TOPO\u011eRAFYA VE KAYA\u00c7LAR
\nYerkabu\u011funun Malzemesi
\nBir nehir kenar\u0131nda gezerken kumlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131n renk ve \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan
\n \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu durum bize kayalar\u0131n farkl\u0131 ortamlarda olu\u015ftu\u011funu
\n g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin baz\u0131 kayalar g\u00f6l ve deniz i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6kelip olu\u015furken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da
\n magman\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde so\u011fumas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n \u0130nsanlar ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri bu kayalar\u0131, kesici av aletleri, s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131, kap kacak ya da
\n mesken yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanlarda kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnde kaya\u00e7lar
\n hayat\u0131m\u0131zda \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanlarda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n Yer k\u00fcrenin en d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan yer kabu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli mineraller ve kaya\u00e7lardan
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar kat\u0131 yer kabu\u011funu incelemektedirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde
\n ya\u015fam yer kabu\u011fu \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Akarsular, yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ve
\n buzullar a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma ve biriktirme yoluyla yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendirmektedir.
\nKayalar\u0131n Yer \u015eekillerine Etkileri
\nKaya ne kadar sert olursa a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 o kadar diren\u00e7li olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin bazalt ya da
\n granit gibi diren\u00e7li kayalar \u00fczerinde daha dik yer \u015fekilleri geli\u015firken, kum ta\u015f\u0131 ve marn
\n gibi yumu\u015fak kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sahalarda daha d\u00fcz ya da bas\u0131k \u015fekiller
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n Vadi kenarlar\u0131nda diren\u00e7li kayalar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde daha dik yama\u00e7lar
\n bulunurken, yumu\u015fak kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde daha e\u011fimli yama\u00e7lar yer al\u0131r.
\n Ge\u00e7irimli kaya\u00e7lar i\u00e7inden suyun ge\u00e7mesine olanak sa\u011flar. Ge\u00e7irimsiz kaya\u00e7lar ise
\n suyun s\u0131zmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledikleri i\u00e7in buralarda y\u00fczeysel ak\u0131\u015f olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Kire\u00e7
\n ta\u015f\u0131, dolomit, jips ve anhidrit gibi eriyebilen kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 saha da yeralt\u0131
\n sular\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle karstik \u015fekiller geli\u015fmektedir.
\nYerkabu\u011funun Bile\u015fimi
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer alan ve tabaka yer kabu\u011fudur. Yer kabu\u011fu, k\u0131talarda ve
\n okyanus tabanlar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan topra\u011f\u0131n, denizlerdeki su
\n ve atmosferdeki gazlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 yer kabu\u011fudur.
\n2
\nM\u0130NERAL M\u0130KTARI (%)
\nOksijen 47
\n Silisyum 28
\n Al\u00fcminyum 8.1
\n Demir 5
\n Kalsiyum 3.6
\n Sodyum 2.8
\n Potasyum 2.6
\n Magnezyum 2.1
\n Di\u011ferleri 0.8
\nYerkabu\u011funda yer alan elementlerin
\n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n % olarak oranlar\u0131
\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda yer kabu\u011funun bile\u015fimini
\n olu\u015fturan elementlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde olarak
\n oranlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Yerkabu\u011funun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n
\n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc oksijen ve silisyumdan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n Al\u00fcminyum ve demir metaller sanayi ve
\n medeniyetin geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir role sahiptir.
\n Yer kabu\u011fu i\u00e7inde daha az oranda bulunan
\n kalsiyum, sodyum, potasyum ve magnezyum bitki
\n besini olarak, bitki ve hayvan ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00fczerinde
\n \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahiptir.
