Milattan sonra 535 y\u0131l\u0131nday\u0131z. 5.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k yaz\u0131l\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihinin en korkun\u00e7 volkan patlamas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u2026 O y\u0131l, Endonezya\u2019da Krakatoa Yanarda\u011f\u0131 patlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Peki, bu \u201cen b\u00fcy\u00fck patlama\u201d neleri de\u011fi\u015ftirdi? Liste, eminim sizi de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak\u2026 Krakatoa\u2019n\u0131n 1883\u2032deki son b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan atmosfere p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc milyonlarca tonluk mikroskobik k\u00fck\u00fcrt tozu, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada son 200 y\u0131l\u0131n en sert k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu. Kuzey Kutup Dairesi\u2019ne yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayanlar, y\u0131llarca g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha bir \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l renkte\u201d ya\u015fad\u0131lar.
\n Belki sizleri \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak ama, patlamadan 10 y\u0131l sonra, 1893\u2032te, Norve\u00e7li ressam Edvard Munch\u2018un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc tablosu \u201c\u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k\u201d da Krakatoa\u2019n\u0131n marifeti!
\nKrakatoa\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm etkileri bu kadar \u201cromantik\u201d olmad\u0131 elbette\u2026 M.S. 535 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck patlama, insanl\u0131k tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek kadar korkun\u00e7tu. \u0130zlandal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc jeokimyac\u0131 Haraldur Sigurdsson\u2018un ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 535 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamada kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla \u201chavaya u\u00e7an\u201d yanarda\u011f konisinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 48 x 50 kilometre b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeydi! Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n Java Adas\u0131\u2019ndan kopmas\u0131na neden olan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck patlaman\u0131n bilgisayar sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131, bize patlama ile meydana gelen p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmenin tam 50 kilometre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde bir gaz ve toz bulutunun olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Atmosferde 50 kilometrenin ne demek oldu\u011funu bilmeyenlere hemen s\u00f6yleyelim, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131 Everest tam 8.844 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Nagazaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan bomban\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu radyoaktif mantar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ise 18 kilometreden fazla de\u011fildi! Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, Krakatoa\u2019n\u0131n 535 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan gaz ve tozdan olu\u015fan \u201cmantar\u201d, atmosferdeki Stratosfer tabakas\u0131n\u0131 bile a\u015farak Mezosfer\u2018e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u2026
\nBiraz daha rakam vermeye devam edelim mi? Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki Los Alamos Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada 20 y\u0131l boyunca ge\u00e7ici bir \u201cBuzul \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olan bu patlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, atmosfere kar\u0131\u015fan okyanus suyunun miktar\u0131 100 kilometrek\u00fcp kadard\u0131!
\nYine ayn\u0131 laboratuvar\u0131n bilgisayar sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczde 85\u2032inden fazlas\u0131 bu p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmeden etkilenerek, g\u00fcnler hatta baz\u0131 yerlerde haftalar boyunca, g\u00fcne\u015fi koyu bir sisin arkas\u0131ndan g\u00f6rebilmi\u015fti. Buzul karotlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan verilerle birle\u015ftirilen bilgisayar sim\u00fclasyonu, atmosferin Mezosfer tabakas\u0131n\u0131 kapatan k\u00fck\u00fcrt gaz\u0131 ve toz bulutunun yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.
\n(\u2026)
\nPeki, insanl\u0131k bu patlamadan nas\u0131l etkilendi? Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 da burada ba\u015fl\u0131yor.
\nPatlama, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Constantinopolis\u2019ten Japonya\u2019daki Osaka\u2019ya kadar pek \u00e7ok \u015fehirde g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcnd\u00fcz vakti kararmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 536 y\u0131l\u0131nda Constantinopolis\u2019te bulunan \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i \u201cFilistinli\u201d Procopius (M.S. 500-565), g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u201cM\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan gelen tah\u0131l\u0131n kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, havan\u0131n ans\u0131z\u0131n karard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sanki bir g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131na u\u011frarcas\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc terketti\u011fini\u201d anlat\u0131r bizlere\u2026
\nBizans imparatoru \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d Iustinianus\u2019un (M.S. 527-565) Praefectus Praetorio\u2019su (\u0130mparatorun \u00f6zel muhaf\u0131z birli\u011finin komutan\u0131) Lydus\u2019un notlar\u0131nda ise daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler var: \u201c\u2026Ve g\u00fcne\u015f karard\u0131. Neredeyse bir y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc bu karanl\u0131k. T\u00fcm meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc.\u201d
\n\u00dcnl\u00fc Orta\u00e7a\u011f vakan\u00fcvisti Suriyeli Mikhael\u2019in anlat\u0131mlar\u0131 da Lydus\u2019u do\u011fruluyor: \u201cG\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc tam 11 ay boyunca karard\u0131. G\u00fcnde sadece d\u00f6rt saat g\u00f6z\u00fcken g\u00fcne\u015f, zay\u0131f bir g\u00f6lge gibiydi. \u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 ham kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve o y\u0131l \u015faraplar\u0131 tatland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Sat\u00fcrn tuzu kullanmak zorunda kald\u0131k\u2026\u201d
\nAsya k\u0131tas\u0131nda hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 5 ila 10 derece d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu d\u00f6nem, sebep oldu\u011fu kurakl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sadece Bizans\u2019\u0131 de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkleri de etkilemi\u015fti elbet. 535 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra h\u0131zlanan yeni kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, Avar ve Hazar T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar ilerlemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.
\nSadece bu kadar m\u0131? De\u011fil elbet\u2026 D\u00fc\u015fen hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, M.S. 540-542 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cKara Veba\u201d salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tekrar hortlamas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu. Afrika g\u00f6ller b\u00f6lgesinde hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 30 derecenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi, bu \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilen vir\u00fcs\u00fcn Avrupa n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 10\u2032unu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan Constantinopolis\u2019e gelen tah\u0131l yoluyla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yor. Nitekim Procopius da bu salg\u0131n\u0131n ilk olarak Nil Deltas\u0131\u2019nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fruluyor.
\nNot 1: Iustinianus ve Procopius gibi \u00f6zel isimler, olabildi\u011fince kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve co\u011frafyan\u0131n imla kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M.S. 680\u2032lere kadar Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde h\u00e2kim dilin Latince olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, isimler Yunan sistemine g\u00f6re yani Prokopios ya da Konstantinopolis \u015feklinde yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nNot 2: Sat\u00fcrn tuzu. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan ama asl\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r toksik \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan bir madde.Kur\u015fun asetat
\nNot 3: Procopius\u2019un \u201cSava\u015flar Tarihi\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l Constantinopolis\u2019inin ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n bu felaketi nas\u0131l atlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair muazzam bilgiler sunuyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Milattan sonra 535 y\u0131l\u0131nday\u0131z. 5.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k yaz\u0131l\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihinin en korkun\u00e7 volkan patlamas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u2026 O y\u0131l, Endonezya\u2019da Krakatoa Yanarda\u011f\u0131 patlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Peki, bu \u201cen b\u00fcy\u00fck patlama\u201d neleri de\u011fi\u015ftirdi? Liste, eminim sizi de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak\u2026 Krakatoa\u2019n\u0131n 1883\u2032deki son b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan atmosfere p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc milyonlarca tonluk mikroskobik k\u00fck\u00fcrt tozu, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada son 200 y\u0131l\u0131n en sert k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10803,2274,10802],"class_list":["post-5124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-kursun-asetat","tag-mantar","tag-yanardag-patlamasi-nelere-yol-acar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5124"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5124\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}