bitkinin yeti\u015fmedi\u011fi so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7indiler. Rengeyi\u011fi, fok, balina ve bal\u0131k avlamak i\u00e7in oradan oraya dola\u015fmak zorundayd\u0131lar. Avlar\u0131n\u0131 z\u0131pk\u0131n, m\u0131zrak ve okla yakalarlard\u0131. Eskimolar\u0131n kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc ilgin\u00e7 avlama y\u00f6ntemleri vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, buz alt\u0131nda y\u00fczen foklar\u0131n soluk almak i\u00e7in bir hava deli\u011fine gereksinmesi oldu\u011funu bilirlerdi. Fokun solu\u011fuyla \u0131s\u0131tarak buz tabakas\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 deli\u011fi bulan avc\u0131 deli\u011fin kenar\u0131nda bekler ve hava almak i\u00e7in deli\u011fin alt\u0131na gelen foku m\u0131zra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saplayarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yazlar\u0131 a\u011f ve z\u0131pk\u0131nlarla avlanan Eskimolar, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n deniz dondu\u011funda buzda delikler a\u00e7\u0131p oltalar\u0131n\u0131 suya sark\u0131t\u0131rlard\u0131.
\n Eskimolar avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvan\u0131n etini kurutarak ya da dondurarak saklar ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7i\u011f olarak yerlerdi. Derisinden giysi ve \u00e7ad\u0131r; kas kiri\u015flerinden diki\u015f ipli\u011fi; kemiklerinden i\u011fne ve z\u0131pk\u0131n kancas\u0131 yapar; ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ayd\u0131nlanma ve \u0131s\u0131nmada kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Giysileri fok derisinden olur, hava durumuna g\u00f6re k\u00fcrk\u00fcn ya i\u00e7ini ya d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Oyarak bi\u00e7imlendirdikleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck heykelcikler ve tak\u0131lar yaparlard\u0131.
\n Kat\u0131 kar bloklar\u0131ndan kubbe bi\u00e7iminde olan Eskimo evlerinin duvarlar\u0131 derilerle kaplan\u0131r; evlere, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 kesmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan, d\u00f6neme\u00e7li bir koridordan girilirdi. Irmak a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda ya da s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan etkilenen yerlerde ise deri \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda ya da ah\u015fap kul\u00fcbelerde ya\u015farlard\u0131.
\n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda a\u011fa\u00e7, yak\u0131lamayacak kadar de\u011ferli oldu\u011fundan Eskimolar balina ve fok gibi hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yakacak olarak kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Uzun k\u0131\u015f gecelerinde eskiden ya\u011f kandilleri, sonralar\u0131 gezginlerin getirdi\u011fi gaz lambalar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.
\n Eskimolar karada, k\u00f6peklerin \u00e7ekti\u011fi k\u0131zaklarla yolculuk ederler; denizde ise hayvan derisinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kanoya benzeyen kay\u0131klar kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Bat\u0131 Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da ve \u00f6teki yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde, balina avlamada ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta daha geni\u015f kay\u0131klardan yararlan\u0131rlard\u0131. Eskimolar ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in, bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin sert iklimine uyum sa\u011flamakta \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Eskimo Toplumu<\/p>\n
Son y\u00fczy\u0131lda Eskimolar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu. Eskimolar\u0131n yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerine gelen Avrupal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar ve misyonerler gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerini de birlikte getirdiler. Eskimolar avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n postlar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle takasa etmeye, t\u00fcfek ve tahta kay\u0131klar kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Eskimolar aras\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k dinini yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan misyonerler, Eskimo dilini yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6kerek \u00f6zel bir alfabe geli\u015ftirdiler. Bu alfabe bug\u00fcn Kanada\u2019daki Eskimo gazetelerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kanada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan Eskimolar\u0131 Kanada y\u00f6netimi yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fama \u00f6zendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n etkisiyle gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerinin \u00e7o\u011funu yitiren Eskimolar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bug\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f mobilya ve gere\u00e7lerle donatt\u0131klar\u0131 prefabrik evlerde ya\u015f\u0131yor, k\u00f6peklerin \u00e7ekti\u011fi k\u0131zaklar yerine kar otosu, motorlu k\u0131zak ve motorlu kayaklar kullan\u0131yorlar. Yaln\u0131zca yemek i\u00e7in avlan\u0131yor, hayvan postlar\u0131 yerine haz\u0131r giysiler giyiyorlar. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in paraya gereksinim duyan Eskimolar, eskisi gibi avc\u0131l\u0131k, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yapacak yerde art\u0131k petrol rafinerilerinde ve madenlerde i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.