\nKayalar ve Mineraller
\nYer kabu\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde yer alan elementler bir araya gelerek mineralleri
\n olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Minerallerin kat\u0131 halde bir araya gelmesiyle kaya\u00e7lar olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n Kaya\u00e7lar genellikle iki ya da daha fazla mineralin bir araya gelmesinden olu\u015fur.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin: granit; kuvars, mika ve feldspattan olu\u015fan bir kaya\u00e7t\u0131r. Bununla birlikte
\n yaln\u0131z bir mineralden olu\u015fan kaya\u00e7lar da vard\u0131r. Kalker sadece kalsiyum karbonat
\n (CaCO
\n3) mineralinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yer kabu\u011fundaki kaya\u00e7lardan bir\u00e7o\u011fu
\n milyonlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir s\u00fcre\u00e7le olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ancak volkanik sahalarda p\u00fcsk\u00fcrerek
\n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan lavlar atmosfer ile temas ederek k\u0131sa bir zamanda kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131p volkanik
\n kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n Yer kabu\u011funu olu\u015fturan kaya\u00e7lar, \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131larak incelenebilir. Kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m
\n kaya\u00e7lar\u0131, tortul kaya\u00e7lar ve ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n
KAYA\u00c7LAR
\nKat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m (Magmatik) Kaya\u00e7lar\u0131
\n a.
\n\u0130\u00e7 P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler<\/p>\n
b.
\nD\u0131\u015f P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler<\/p>\n
Tortul (Sedimenter) Kaya\u00e7lar
\n a.
\nKimyasal Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
b.
\nK\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
c.
\nOrganik Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m (Metamorfik) Kaya\u00e7lar
\n3
\n1. KATILA\u015eIM KAYA\u00c7LARI (Magmatik \u2013 P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck Kaya\u00e7lar)
\nKat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar mantodan gelen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, eriyik haldeki magman\u0131n,
\n yerkabu\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde ya da yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karak so\u011fumas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. Magma so\u011furken
\n genellikle \u00e7e\u015fitli kristaller meydana getirir. Kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015ftu\u011fu yere g\u00f6re
\n\u0130\u00e7
\n P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler ve D\u0131\u015f P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler diye ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
a. \u0130\u00e7 P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck Kaya\u00e7lar (Pl\u00fctonik Kaya\u00e7lar)
\n\u0130\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck kaya\u00e7lar magman\u0131n yer kabu\u011funun derinliklerinde so\u011fumas\u0131yla
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Granit, diyorit ve gabro ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131d\u0131r. Granit, bunlar i\u00e7inde en yayg\u0131n
\n olan\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Yerkabu\u011fu i\u00e7inde yava\u015f yava\u015f so\u011fuyan magma iri kristaller geli\u015ftirir. Elinize bir granit
\n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda kendisini olu\u015fturan kuvars, feldspat ve mikalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle ay\u0131rt
\n edebilirsiniz.
\n \u0130\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler yer kabu\u011funun 2 km den daha derinde olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn
\n \u00fczerindeki kal\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fclerin a\u015f\u0131narak ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ile i\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde
\n g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\n Asit bile\u015fimli bir i\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck kaya olan granitler \u00fczerinde de ilgin\u00e7 yer \u015fekilleri
\n geli\u015fmektedir. Nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde diren\u00e7li bir kaya olan granitler, nemli iklim
\n4
\nb\u00f6lgelerinde ise zay\u0131f bir kayaca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu kaya\u00e7lar i\u00e7erisinde yer alan feldspatlar
\n su ile temas edince kolayca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeye u\u011frar. Bu kayalar \u00fczerinde nemli iklim
\n b\u00f6lgelerinde
\ntor topografyas\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen yer \u015fekilleri geli\u015fir. Tor topografyas\u0131na
\n \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde yayg\u0131n olarak rastlan\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Uluda\u011f \u00fczerinde de tor
\n topografyas\u0131na rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
b. D\u0131\u015f P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck Kaya\u00e7lar
\nD\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fckler, y\u00fczeye kadar ula\u015fan magman\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde so\u011fumas\u0131 ile
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bazalt, andezit ve riyolit ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck kaya\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca
\n volkan cam\u0131 (obsidiyen), s\u00fcnger ta\u015f\u0131 ve t\u00fcfler de yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde magman\u0131n so\u011fumas\u0131 ile
\n olu\u015fur.
