\nAVRUPA KITASI
\nAvrupa, Afrika’n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Asya’n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve Atlas Okyanusu’nun do\u011fusunda bulunan k\u0131ta. \u00dczerinde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
Avrupa, Sami dillerde Erep (yahut Irib)=G\u00fcne\u015fin Batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf anlam\u0131na gelir. Fenikelilerden Yunanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7en bu ad, Yunanca’da Europa olmu\u015f ve Ege denizine g\u00f6re bat\u0131da bulunan \u00fclkelere bu ad verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca Mitolojide Finike kral\u0131 Agenar ile Telepassa’n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u011fa \u015fekline giren Zeus taraf\u0131ndan \u0130da’ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Zeus’tan Minos, Sarppedon ve Rhadamnthys isminde \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocugu olmu\u015ftur; Ad\u0131 bir k\u0131taya verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Okyanusya’dan sonra en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ikinci k\u0131ta olan Avrupa; bat\u0131da Atlas Okyanusu, kuzeyde Kuzey Buz denizi ve Atlas Okyanusu, g\u00fcneyde Akdeniz ve do\u011fuda Asya k\u0131tas\u0131 ile \u00e7evrilidir. Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 g\u00fcneyde Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131na olduk\u00e7a yakla\u015f\u0131r (Cebelitar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131 14 km). G\u00fcneydo\u011fuda ise Asya ile hemen hemen biti\u015fir (\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 0,7 km., \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 1,3 km.).<\/p>\n
Avrupa’n\u0131n do\u011fuda kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulunmamakla beraber, kuzeyden g\u00fcneye Ural da\u011flar\u0131, Ural nehri, Mani\u00e7 \u00e7ukuru, Karadeniz, \u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ile Ege Denizinden ge\u00e7ecek hatt\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edebilir.<\/p>\n
Avrupa’n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 10.523.000 km2 dir. Bu ise yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn %5’i, karalar\u0131n % 15’i Avrasya’n\u0131n 1\/5’i demektir. Avrupa, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak harita \u00fczerinde 35 ile 70 kuzey paralel daireleri ile 10 ile 60 do\u011fu meridyenlerinin \u00e7er\u00e7eveledi\u011fi bir \u00fc\u00e7gene benzer. K\u0131tada 0-4 saat dilimleri yer al\u0131r. Avrupa’n\u0131n u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 ise; kuzeyde Kuzey burnu (71\u00b0 10′ kuzey enlemi), g\u00fcneyde Mora’n\u0131n Matapan burnu (36\u00b0 23′ kuzey enlemi), Bat\u0131da Rocca (Portekiz) burnu (9\u00b0 29′ bat\u0131 boylam\u0131), do\u011fuda Ural da\u011flar\u0131 (60\u00b0 do\u011fu boylama)’d\u0131r. Rocca burnu ile Ural Da\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki uzunluk 5500 km, Kuzey burnu ile Matapan burnu aras\u0131ndaki geni\u015flik 3800 km’dir.<\/p>\n
Avrupa Birli\u011fi Bayra\u011f\u0131\u00d6teden beri b\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131k ve imparatorluklara be\u015fiklik yapm\u0131\u015f bu k\u0131ta, end\u00fcstri devriminden sonra da, geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fini korumu\u015f ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm k\u0131talara g\u00f6re end\u00fcstrile\u015fmesini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa’n\u0131n \u00f6nemi, konumu, y\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131, n\u00fcfusu ve fiziki \u00f6zelliklerinden de\u011fil, sahip oldu\u011fu insan kayna\u011f\u0131 ve onun niteliklerinden ileri gelmektedir. \u0130yi e\u011fitilmi\u015f insanlardan olu\u015fan n\u00fcfus, bilim ve teknolojide g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu ilerlemeler sayesinde, ekonomik y\u00f6nden de geli\u015fmi\u015f ve y\u00fcksek bir hayat standard\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 az olan Avrupa, bu geli\u015fmesini tamamen insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek niteliklerine ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik sisteminin nimetlerine bor\u00e7ludur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131 olan ABD’nin halk\u0131 da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Avrupa k\u00f6kenlidir. Ayr\u0131ca bilimsel ve teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131 olan \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu da Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin her y\u00f6nden birle\u015fmesini ama\u00e7layan ve bu yolda \u00f6nemli a\u015famalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Avrupa Birli\u011fi, Avrupa’n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00f6nemini daha da art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1990 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar (So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n bitimi) Avrupa’da birbirinden farkl\u0131 siyasal ve ekonomik sistemler ve bunlar\u0131n temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan bloklar mevcuttu. Bunlardan biri, \u015fimdi de mevcut olan \u00e7ok partili demokratik sistemi ve serbest pazar ekonomisini uygulayan Bat\u0131 Bloku di\u011feri ise tek partili sosyalist siyasal sistemle s\u0131k\u0131 bir devlet\u00e7i ekonomiyi uygulayan Do\u011fu Bloku’ydu. Ancak Do\u011fu Bloku’nun lideri olan SSCB’nin ekonomik ve siyasal sisteminin iflas etmesiyle do\u011fu blo\u011fu da \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Eski Do\u011fu Bloku \u00fclkeleri, ekonomik ve siyasal sistem olarak Bat\u0131 Blokuna yak\u0131nla\u015fma yolunda \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7ok partili demokratik sisteme ve serbest pazar ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapman\u0131n sanc\u0131lar\u0131 atlat\u0131lmak \u00fczeredir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne yap\u0131lan ba\u015fvurular olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fvuran \u00fclkeler ile AB aras\u0131nda uyum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Do\u011fu Bloku’nun askeri \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan Comecon da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve eski do\u011fu blo\u011fu \u00fclkeleri, Bat\u0131 Avrupa’n\u0131n askeri \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan NATO’ya girmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulunmu\u015flar ve bu konuda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Avrupa’da 1990 \u00f6ncesinin askeri, ekonomik ve siyasi kutupla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Avrupa \u00fclkeleri co\u011frafi konumlar\u0131, yani bulunduklar\u0131 yer ve ekonomik geli\u015fmi\u015flik a\u00e7\u0131dan; Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, Kuzey Avrupa \u00dclkeleri (\u0130skandinavya ve Balt\u0131k \u00fclkeleri), Akdeniz \u00fclkeleri, Orta Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ve Balkan \u00dclkeleri gibi guruplara ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Avrupa’n\u0131n genel co\u011fraf\u00ee \u00f6zelliklen maddeler halinde \u015f\u00f6yledir;<\/p>\n
Avrupa bir devrimler k\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle demokrasi, end\u00fcstriyel ve bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkileyen devrimleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.
\n N\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funun fazla oldu\u011fu bir k\u0131tad\u0131r. Hayat seviyesi y\u00fcksektir. N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Hatta baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde n\u00fcfus azalmas\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n Avrupa, d\u00fcnyada ihracat ve ithalatta \u00f6nde gelen k\u0131tad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada \u00fcretilen end\u00fcstri \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fc\u00e7te biri bu k\u0131taya aittir.
\n End\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir k\u0131tad\u0131r. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (\u0130ngiltere), Fransa, \u0130talya ve Almanya end\u00fcstrile\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ileri durumdad\u0131r.