\n Eskimolar\u0131n Kimlik Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Bununla birlikte Gr\u00f6nland ve Labrador\u2019da ya\u015fayan Eskimolar aras\u0131nda morina, fok ve mors avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Kuzey Alaska\u2019da ya\u015fayan Eskimolar 54 tonluk balinalar\u0131 avlamakla \u00fcnl\u00fcler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeni ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine ve kentlere uyum sa\u011flamakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7eken Eskimolar aras\u0131nda i\u00e7ki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zleniyor. Avrupal\u0131larla kurulan ili\u015fkiler, k\u0131zam\u0131k ve grip gibi bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131klar\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. T\u00fcm olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n Eskimolar gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Danimarka’\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 birada olan Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar ise kendi parlementolar\u0131n\u0131 kurarak i\u00e7i\u015flerinde \u00f6zerk olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\n Avrupa dillerinden \u00e7ok fakl\u0131 olan Eskimo dili, bir\u00e7ok yerel leh\u00e7eyi i\u00e7erir. Bu nedenle ba\u015fka ba\u015fka yerlerde oturan Eskimolar birbirlerini anlamakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekerler. Ne var ki, Avrupal\u0131larla olan ili\u015fkiler Eskimo diline Avrupa dillerinden bir\u00e7ok yeni s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn girmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anorak gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ise Eskimo dilinden bat\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Eskimolar \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa dillerinde e\u011fitim veren okullara g\u00f6ndermekle birlikte, kimliklerinin korumak i\u00e7in kendi dillerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerinin korunmas\u0131 Eskimolar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Bu nedenle erkek \u00e7ocuklara, bug\u00fcn de avc\u0131l\u0131kta konaklama yeri olarak kullan\u0131lan eski Eskimo evleri gibi bar\u0131naklar\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, avlanacak hayvanlar\u0131n ne gibi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fretilir. K\u0131zlar ise hayvan postlar\u0131ndan giysi dikmeyi ve g\u00fczel dokumalar yapmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenirler.<\/p>\n
ESK\u0130MOLAR NASIL YA\u015eIYORLARDI?<\/p>\n
“Eskimo,” say\u0131s\u0131z toplumun (Allivik, Copper, Netsilik, Polar, Iglulik, Aleut, Chukchi, Koryak, Cugach, Kobuk) obalar bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek Kanada’dan Alaska’ya, Gr\u00f6nland’dan Kuzey Asya’ya, Kuzey kutbun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri, dilleri, mitolojileri, sanatlar\u0131, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik g\u00f6steren toplumlar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. Kimi Eskimo toplumlar\u0131n dilinde “Eskimo” terimi melek anlam\u0131na yak\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Her bir Eskimo toplumunun kendi i\u00e7 evriminin getirdi\u011fi ve y\u00f6relerindeki ba\u015fka halklardan etkilenmeleriyle edindikleri farklar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda genel karakteristikleri birbirine \u00e7ok benziyor.
\n Eskimolar 12 000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f avc\u0131-derleyicili\u011fin yak\u0131n zamana dek kendini koruyabilmi\u015f \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Ama t\u00fcm toplumun s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7er oldu\u011fu derleyici-avc\u0131lardan farkl\u0131l\u0131kla Eskimo avc\u0131lar\u0131 onlarca kilometre kamp yerinden a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, belirledikleri av b\u00f6lgesinde bir ka\u00e7 hafta kal\u0131r, yeterince avland\u0131ktan sonra eti kurutup, k\u00f6peklerin \u00e7ektikleri k\u0131zaklar\u0131yla konak yerine ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Konaklama yerindeki topluluk kimi kez tek aileye kadar inebilir. Ge\u00e7imleri hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcyle denize ve deniz memelilerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015flerine dek orman \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden yararlanmayan tek derleyici-avc\u0131 halk onlard\u0131. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n eksi altm\u0131\u015f derecenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ormans\u0131z co\u011frafya ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, geli\u015ftirdikleri teknolojinin di\u011fer derleyici-avc\u0131 toplumlarla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirgin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Kimi Eskimo toplumlar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar ay\u0131 ve fok bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 av\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131yorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sandalla avlan\u0131rken kad\u0131n sandal\u0131n dengelenmesi i\u015fini \u00fcstlenir, erkek z\u0131pk\u0131n f\u0131rlat\u0131r. Ama avc\u0131l\u0131k as\u0131l olarak erke\u011fin i\u015fidir. Avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n hakim ge\u00e7im yolu olmas\u0131n\u0131n maddi etkisi kendini erkek n\u00fcfusa verilen \u00f6nemde belli eder. Yeni do\u011fmu\u015f k\u0131z bebeklerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi Eskimolar\u0131n yayg\u0131n pratikleri olagelmi\u015f. Erkek n\u00fcfusunun daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 e\u015fle\u015fme bi\u00e7imlerine etkir. \u00c7ok kocal\u0131 evlilik yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Beklenece\u011fi gibi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temel konusu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 do\u011furan, emziren, b\u00fcy\u00fcten, yiyece\u011fi yenmeye haz\u0131rlayan, deriyi tabaklay\u0131p giysi \u00fcreten, sepet \u00f6ren kad\u0131nlard\u0131r: Kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerindeki bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ili\u015fki bi\u00e7imleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, Eskimolar do\u011fal ve \u00fcretilmi\u015f zenginlik \u00fczerinde pek az anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ferler. Kara ve deniz hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n avland\u0131\u011f\u0131 arazi \u00fczerinde ya da yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 \u00fczerinde ki\u015filerin ya da toplumlar\u0131n birbirleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 haklar\u0131 yoktur. Her toplumun tan\u0131ml\u0131 bir topra\u011f\u0131 bulunmakla birlikte kesin siniri belirlenmemi\u015ftir.
\n “Beyaz balina gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck hayvanlar hakiki ortak m\u00fclkiyettir, herkesin ne gereksiniyorsa alma hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r; bu d\u00fczen k\u0131tl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcm yiyecekler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.”(*) “A\u00e7l\u0131k ve bolluk payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.” maksimi Eskimolar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ili\u015fkilerinde birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 moral tavr\u0131 yetkinlikle ifade ediyor.