\n D\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck kaya\u00e7lar yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde so\u011fudu\u011fu i\u00e7in ince kristallidir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin: bir bazalt\u0131 elinize ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda onu olu\u015fturan kristalleri g\u00f6zle ay\u0131rt etmeniz
\n zordur. Ya da obsidiyen \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 so\u011fudu\u011fu i\u00e7in kristal yap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftiremez ve cams\u0131
\n doku kazan\u0131r.
\n En yayg\u0131n rastlanan \u00f6rne\u011fi bazaltt\u0131r. Bazaltlar so\u011furken bazen alt\u0131gen s\u00fctunlar
\n olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bazalt s\u00fctunlar\u0131na Zigana ge\u00e7idinin Trabzon taraf\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da
\n rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bazalt i\u00e7erisinde silisyum oran\u0131 az olan bazik magma ak\u0131c\u0131
\n oldu\u011fundan yass\u0131 topografyalar olu\u015fturur. Hindistan\u2019daki Dekan Platosu ve Do\u011fu
\n Anadolu\u2019da ki platolar genellikle bazalt lavlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fmu\u015f platolard\u0131r.
\n Andezit veya riyolit gibi i\u00e7erisinde silisyum oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan asit magma yap\u0131\u015fkan
\n \u00f6zellikte oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha e\u011fimli ve yal\u00e7\u0131n topografyalar olu\u015fturur. \u00d6rne\u011fin dik
\n yama\u00e7l\u0131 volkan konileri genellikle asit magmadan olu\u015fur.
\n Volkanik faaliyetler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcfler a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li de\u011fildir. Bu kaya\u00e7lar
\n i\u00e7erinde volkanik faaliyet s\u0131ras\u0131nda gelip d\u00fc\u015fen bazalt ya da ignimbirit gibi kaya\u00e7lar
\n a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7lidir. Bu malzemelerin kal\u0131n tabakalar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sahalarda
\n karasular ve sel sular\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucunda peribacalar\u0131 olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n Peribacalar\u0131n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6rneklerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da \u00dcrg\u00fcp, G\u00f6reme,
\n Avanos ve U\u00e7hisar \u00e7evresinde yayg\u0131n olarak bulunur. Burada yer alan Erciyes ve
\n Hasanda\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fcl ve t\u00fcfler \u00fczerinde peribacalar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n5
\nKat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m Kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kullan\u0131m\u0131
\nBir\u00e7ok kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kayac\u0131 sert, yo\u011fun ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tarihi devirlerde insanlar
\n taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri volkan cam\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 ok ve m\u0131zrak
\n ucu olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra ise heykel yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve konut yap\u0131m\u0131nda
\n kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn de \u00f6zellikle i\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015flendikten
\n sonra zemin kaplamas\u0131 olarak tercih edilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcnger ta\u015f\u0131 hafif oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in,
\n perlit ise \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na uygun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in in\u015faatlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n2. TORTUL KAYALAR (Sedimanter Kaya\u00e7lar)
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunan kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc d\u0131\u015f kuvvetler taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak tahrip
\n edilmektedir. Erozyon, akarsular ve r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar yard\u0131m\u0131yla par\u00e7alanarak ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan
\n bu kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Kaya par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan akarsu ya da r\u00fczg\u00e2r g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fckendi\u011fi yerde bu tortullar\u0131
\n biriktirmeye ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. \u015eayet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 su ise tortullar\u0131 ve kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6l
\n ya da denizlere ula\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Tortular ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p biriktirildikten sonra \u00e7imentola\u015fma
\n s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile tortul kaya\u00e7lar meydana gelmektedir.