\n \u00c7e\u015fitli uluslara mensup insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa’da 20’den fazla devlet vard\u0131r. Kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda dil, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli farklar bulunur.<\/p>\n
\u00dcLKELER
\n\u00dclke ve Bayra\u011f\u0131 Y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc
\n (km\u00b2) N\u00fcfus
\n (2002) N\u00fcfus Yo\u011funlu\u011fu
\n (km\u00b2) Ba\u015fkent
\nDo\u011fu Avrupa:
\n Belarus 207,600 10,335,382 49.8 Minsk
\n Bulgaristan 110,910 7,621,337 68.7 Sofya
\n \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti 78,866 10,256,760 130.1 Prag
\n Macaristan 93,030 10,075,034 108.3 Budape\u015fte
\n Moldova[1] 33,843 4,434,547 131.0 Ki\u015finev
\n Polonya 312,685 38,625,478 123.5 Var\u015fova
\n Romanya 238,391 21,698,181 91.0 B\u00fckre\u015f
\n Rusya[2] 3,960,000 106,037,143 26.8 Moskova
\n Slovakya 48,845 5,422,366 111.0 Bratislava
\n Ukrayna 603,700 48,396,470 80.2 Kiev
\nKuzey Avrupa:
\n Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k 244,820 60,201,000 244.2 Londra
\n Danimarka 43,094 5,368,854 124.6 Kopenhag
\n Estonya 45,226 1,415,681 31.3 Tallinn
\n Finlandiya 336,593 5,157,537 15.3 Helsinki
\n \u0130zlanda 103,000 307,261 2.7 Reykjav\u00edk
\n \u0130rlanda 70,280 4,234,925 60.3 Dublin
\n Letonya 64,589 2,366,515 36.6 Riga
\n Litvanya 65,200 3,601,138 55.2 Vilnius
\n Norve\u00e7 386,269 4,527,984 11.8 Oslo
\n \u0130sve\u00e7 449,964 9,090,113 19.7 Stokholm
\nG\u00fcney Avrupa:
\n Arnavutluk 28,748 3,544,841 123.3 Tiran
\n Andorra 468 68,403 146.2 Andorra la Vella
\n Bosna-Hersek 51,129 3,964,388 77.5 Sarayova
\n H\u0131rvatistan 56,542 4,390,751 77.7 Zagreb
\n Yunanistan 131,940 10,645,343 80.7 Atina
\n \u0130talya 301,230 58,751,711 191.6 Roma
\n Makedonya 25,333 2,054,800 81.1 \u00dcsk\u00fcp
\n Malta 316 397,499 1,257.9 Valletta
\n Karada\u011f[3] 13,812 616,258 44.6 Podgorica
\n Portekiz[4] 91,568 10,084,245 110.1 Lizbon
\n San Marino 61 27,730 454.6 San Marino
\n S\u0131rbistan[5] 88,361 9,663,742 109.4 Belgrad
\n Slovenya 20,273 1,932,917 95.3 Ljubljana
\n \u0130spanya[6] 498,506 40,077,100 80.4 Madrid
\n Vatikan 15.44 1905 22,945.5 Vatikan
\nBat\u0131 Avrupa:
\n Avusturya 83,858 8,169,929 97.4 Viyana
\n Bel\u00e7ika 30,510 10,274,595 336.8 Br\u00fcksel
\n Fransa[7] 547,030 59,765,983 109.3 Paris
\n Almanya 357,021 83,251,851 233.2 Berlin
\n Lihten\u015ftayn 160 32,842 205.3 Vaduz
\n L\u00fcksemburg 2,586 448,569 173.5 L\u00fcksemburg (\u015fehir)
\n Monako 1.95 31,987 16,403.6 Monako
\n Hollanda[8] 41,526 16,318,199 393.0 Amsterdam
\n \u0130svi\u00e7re 41,290 7,301,994 176.8 Bern
\nOrta Asya:
\n Kazakistan[9] 150,000 600,000 4.0 Astana
\nKafkasya:[10]
\n Azerbaycan[11] 39,730 4,198,491 105.7 Bak\u00fc
\n G\u00fcrcistan[12] 49,240 2,447,176 49.7 Tiflis
\n Ermenistan[13] 29.800 1.103.488 112.0 Erivan
\nAnadolu:
\n T\u00fcrkiye[14] 814.576 70,044,932 85.9 Ankara
\n Toplam 10,396,619 [15] 694,270,001[16] 66.8<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
AVRUPA KITASI Avrupa, Afrika’n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Asya’n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve Atlas Okyanusu’nun do\u011fusunda bulunan k\u0131ta. \u00dczerinde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke mevcuttur. Avrupa, Sami dillerde Erep (yahut Irib)=G\u00fcne\u015fin Batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf anlam\u0131na gelir. Fenikelilerden Yunanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7en bu ad, Yunanca’da Europa olmu\u015f ve Ege denizine g\u00f6re bat\u0131da bulunan \u00fclkelere bu ad verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Mitolojide Finike kral\u0131 Agenar ile Telepassa’n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u011fa …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[10804,10805,8317],"class_list":["post-5126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-avrupa-kitasinin-cografyasi","tag-cebelitarik-bogazi","tag-mitoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5126"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5126\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}