\n Obalar aras\u0131 ziyaretler arma\u011fanla\u015fma \u015fenli\u011fi gibidir. Arma\u011fan vermek, verilen ki\u015fiyi akraba yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00fckseltir. Caribou Eskimolar\u0131 arma\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na akraba olmasalar bile “ye\u011fen” derler. Kuzey Alaska k\u0131y\u0131 Eskimolar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131 Kuzeybat\u0131 Amerika k\u0131y\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililerine benzer ve onlardan k\u00fclt\u00fcrce kuvvetle etkilenmi\u015flerdir. Onlar gibi g\u00f6rece oturgan bir yerle\u015fim \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc sergilerler. Kimi aileler av ve kara memelilerini avlamak i\u00e7in yaz kamplar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar, di\u011ferleri k\u0131\u015f k\u00f6ylerinde kal\u0131p deniz memelilerini avlarlar. Eskimolarda \u015feflik kurumsalla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, c\u00f6mertli\u011fiyle, ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, konu\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, deneyimlili\u011fiyle ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla toplumsal sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanan ki\u015fi \u00f6nder konumundad\u0131r; \u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fc dinlenir fakat itaat edilmez. Ama Alaska Eskimolar\u0131nda durum biraz de\u011fi\u015fik. Oba i\u00e7erindeki en geni\u015f aile ba\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcm obaya \u00f6nderlik ediyor. Daha \u00e7ok birikim yapan ve birikimini c\u00f6mert\u00e7e da\u011f\u0131tan geni\u015f aile di\u011ferleri aras\u0131ndan sivrilir. B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, kendisinin ve ailesinin \u00f6zel ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan \u015fef taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm obay\u0131 olu\u015fturan bireyler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eef \u015fenlikler d\u00fczenler, rit\u00fcel ve t\u00f6renleri y\u00f6netir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Aliutlar\u0131n cenaze \u015f\u00f6lenlerinde, \u015f\u00f6lene kat\u0131lanlar y\u0131llarca biriktirdikleri k\u00fcrk, \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7 gibi zenginliklerini birbirlerine arma\u011fan ederler. Bu \u015f\u00f6lenler Kuzeybat\u0131 K\u0131y\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililerinin potla\u00e7 senliklerini and\u0131r\u0131r; en fazla veren, en y\u00fcksek toplumsal prestij edinir.
\n Eskimolarda Uslamlama s\u00fcreci maddi olan ile hayali olan\u0131 birlikte ku\u015fat\u0131r. Polar Eskimosu s\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr: “Ay\u0131lar yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buz yoktur; buz yoktur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeterli r\u00fczgar yoktur; \u00e7ok r\u00fczgar yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00f6reye ayk\u0131r\u0131 davrand\u0131k.”(**) Mitleri, tabular\u0131 bu t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur.
\n XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana Rus i\u015fgaline u\u011frayan Alaska Eskimolar\u0131 gibi hepsi s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n h\u0131\u015fm\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f. Art\u0131k kar evler in\u015fa etmiyorlar, metal ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7 kullan\u0131yorlar, parayla al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yap\u0131yorlar, geleneklerinin inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funu korumakla birlikte, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ortakla\u015fmac\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerini zay\u0131flat\u0131p giderek bize benziyorlar.
\n (*) Birket-Smith, Kaj. 1959. The Eskimos. Tr. W. E. Calvert. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. s.146 (**) Birket-Smith, Kaj. 1959. The Eskimos. Tr. W. E. Calvert. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. s.150<\/p>\n
KUTUP AYISI<\/p>\n
Kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 (Ursus maritimus) k\u00fcrk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle beyaz olan tek ay\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda ya\u015fayan bu ay\u0131n\u0131n tabanlar\u0131, buz \u00fczerinde kaymadan y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde k\u00fcrklerle kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Parmak aralar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rdek aya\u011f\u0131 gibi perdeli olmas\u0131 da y\u00fczmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. En iri ay\u0131lardan biri olan kutup ay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 700 kilogram\u0131 a\u015fabilir. \u00d6b\u00fcr ay\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 olarak yaln\u0131z etle beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r; en \u00e7ok da morslar\u0131 ve foklar\u0131 yer. Sombal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7ok seven kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131z yaz aylar\u0131nda av bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in meyve yemek zorunda kal\u0131r. <\/p>\n
En sald\u0131rgan hayvan <\/p>\n
Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n koku alma duyusu \u00e7ok \u00f6zel. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 kilometreden fok kokusunu al\u0131yorlar. K\u0131sa zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131 ile burnunu r\u00fczgara do\u011fru kald\u0131r\u0131p, havadaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 bile bu yolla \u00f6nceden alg\u0131layabiliyor. \u0130sterse kilometrelerce mesafe kat edebiliyor. Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda, m\u00fckemmel y\u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc ve dalg\u0131\u00e7lar. Ve kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en sald\u0131rgan hayvanlar\u0131. Kafalar\u0131 ile santimetrelerce kal\u0131nl\u0131ktaki buzu k\u0131rabiliyorlar. Foklar\u0131n hava almak i\u00e7in a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 deliklerin biraz uza\u011f\u0131na yat\u0131p, ellerini birle\u015ftirerek saatlerce bekliyorlar. Bir kutup ay\u0131s\u0131, fok, delikten ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uzatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131p onu bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck delikten yukar\u0131ya \u00e7ekebilir. Yatay olarak 5 metre s\u0131\u00e7rayabilir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131caklay\u0131nca buz banyosu yapar<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla av\u0131n\u0131n derisini soyar ve v\u00fccudu ya\u011fla kapl\u0131 olan fokun sadece ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yer. Fokun di\u011fer par\u00e7alar\u0131 da bo\u015fa gitmez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc az sonra av\u0131 uzaktan izleyen kutup tilkisi, ay\u0131 oradan ayr\u0131l\u0131r ayr\u0131lmaz gelir ve av\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 yer. Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131lar\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karsa kendilerini tekrar so\u011futabilmek i\u00e7in kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine buza uzan\u0131yor veya bir buz banyosu yap\u0131p kar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in yatacak yer sorunu yok. Her yer onlar i\u00e7in yatak olabiliyor. V\u00fccudundaki 3 kal\u0131n izolasyon kat\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131n\u0131 hissedilmeyecek d\u00fczeye indiriyor. \u00d6yle ki \u00fczerlerine d\u00fc\u015fen hi\u00e7 bir kar tanesi bile erimiyor. Ayr\u0131ca kalori y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u00e7ok zengin olan fok ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bu dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131kta pay\u0131 var. <\/p>\n
Eksi 50 derecede ya\u015fayabiliyorlar <\/p>\n
Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 eksi 50 dereceyi bulan so\u011fukta ya\u015fayabiliyor ve donma derecesindeki okyanusta y\u00fczebiliyor. Kar f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131nda ise kendilerini, bir kar \u00e7ukuru kazarak sakl\u0131yorlar.