\n Tortulanmada kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda canl\u0131 kabuklar\u0131, bitki art\u0131klar\u0131 ve di\u011fer canl\u0131
\n art\u0131ktan da birikmektedir. Zamanla bu canl\u0131 art\u0131klar\u0131 tortul kayalar i\u00e7indeki fosilleri
\n olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.
\n Gev\u015fek olan tortul tabakalar, milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde \u00fczerlerine gelen di\u011fer
\n tabakalar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcst \u00fcste biriken tortullar yeni
\n tabakalar olu\u015fturmakta ve bu tabakalar, alttakileri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak yo\u011funlu\u011funu
\n art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.
\n Tortulanma alanlar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fma ile birlikte su i\u00e7erisinde eriyik halde bulunan
\n mineraller tortullar\u0131n aras\u0131na s\u0131zmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7imentola\u015fma suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olan
\n minerallerin tortullar\u0131n aras\u0131nda kristalle\u015ferek onlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flamas\u0131 i\u015flemidir.
\n Tortul kaya\u00e7lar, kayac\u0131 olu\u015fturan tortul tipine g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131
\n (mekanik), organik ve kimyasal olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck grup tortul kaya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bu
\n tortul kaya\u00e7 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n her biri farkl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7erek olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n6
\na. K\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar
\nD\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin etkisiyle par\u00e7alanan di\u011fer kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fan k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bir araya
\n gelerek \u00e7imentola\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tortul kaya\u00e7lar olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tortullar
\n aras\u0131na giren \u00e7imento ise kil ya da kalkerdir.
\n Kil par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015fla\u015fmas\u0131yla
\nkil ta\u015f\u0131, kum taneciklerinin ta\u015fla\u015fmas\u0131yla kum ta\u015f\u0131,
\n \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131n ta\u015fla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de konglomera olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
b. Organik Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar
\nOrganik tortul kaya\u00e7lar, bitki ve hayvan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tabakalar halinde birikmesiyle
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n en bilinen \u00f6rnekleri ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, linyit, tebe\u015fir ve mercanlard\u0131r.
\n Bitki art\u0131klar\u0131 bir araya gelerek k\u00f6m\u00fcrleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcrlerden antrasit en
\n eski olan\u0131d\u0131r. Paleozoyik sonlar\u0131nda ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, Tersiyerde linyit, Kuvaternerde ise
\n turba olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n Mercanlar su s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 20\u00b0C nin \u00fczerinde olan s\u0131\u011f ve berrak denizlerde ya\u015fayan
\n canl\u0131lar\u0131n iskeletlerinin birikmesiyle olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tebe\u015fir ise mikroskobik deniz
\n hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n kalker kabuk ve iskeletlerinden meydana gelmi\u015f dayan\u0131ks\u0131z, bir
\n kaya\u00e7t\u0131r. Gerek kimyasal gerekse mekanik a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m sonucu kolayl\u0131kla par\u00e7alan\u0131r.
\n \u00dczerinde karstik yer \u015fekilleri geli\u015febilir.
\nc. Kimyasal Tortul Kaya\u00e7lar
\nSuyun i\u00e7inde erimi\u015f halde bulunan maddelerin \u00e7\u00f6kelmesiyle olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131,
\n g\u00f6llerde, denizlerde ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak bulunan kirecin \u00e7\u00f6kelmesiyle
\n olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kimyasal kaya\u00e7lardan, jips, anhidrit ve kaya tuzu evaporit havzalar\u0131nda
\n kurak iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar sular\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n Kimyasal tortul kaya\u00e7lar su ile temasa ge\u00e7ince kolayca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmektedir. Bundan
\n dolay\u0131 nemli ve s\u0131cak iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kimyasal tortul kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu
\n sahalarda lapya, dolin, uvala, obruk ve polye gibi karstik \u015fekiller olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Karstik
\n \u015fekiller \u00f6zellikle saf ve kal\u0131n kire\u00e7 ta\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde daha iyi geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermektedir.
\n Jips, anhidrit ve kaya tuzlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan karstik \u015fekiller ise kolayca tahrip
\n olmaktad\u0131r.
