Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Devlet Hazinesi ve Vergi Sistemi<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devlet hazinesi, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f hazine olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 hazine; p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131na \u00e2it olup, haz\u00eene-i hassa da denirdi. D\u0131\u015f haz\u00eene; devlete \u00e2it olup, hazine-i devlet, hazine-i \u00e2mire, hazine-i h\u00fcmay\u00fbn ve hazine-i m\u00e2liye de denirdi. Beyt-\u00fcl-mal, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde devlet hazinesi ve m\u00e2liye d\u00e2iresi m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde, \u015fer’\u00ee ve \u00f6rf\u00ee olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc vergi vard\u0131. M\u00e2liye te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 da \u015fer’\u00ee ve \u00f6rfi gelir sistemine g\u00f6re te\u015fkil edilmi\u015fti<\/p>\n
\u015eer’\u00ee Gelir Sistemi: U\u015fr (A\u015far, \u00d6\u015f\u00fcr), hara\u00e7, cizyedir. U\u015fr (a\u015far), halk\u0131n \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr dedi\u011fi toprak mahs\u00fcllerinden al\u0131nan onda bir nispetindeki zek\u00e2tt\u0131. U\u015fur d\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit zek\u00e2t mal\u0131ndan, toprak mahs\u00fblleri zek\u00e2t\u0131 ile hayvan zek\u00e2t\u0131na ve “\u00c2\u015fir” denilen zek\u00e2t memurlar\u0131n\u0131n ith\u00e2l\u00e2t\u00e7\u0131 t\u00fcccardan toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zek\u00e2ta denir. Bunu devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 al\u0131r ve Kur’\u00e2n-\u0131 ker\u00eemde bildirilen yerlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rd\u0131. Emv\u00e2l-i b\u00e2t\u0131na denilen di\u011fer zek\u00e2t mallar\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman zengin bizzat kendisi hesaplar ve emredilen yerlere verirdi. Bu bak\u0131mdan u\u015fur ver zek\u00e2t ib\u00e2det olup, di\u011fer vergiler gibi bir vergi de\u011fildir. Hara\u00e7; zor ile al\u0131n\u0131p da, gayri m\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flara b\u0131rak\u0131lan veya sulh (antla\u015fma) ile al\u0131n\u0131p, onlar\u0131n olan topraktan al\u0131nan be\u015fte bir, d\u00f6rtte bir, \u00fc\u00e7te bir, yar\u0131ya kadar olabilen toprak mahs\u00fbl\u00fcnden al\u0131nan vergidir. Cizye; ehl-i kitap (H\u0131ristiyan ve Yah\u00fbd\u00ee) gayri m\u00fcslim erkeklerden al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rf\u00ee Vergiler; Av\u00e2r\u0131z vergileri de denirdi. Tek\u00e2lifi div\u00e2niye ile ihtisap, a\u011fnam, y\u00e2va, m\u00e2denler, otlak, k\u0131\u015flak resimleridir. Tek\u00e2lifi div\u00e2niye, devletin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu zamanlarda aynen veya para olarak; av\u00e2r\u0131z ak\u00e7esi, n\u00fcz\u00fcl bedeli, s\u00fcrsat bedeli, k\u00fcrek\u00e7i bedeli gibi \u00e7e\u015fitleri vard\u0131. M\u00fclk olup vergiye, t\u00e2bi olan topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6\u015f\u00fcrl\u00fc, \u00e7ok az\u0131 hara\u00e7l\u0131 idi. Memleket topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu m\u00eer\u00ee idi. \u00d6nceleri kir\u00e2ya verilen m\u00eer\u00ee topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu sonradan vatanda\u015fa sat\u0131larak veya vakfedilerek \u00f6\u015f\u00fcrl\u00fc h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Vak\u0131f topraklardan da u\u015fur al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Beyt-\u00fcl-mal\u0131n ve hi\u00e7 kimsenin olmayan da\u011flar, ormanlar gibi yerleri i\u015fletip, mahs\u00fbl alan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6\u015fr\u00fcn\u00fc verirdi. M\u00eer\u00ee topra\u011f\u0131n kir\u00e2lar\u0131 asker ve subaylar\u0131n olurdu. Bunlara dirlik denilirdi. Askerin topra\u011f\u0131na timar, subay\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131na Ze\u00e2met, general topra\u011f\u0131na Has denirdi. Bunlar\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirleri, timar; \u00fc\u00e7 bin ile yirmi bin ak\u00e7e aras\u0131, ze\u00e2met; yirmibin ile y\u00fcz bin ak\u00e7e aras\u0131, has: y\u00fcz bin ak\u00e7eden fazlayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 paras\u0131na ak\u00e7e denirdi. Osmanl\u0131larda sikke, mang\u0131r, metelik, kuru\u015f, pul, para, para birimi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belirli bir miktar para anlam\u0131nda kese t\u00e2biri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde gelir; Merkeze g\u00f6nderilenler, ey\u00e2letlerde b\u0131rak\u0131lan, mahall\u00ee belde gelirleri olarak tasnif edilebilir. Fevkal\u00e2de gelirlerden gan\u00eemet de varsa da devaml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Gelirler saray giderleri, id\u00e2r\u00ee ve asker\u00ee giderlere harcan\u0131rd\u0131. Devlet ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergilerle; vatanda\u015f\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131, mal\u0131n\u0131, \u015ferefini, hakk\u0131n\u0131, vicdan h\u00fcrriyetini, tic\u00e2ret h\u00fcrriyetini m\u00fcd\u00e2faa edip, korumakla, mill\u00ee savunma ve as\u00e2yi\u015fi sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Pek\u00e7ok d\u00een\u00ee sosyal, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve hay\u0131r eserleri \u00e7ok iyi i\u015fleyen vak\u0131f m\u00fcessesesince yap\u0131l\u0131p, bu hususlarda devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esine pek fazla katk\u0131da bulunuyorlard\u0131. P\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’dan sa\u011flanan gelirlerle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Devlet Hazinesi ve Vergi Sistemi Osmanl\u0131 Devlet hazinesi, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f hazine olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 hazine; p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131na \u00e2it olup, haz\u00eene-i hassa da denirdi. D\u0131\u015f haz\u00eene; devlete \u00e2it olup, hazine-i devlet, hazine-i \u00e2mire, hazine-i h\u00fcmay\u00fbn ve hazine-i m\u00e2liye de denirdi. Beyt-\u00fcl-mal, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde devlet hazinesi ve m\u00e2liye d\u00e2iresi m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1739,1738,1736,1735,1737],"class_list":["post-514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-avariz","tag-cizye","tag-hazine-i-hassa","tag-osmanlida-devlet-hazinesi","tag-osur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=514"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/514\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=514"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}