\n Uykudan uyan\u0131nca zevkle gerinip esneyen Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7evrelerinde al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey sezdiklerinde ve yavrular\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in iki ayak \u00fcst\u00fcne dikiliyor. Bunu \u00e7evreyi daha iyi g\u00f6rebilmek ve g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 verebilmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131yor. Bu s\u0131rada boyu 3 metre 30 santime kadar ula\u015f\u0131yor. Fakat bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olduklar\u0131 halde ba\u015fl\u0131ca besinleri olan foku bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 ko\u015fulda a\u00e7l\u0131k onlar\u0131 fare av\u0131na bile y\u00f6neltebilir. <\/p>\n
Kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131 500 gr do\u011fuyor<\/p>\n
Di\u015fi kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcz sonuna do\u011fru iyice beslenerek ya\u011flan\u0131r ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yar\u0131m kilogram\u0131 bile bulmayan minicik yavrular do\u011furmak \u00fczere bir ma\u011faraya \u00e7ekilir. Bahara kadar ma\u011farada kal\u0131r ve kendisi hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yemeden yaln\u0131z yavrular\u0131n\u0131 besler.
\n Di\u015fi ay\u0131lar yavrular\u0131na \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn. Hamilelik s\u00fcrecinin yakla\u015f\u0131k son bir ay\u0131n\u0131 kendi kazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar ma\u011faras\u0131na girerek ge\u00e7iren di\u015fi, bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey yemez. Fakat bu s\u0131rada yavrusu i\u00e7in ya\u011f oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek (%33) ve besleyici bir s\u00fct \u00fcretir. Bu s\u00fct bal\u0131kya\u011f\u0131 tad\u0131ndad\u0131r ve fok kokar. Ortalama 400-450 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki di\u015fi ay\u0131 hamilelik s\u0131ras\u0131nda 90 kg’a kadar d\u00fc\u015febilir. Do\u011fan ve b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde y\u00fczlerce kilo a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015facak olan yavru ise do\u011fdu\u011fu anda sadece 500gr’d\u0131r. G\u00f6zlerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcylerinin uzamas\u0131 bir bu\u00e7uk ay\u0131 bulur. Yavrular et yeme\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra bile 1,5 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar s\u00fct emmeye devam eder.
\n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda ya\u015fayanlar eti, ya\u011f\u0131 ve postu i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llarca kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 avlad\u0131lar. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bunlara, ba\u015fka y\u00f6relerden gelen ve ay\u0131lara uzun menzilli t\u00fcfeklerle helikopterlerden ate\u015f a\u00e7an yeni avc\u0131lar kat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece binlerce kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 20.000\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin ediliyordu. 1973\u2019te \u00e7evre korumac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131, Kuzey Kutup Dairesi\u2019ne s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin ortak korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn, kutuplarda ya\u015fayan Eskimolar ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir avc\u0131n\u0131n kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 avlamas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
KUTUP SUMRUSU<\/p>\n
Sumurlar mart\u0131lara akraba olmakla birlikte, ince yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve k\u0131rlang\u0131c\u0131 and\u0131ran g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc denizk\u0131rlang\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131yla da tan\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u00c7o\u011funun kuyru\u011fu uzun ve \u00e7atall\u0131d\u0131r. Uzunluklar\u0131 20-55 cm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. U\u00e7arken son derece zarif g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Denize ender olarak konar, u\u00e7arken birdenbire pike yap\u0131p suya dalarak bal\u0131klar\u0131 ve yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131 avlarlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131y\u0131larda, koloni halinde \u00fcreyen bu ku\u015flar\u0131n yuvalar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu kez g\u00fcvenliklerini sa\u011flayabilecek \u0131ss\u0131z adalar\u0131n \u00fczerindedir. Her t\u00fcr\u00fcn kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u00f6t\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu, mart\u0131lar gibi gri ve beyaz, baz\u0131lar\u0131 siyah ya da siyah ve beyazd\u0131r.