\n7
\nTortul Kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n Kullan\u0131m\u0131
\nKumta\u015f\u0131 ve kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r in\u015faat malzemesi olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n Ger\u00e7ekten de bir\u00e7ok tarihi yap\u0131da yayg\u0131n olarak bu kaya\u00e7lara rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n Ayr\u0131ca kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 ve kil ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7imento, jips ise al\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in sanayide kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n K\u00f6m\u00fcr ise \u0131s\u0131nma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n3. BA\u015eKALA\u015eIM KAYA\u00c7LARI
\nYerin derinliklerindeki y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kayalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fime
\n u\u011framas\u0131na
\nmetamorfizma denir. Meta “de\u011fi\u015fim” morfo “\u015fekil” anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir
\n kaya metamorfizmaya u\u011fray\u0131nca g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, bile\u015fimi, kristal yap\u0131s\u0131 ve mineral i\u00e7eri\u011fi
\n de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kayalar\u0131 tortul ya da volkanik kayalar\u0131n metamorfizma ge\u00e7irmesi
\n sonucunda olu\u015fur. Yer kabu\u011fundaki hareketler sonucunda bir kaya derinlere do\u011fru
\n iner. Burada mantodan gelen s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u00fczerindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayalar\u0131n
\n ba\u015fkala\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur.
\n Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda kalan kayalar\u0131n mineralleri ince tabakalar halinde
\n dizilerek yaprakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 kazan\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda ince katmanlara ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eist, gnays
\n ve arduaz yaprakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Metamorfizma sonucunda kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 (kalker) mermere, kil ta\u015f\u0131 \u015fiste, granit gnaysa,
\n kumta\u015f\u0131 kuvarsite ve ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ise elmasa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m Kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kullan\u0131m\u0131
\nMermer ve arduaz en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan iki ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kayac\u0131d\u0131r. Mermer bir\u00e7ok mimar
\n ve heykelt\u0131ra\u015f\u0131n eserlerinde yayg\u0131n olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r. Hindistan’\u0131n Agra
\n kentindeki sanat \u015faheserlerinden biri olan Ta\u00e7 Mahal bunlardan biridir.
\n Yaprakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131da olmas\u0131 sebebiyle arduaz zemin, \u00e7at\u0131 ve kald\u0131r\u0131m kaplamas\u0131 olarak
\n kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca gri, siyah, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve mor gibi renklere sahip olan arduaz
\n binalarda dekor malzemesi olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n8
\nKAYA D\u00d6NG\u00dcS\u00dc
\nJeolojik zamanlarda milyonlarca y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde bu \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f kaya\u00e7 birbirlerine
\n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Kaya\u00e7 d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc de denilen bu olayda mevcut kaya\u00e7lar derinlere
\n do\u011fru inerek eriyip magma haline gelir. Sonra bu magma yerkabu\u011fu i\u00e7inde veya
\n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p so\u011fuyarak kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme ve erozyonla
\n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki kaya\u00e7lar par\u00e7alan\u0131p, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p tabakalar halinde biriktirilerek tortul
\n kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Tortul ya da kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n
\netkisiyle ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
TOPO\u011eRAFYA VE KAYA\u00c7LAR Yerkabu\u011funun Malzemesi Bir nehir kenar\u0131nda gezerken kumlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131n renk ve \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu durum bize kayalar\u0131n farkl\u0131 ortamlarda olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin baz\u0131 kayalar g\u00f6l ve deniz i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6kelip olu\u015furken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da magman\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde so\u011fumas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri bu kayalar\u0131, kesici av aletleri, s\u00fcs …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3088,10811,2539,10812,10813,2963],"class_list":["post-5139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-kayaclar","tag-kayalarin-yer-sekillerine-etkileri","tag-mineraller","tag-organik-tortul-kayaclar","tag-tortul-kayaclarin-kullanimi","tag-yerkabugu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5139"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5139\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}