\n Kutup sumrusu ve baya\u011f\u0131 sumru yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 irilikte ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bacakl\u0131d\u0131r. Ama gagalar\u0131, kutup sumrusunda (Sterna paradisaea) t\u00fcm\u00fcyle koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, baya\u011f\u0131 sumruda (Sterna hirundo) ise a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve siyah u\u00e7ludur. Kutup sumrusu son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir u\u00e7ucudur. Bu ku\u015f en uzun g\u00f6\u00e7 yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131karak Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi ile Antarktika aras\u0131nda gidip gelir. Baya\u011f\u0131 sumru kuzey yar\u0131k\u00fcrenin genellikle \u0131l\u0131man b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00fcrer ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcney yar\u0131k\u00fcrede ge\u00e7irir. Yaz\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve sulak i\u00e7 kesimlerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Her iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu 35 cm dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n KUTUP TAV\u015eANI <\/p>\n
Tav\u015fanlar uzun kulakl\u0131, k\u0131sa kuyruklu, yumu\u015fak postlu, \u00fcrkek ve \u00e7evik memelilerdir. Yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 olan adatav\u015fanlar\u0131na \u00e7ok benzerler. Ama genellikle g\u00f6vdeleri daha iri, kulaklar\u0131 ve arka bacaklar\u0131 daha uzundur. Yavrular\u0131 t\u00fcyl\u00fc ve g\u00f6zleri a\u00e7\u0131k do\u011far. Do\u011fduktan hemen sonra hoplaya z\u0131playa ko\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. Ama adatav\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n yavrular\u0131 t\u00fcys\u00fcz ve g\u00f6zleri kapal\u0131 do\u011far.
\n Adatav\u015fanlar\u0131 gibi tav\u015fanlar\u0131n da altta bir, \u00fcstte iki \u00e7ift, s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcyen kesicidi\u015fi vard\u0131r. Bu di\u015fler kemiricilerde oldu\u011fu gibi kullan\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a a\u015f\u0131n\u0131p keskinle\u015fir. Tav\u015fanlar y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tehdidi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan dola\u015fmak i\u00e7in genellikle alacakaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da geceyi beklerler. G\u00f6rme, koku alma ve i\u015fitme duyular\u0131 \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu duyular\u0131 sayesinde tehlikeyi hemen sezer, korunmak i\u00e7in bir yere siner ya da ko\u015fup ka\u00e7arlar. Av k\u00f6pekleri taraf\u0131ndan kovalan\u0131rken kendi izleri \u00fczerinden tekrar ge\u00e7tikten sonra olabildi\u011fince uza\u011fa s\u0131\u00e7rarlar. Ko\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda arka bacaklar\u0131n\u0131 burnunun yan\u0131na gelecek kadar \u00f6ne uzat\u0131p yeri iterek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131z kazan\u0131rlar. Tav\u015fanlar\u0131n arka ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 yere vurarak t\u00fcrde\u015flerini tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 uyard\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir.
\n Tav\u015fanlar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n yumu\u015fak kabuklar\u0131ndan otlara kadar de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bitkisel maddeleri yer. Adatav\u015fanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak oyuk a\u00e7maz ve genellikle gruplar halinde ya\u015famazlar. \u00c7al\u0131l\u0131k ya da fundal\u0131klar aras\u0131na gizlenmi\u015f, bir \u00e7e\u015fit yata\u011fa benzer yuvalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Di\u015fi y\u0131lda 2-3 kez ve her bat\u0131nda 2-5 yavru do\u011furur. Di\u015filer k\u0131sa bir d\u00fcre sonra yavrular\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131p ayr\u0131 yerlere yerle\u015ftirir ve geceleri gelerek emzirir. Erkek tav\u015fanlar \u00e7iftle\u015fme mevsiminde \u00e7ok hareketlenir. Kuzey yar\u0131k\u00fcrede mart ay\u0131na rastlayan bu d\u00f6nem boyunca ortalarda ko\u015fan, s\u0131\u00e7rayan, birbiriyle d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fen erkek tav\u015fanlara \u00e7ok rastlan\u0131r.
\n Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok yerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 tav\u015fan t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Tav\u015fanlar Avustralya\u2019ya sonradan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. En iyi bilinen tav\u015fan t\u00fcr\u00fc Avrasya ve Afrika\u2019da bulunan baya\u011f\u0131 tav\u015fand\u0131r. (Lepus europaeus). Bu t\u00fcr T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na yak\u0131n kesimlerinde ya\u015fayan kar tav\u015fan\u0131 (Lepus timidus) ve Kuzey Kutup tav\u015fan\u0131 (Lepus arcticus) k\u0131\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle beyaz t\u00fcylere b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
KUTUP T\u0130LK\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
Tilkilerin t\u00fcr say\u0131s\u0131 20\u2019yi a\u015far. K\u00f6pekgillerin (Canidae familyas\u0131) \u00fcyesi olan bu y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 memeliler renkleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hem g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri, hem de davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirlerine \u00e7ok benzer. Genellikle yerdeki oyuklarda bar\u0131n\u0131r, geceleri ku\u015flar\u0131, fareleri, tav\u015fanlar\u0131, k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kurba\u011falar\u0131 avlamak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar. Ayr\u0131ca yumu\u015fak meyveleri, solucan ve b\u00f6cekleri, k\u0131sacas\u0131 bulabildikleri hemen her \u015feyi yerler. Di\u015filer genellikle ilkbaharda, bir bat\u0131nda 4-6 yavru do\u011furur. Yavrular\u0131n g\u00f6zleri yakla\u015f\u0131k ilk iki hafta boyunca kapal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Tilkiler yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn hemen her yerinde bulunur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her k\u0131tada ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Avustralya\u2019ya ilk Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler taraf\u0131ndan tav\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir.
\n Kuzey Kutbu \u00e7evresindeki \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan kutup tilkisi (Alopex lagopus) baya\u011f\u0131 tilkiye g\u00f6re daha k\u0131sa ve kal\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n postunun \u00fcst b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri kahverengi, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n postu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle beyazd\u0131r. Kutup tilkisinin farkl\u0131 renkte bir \u00e7e\u015fidi olan mavi tilki ise yaz k\u0131\u015f mavimsi gri t\u00fcyl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
LEMM\u0130NGLER<\/p>\n
Lemmingler Kuzey Amerika ve Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011flar\u0131 ile kutba yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan, fareye benzer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kemirici memelilerdir.
\n Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 cm uzunlu\u011fundaki Norve\u00e7 lemminginin (Lemmus lemmus) ba\u015f\u0131 iri, g\u00f6vdesi toplu, postu sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi ve koyu kahverengi ya da siyah beneklidir. Yapraklar ve a\u011fa\u00e7 kabuklar\u0131yla beslenen, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n kar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki oyuklarda bar\u0131nan bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hayvan canl\u0131, atak ve kavgac\u0131d\u0131r; rahats\u0131z edildi\u011finde bir ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde dikilerek t\u0131slar. Lemminglerin \u00fcremesi \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u015filer y\u0131lda en az\u0131ndan 10 yavru do\u011furur. Yavrular i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 ottan yuvalar k\u0131llarla d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015ftir.
\n Lemminglerin say\u0131s\u0131 3-4 y\u0131ll\u0131k aralarla \u00f6ylesine artar ki, yiyecekleri iyice k\u0131tla\u015f\u0131r ve merkezden d\u00f6rt bir yana do\u011fru kitlesel olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 ederler. G\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda genellikle g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri beslenip uyur, geceleri yol al\u0131rlar. \u0130lerlerken onlar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zorluk y\u0131ld\u0131rmaz. K\u0131rsal alanlara yay\u0131lan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7e y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ku\u015flar ve memeliler de kat\u0131l\u0131r. Lemminglerin say\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Genellikle suda sak\u0131n\u0131rken g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0131rmaklar\u0131 ge\u00e7ir, kasaba ve k\u00f6ylere bile girerler. Deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda binlercesi denize atlar, yorgun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp bo\u011fuluncaya kadar y\u00fczerler.
\n Lemminglerin \u201cintihar y\u00fcz\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d hakk\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Balt\u0131k ve Kuzey denizlerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze g\u00f6re daha dar oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerde, lemmingler her iki denizi de y\u00fcz\u00fcp ge\u00e7erek besinin bol oldu\u011fu topraklara ula\u015fabiliyorlard\u0131. Oysa bug\u00fcn ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda y\u00fczmeye y\u00f6nelmekte, ama art\u0131k \u00e7ok uzun olan denizyolunu a\u015famamaktad\u0131rlar.
\n M\u0130SK \u00d6K\u00dcZ\u00dc<\/p>\n
Misk \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc, ad\u0131n\u0131 postundan yay\u0131lan misk geyi\u011fininkine benzer keskin kokudan al\u0131r. Misk \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc (Ovibos moschatus) ke\u00e7i, koyun ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r gibi gevi\u015f getiren memeliler grubunun bir \u00fcyesidir. Kanada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ve Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da ya\u015far.
\n Misk \u00f6k\u00fczlerinin boynuzlar\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Erkeklerin geni\u015f tabanl\u0131 boynuzlar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131n orta \u00e7izgisinden yanlara do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6neldikten sonra u\u00e7lar\u0131 yukar\u0131ya k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r. Boynuzlar di\u015filerde daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Misk \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc uzunlu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 santimetreyi bulan sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi kaba k\u0131llarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu k\u0131llar hayvan\u0131n omuz b\u00f6lgesinde bir h\u00f6rg\u00fc\u00e7 izlenimi yaratacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131k ve kabar\u0131kt\u0131r. Kaba k\u0131llar\u0131n alt\u0131nda yaz\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclen, a\u00e7\u0131k kahverengi ince ve yumu\u015fak t\u00fcyler bulunur. Erkeklerin omuz y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 1,5 metreye, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 400 kilograma ula\u015fabilir. Di\u015filer daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Misk \u00f6k\u00fczleri g\u00f6z alabildi\u011fine uzanan donmu\u015f ve a\u011fa\u00e7s\u0131z tundralarda, eskiden 20-80 bireyin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde dola\u015f\u0131yordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hem say\u0131lar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a azalm\u0131\u015f, hem de olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Misk \u00f6k\u00fczleri yaz\u0131n otlar\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise yosun ve likenleri yerler. S\u00fcr\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, misk \u00f6k\u00fczleri yavrular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erde b\u0131rakacak bi\u00e7imde bir \u00e7ember olu\u015ftururlar. Kurt sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 son derece etkili olan bu savunma y\u00f6ntemi ne yaz\u0131k ki, ate\u015fli silahlarla donanm\u0131\u015f avc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kolayca yok edilmelerine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Et ve s\u00fct verimlerinin y\u00fcksek olu\u015funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yaz\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclen y\u00fcn \u00f6zelli\u011findeki t\u00fcyleri, s\u0131cak tutan yumu\u015fak giysilerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na elveri\u015flidir.<\/p>\n
Mors, foklara ve deniz aslanlar\u0131na akraba olan bir deniz memelisidir. Birbirlerine az \u00e7ok benzeyen bu hayvanlar aras\u0131nda yaln\u0131z morsun (Odobenus rosmarus) \u00fcst k\u00f6pekdi\u015fleri a\u011fz\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131p a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ay\u0131rt edilmesi \u00e7ok kolayd\u0131r. Eri\u015fkin erkeklerin \u00fcst k\u00f6pekdi\u015fleri yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 metre uzunlu\u011fa ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kilograma ula\u015fabilir. Erkek ve di\u015filerin a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstten \u00e7evreleyen sert k\u0131llardan olu\u015fmu\u015f \u201cposb\u0131y\u0131klar\u0131\u201d vard\u0131r.
\n Morslar yaln\u0131z Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ve genellikle k\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n kesimlerde ya da buz k\u00fctleleri \u00fcst\u00fcnde toplu halde ya\u015farlar. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7indeki say\u0131lar\u0131 100\u2019\u00fc a\u015fabilir. Erkeklerin uzunlu\u011fu bazen 3,5 metreyi a\u015farken a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1.300 kilograma ula\u015f\u0131r. Di\u015filer \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Morsun kulakkep\u00e7esi yoktur. Yuvarlak ba\u015f\u0131, iyice kal\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f boynuna ve iri g\u00f6vdesine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ya\u015f\u0131 ilerledik\u00e7e k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 derisi hemen hemen t\u00fcm k\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 yitirir.
\n Morslar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131 yass\u0131la\u015farak y\u00fczmeye uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birbirinden ayr\u0131k olan arka y\u00fczge\u00e7 ayaklar\u0131 karada ilerlemelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Karada zorlukla ve s\u00fcr\u00fcnerek hareket ederken, denize girdiklerinde ustaca ve \u00e7ok g\u00fczel y\u00fczerler.
\n Morsun ba\u015fl\u0131ca besin kayna\u011f\u0131 kabuklular ve midye gibi yumu\u015fak\u00e7alard\u0131r. Bu hayvanlar\u0131 \u00e7amurlu diplerden ve tutunduklar\u0131 yerlerden uzun di\u015fleriyle kaz\u0131y\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar. Morslar nisan ve may\u0131s aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fcrer ve 15 g\u00fcn kadar yiyip i\u00e7meden karada kal\u0131rlar. Di\u015fi mors bir bat\u0131nda tek bir yavru do\u011furur ve yavrusuna iki y\u0131l boyunca tek ba\u015f\u0131na bakar.
\n Eskimolar avlad\u0131klar\u0131 morslar\u0131n etini yemekte, ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem yak\u0131t, hem de besin olarak kullanmaktad\u0131rlar. Morsun derisi ve \u00f6zellikle uzun k\u00f6pekdi\u015fleri de de\u011ferlidir.
\n Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r di\u015fleri ve ya\u011flar\u0131 i\u00e7in ticaret gemileri taraf\u0131ndan topluca k\u0131y\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131lan Atlas morslar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok azald\u0131. Bug\u00fcn bu hayvanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 10.000 ile 50.000 aras\u0131nda. Say\u0131lar\u0131 200.000’i a\u015fan Pasifik morslar\u0131ndan (odobenus rosmarus divergens) \u00e7ok daha azlar. Neyse ki, ABD’nin 1972 tarihli Deniz Memelilerini Koruma Yasas\u0131 sayesinde Atlas morslar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131yor. \u0130nuitler’in mors avlamalar\u0131 yasal ama her ailenin y\u0131lda yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt hayvan avlamas\u0131na izin veriliyor. Mors, \u0130nuit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131; yaln\u0131zca bir besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmakla kalm\u0131yor; kemi\u011fi ve derisinden giysi, bar\u0131nak, alet ve silah yap\u0131l\u0131yor.
\n RENGEY\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/p>\n
Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f iri yap\u0131l\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131ndan biridir. Genellikle tek bir t\u00fcr (Rangifer tarandus) alt\u0131nda toplanan bu \u00e7ifttoynakl\u0131 memeliler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130skandinavya ve Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na en yak\u0131n ada gruplar\u0131ndan biri olan Spitzberg\u2019den (Svalbard) Do\u011fu Sibirya\u2019ya kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgede, ayr\u0131ca Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kuzey kesimlerinde ya\u015far. Ama tarih\u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flarda bu hayvanlar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde bulundu\u011fu, \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde 12. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Kuzey Amerika\u2019dakiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, rengeyikleri baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerde evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.
\n Geyikler aras\u0131nda yaln\u0131z rengeyiklerinin hem erke\u011fi, hem di\u015fisinde geli\u015fmi\u015f boynuzlar vard\u0131r. Boynuzlar yayvan ,kal\u0131n ve \u00e7ok dall\u0131d\u0131r. Omuz y\u00fckseklikleri 0,7-1,4 metre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015firken a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 300 kilogram\u0131 bulabilir. Rengeyi\u011finin kal\u0131n postunda iki k\u0131l tipi ay\u0131rt edilir. Bunlardan d\u0131\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fc t\u00fcyleri kaba ve uzun, \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan i\u00e7 \u00f6rt\u00fc t\u00fcyleri ince, s\u0131k ve y\u00fcns\u00fcd\u00fcr. D\u0131\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fc t\u00fcylerinin rengi yaz\u0131n koyu kahverengi ya da koyu boz, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kahverengi ya da a\u00e7\u0131k bozdur. Ayr\u0131ca boynundan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru uzun ve beyaz\u0131ms\u0131 k\u0131llar sarkar. Yayvan toynaklar\u0131 karda ya da batakl\u0131k yerlerde dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7ok iyi y\u00fczebilen bu hayvanlar\u0131n yaz\u0131n ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7leri \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n Rengeyikleri yaz boyunca i\u00e7 kesimlerdeki otlaklarda b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde otlar, i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcler sonbaharda k\u0131y\u0131lara inerek deniz yosunlar\u0131yla beslenir. K\u0131\u015f geldi\u011finde yeniden geriye d\u00f6nerek, karlar\u0131n vadilerdeki kadar derin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepelik yerlere \u00e7\u0131kar, buralarda toynaklar\u0131yla kar\u0131 temizleyerek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan likenleri yerler. Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki rengeyikleri yiyecek bulmak amac\u0131yla genel olarak sonbaharda g\u00fcneye, ilkbaharda kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7 eder. Erkeklerin boynuzlar\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n son ay\u0131nda, di\u015filerinki ise bahar aylar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fer. \u00dcreme mevsimi sonbahara rastlar ve erkekler haremlerini korumak i\u00e7in k\u0131yas\u0131ya d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler.
\n Rengeyi\u011fi evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f tek geyik t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n en kuzey b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan Laponlar ile Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan insanlar so\u011fu\u011fa atlardan ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlardan \u00e7ok daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan bu geyikleri evcille\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. S\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011f\u0131p etini yemenin ve derisinden \u00e7ad\u0131r, ko\u015fum tak\u0131mlar\u0131, bot ve ba\u015fka giyecekler yapman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, boynuz ve kemiklerinden de \u00e7e\u015fitli aletler yaparlar. Ayr\u0131ca rengeyiklerinin k\u0131zaklar\u0131 \u00e7ekecek ve y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yacak bi\u00e7imde e\u011fitmi\u015flerdir. Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki Eskimolar ise avlad\u0131klar\u0131 rengeyiklerinin etinden ve derisinden yararlan\u0131rlar.
\n 1986\u2019da y\u00fcksek dozda radyasyon ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da rengeyi\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. SSCB\u2019nin Ukrayna b\u00f6lgesindeki bir n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rden yay\u0131lan radyoaktif maddelerle y\u00fckl\u00fc bulutlar r\u00fczg\u00e2rla Laponya\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f ve buralarda rengeyiklerinin beslendi\u011fi likenleri de etkilemi\u015fti. <\/p>\n
GLOBAL ISINMA ANTARKT\u0130KA’YI PAR\u00c7ALAMAYA BA\u015eLADI <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya atmosferinin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Antarktika’n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirildi. Yetkililer, G\u00fcney Kutbu’ndan, ABD’nin Connecticut eyaleti b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki bir buz kitlesinin son 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde koparak ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. Uzmanlara g\u00f6re, Larsen buz tabakas\u0131ndan kopan par\u00e7aya, yaz aylar\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kutbu \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n normalden \u00e7ok az y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131ld\u0131r G\u00fcney Kutbu’ndan kopacak \u015fekilde b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7atlaklar beliren buz kitlesinin kopma s\u00fcrecinin 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptand\u0131. Uydudan \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraflar ve tarihsel kay\u0131tlar\u0131 inceleyen Colorado \u00fcniversitesi uzmanlar\u0131, Antarktika b\u00f6lgesinin ba\u015fka b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin de ayn\u0131 tehlikeyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulundu\u011funu belirlediler. G\u00fcney Kutbu’ndaki buzlar\u0131n h\u0131zla erimesi bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde endi\u015felendiriyor. Uzmanlar, bu erime sonucunda deniz seviyesinin y\u00fckselece\u011fini ve al\u00e7ak kesimlerin sular alt\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Colorado \u00fcniversitesi bilim heyetine ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden Ted Scambos, ”Antarktika’daki t\u00fcm buzlar\u0131n erimesinin y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcrece\u011fini, ancak s\u00fcrecin tahmin edilenden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” belirtti. Uzmanlar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n atmosfer \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n son 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kayda de\u011fer bi\u00e7imde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini belirtiyorlar. Buna paralel olarak G\u00fcney Kutbu’nda yaz aylar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n normalden 1-2 derece fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n, buzullar\u0131n erimesini \u00f6nemli \u00e7apta h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydediliyor. Yetkililer, bu durumun, Antarktika’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Amerika’ya do\u011fru uzanan kesiminde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyorlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
KUZEY KUTUP B\u00d6LGES\u0130 – ARKT\u0130KA Matematiksel bir belirlemeye g\u00f6re kutup b\u00f6lgeleri kutup d\u00f6nencelerinin alt\u0131nda ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kalan (ve her biri 21,2 milyon km\u00b2 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olan) yerler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Bir ad\u0131n\u0131 da Eski Yunanca\u2019da \u201cay\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen arktos s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden alan Kuzey Kutup B\u00f6lgesi toplam 27 milyon km\u00b2\u2019lik bir alana yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun 9 milyon km\u2019si kara, geri …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10779,10781,10782,10778,10783,10784,10780,3181],"class_list":["post-5104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-alaska","tag-eskimolar","tag-kutup-ayisi","tag-kutuplarda-yasam","tag-kuzey-kutup-tavsani","tag-lemmingler","tag-penguen","tag-sibirya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5104"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5104\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}