Kap\u0131kulu Askerleri
\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin s\u00fcrekli ordusunu olu\u015fturan ve do\u011frudan padi\u015faha ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yaya, atl\u0131 ve teknik s\u0131n\u0131ftan asker ocaklar\u0131na verilen ad.<\/p>\n
Kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yayalar ve m\u00fcsellemler olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu birlikler t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler, ak\u0131nc\u0131lar, azaplar, voynuklar, martoloslar ve cerahorlarla destekleniyordu. I. Murad d\u00f6neminde (1360-89) \u00f6rg\u00fctsel kurulu\u015fu tamamlanan kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeniden d\u00fczenlendi. Bu yap\u0131da, yaya ve atl\u0131 olarak iki ana s\u0131n\u0131f vard\u0131. Acemi o\u011flanlar\u0131, yeni\u00e7eriler, cebeciler, top\u00e7ular, top arabac\u0131lar\u0131 yay s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, sipahiler, silahdarlar, sa\u011f ulufeciler, sol ulufeciler, sa\u011f garipler, sol garipler de atl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131, Bekta\u015fili\u011fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 kurumlar\u0131ndand\u0131 ve bu nedenle oca\u011fa Oca\u011f-\u0131 Bekta\u015fiyan, askerlerine taife-i Bekta\u015fiye, ocak subaylar\u0131na sanadid-i Bekta\u015fiyan, y\u00fckselme yoluna da ilsile-i Bekta\u015fiyan deniliyordu. Bekta\u015filikteki alegorik simgeler de (\u00f6rn. b\u00f6rk, kazan) aynen kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Bekta\u015fi dervi\u015fleri ocak ortalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesi say\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 geni\u015fledik\u00e7e kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131nda da yeni d\u00fczenlemelere gidildi. \u0130stanbul’un al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, Gelibolu’daki Acemi Oca\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da ikinci bir Acemi Oca\u011f\u0131 kuruldu. A\u011fa b\u00f6l\u00fckleri de kap\u0131kulu k\u0131sm\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131; ocak subaylar\u0131n\u0131n r\u00fctbeleri ve yetkileri belirlendi. S\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131ndaki kalelerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kap\u0131kulu kapsam\u0131nda yerlikulu yeni\u00e7erisi (g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yeni\u00e7eri), cebeci, top\u00e7u, la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131, humbarac\u0131 ortalar\u0131 kuruldu. Kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131nda, dev\u015firme ve pen\u00e7ik yasalr\u0131na g\u00f6re asker yeti\u015ftirilirdi. Adaylar (dev\u015firmeler ve pen\u00e7ik o\u011flanlar) acemi ocaklar\u0131ndaki e\u011fitimden sonra “kap\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kma” denen i\u015flemle \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu asker olarak kap\u0131kulu s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir meslek edinmeleri ve evlenmeleri yasakt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn kap\u0131kulu askerleri oda denen k\u0131\u015flalarda cemaatler olu\u015fturur, her cemaat de kendi i\u00e7inde b\u00f6l\u00fcklere ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olan kap\u0131kulular\u0131n g\u00f6revleri kat\u0131 ve \u00f6d\u00fcns\u00fcz kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kurallara kavanin-i yeni\u00e7eriyan denirdi. Kap\u0131kullar\u0131 kent g\u00fcvenli\u011finden ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131ndan sorumluydu. Silah olarak genellikle t\u00fcfek, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, ok ve yayi kalkan, m\u0131zrak kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n Birinci Ortas\u0131’n\u0131n yolda\u015flar\u0131ndan say\u0131lmas\u0131, ulufe g\u00fcn\u00fc yeni\u00e7eri a\u011fas\u0131 giysisi ile k\u0131\u015flaya gelmesi ve ulufesini almas\u0131, at \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir kase \u015ferbet i\u00e7mesi gelenekti. Ulufeleri \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir galebe divan\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan kap\u0131kullar\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 (c\u00fclus) ve sefere gidi\u015flerinde de bah\u015fi\u015f al\u0131lard\u0131. Kap\u0131kulu k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Atmeydan\u0131’nda, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u015eehzadeba\u015f\u0131’ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Kap\u0131kullar\u0131n\u0131n disiplini 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bozuldu. Dev\u015firme ve pen\u00e7ik sistemleri i\u015flemez duruma geli ve oca\u011fa rasgele asker al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130stanbul’da s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalar, genellikle kap\u0131kullar\u0131nca y\u00f6nlendiriliyordu. 1632’de IV. Murad’\u0131n reform giri\u015fimi ge\u00e7ici bir iyile\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131. K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fcler d\u00f6neminde de ocaklardaki disiplin yeniden kuruldu. II. Mustafa’n\u0131n, III. Ahmed’in, III. Mustafa’n\u0131n ve III. Selim’in bu konudaki reform \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. II. Mahmud 1826’da oca\u011f\u0131n humbarac\u0131, barut\u00e7u, la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 gibi teknik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlarla yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlerken, \u00f6b\u00fcr kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
YEN\u0130 \u00c7ER\u0130 OCA\u011eI<\/p>\n
Sultan II. Mahmut, Avrupa ordular\u0131n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimle yeti\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere “e\u015fkinci” ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir askeri \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Yeni e\u011fitimi istemeyen Yeni\u00e7eriler ayakland\u0131. Bu durumdan yaralanan II. Mahmut, Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir fermanla halka duyurdu.<\/p>\n
Askerlere yak\u0131\u015fmayan davran\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ine giren sarho\u015f Yeni\u00e7eriler, zaman zaman halk\u0131n can\u0131na ve mal\u0131na zarar vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle de halk\u0131n nefretini kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. O d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7ok de\u011fer verilen ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hakaretler, halk ile ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, Yeni\u00e7erilere kar\u015f\u0131, cephe almalar\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Sultan II. Mahmud Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birtak\u0131m tedbirler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Yeni\u00e7erilerin, Avrupa ordular\u0131 gibi e\u011fitilmeleri gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, bu ama\u00e7la “e\u015fkinci” adl\u0131 yeni bir askeri \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Bu yeni e\u011fitimi istemeyen Yeni\u00e7eriler, At meydan\u0131nda toplanarak g\u00f6steri yaparak ayakland\u0131lar. Bab\u0131ali\u2019ye sald\u0131rarak alt\u0131 bin kese para ald\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
Sadrazam Selim Pa\u015fa, vezirleri, din adamlar\u0131n\u0131, humbarac\u0131, la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131, top\u00e7u ve donanma m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131 toplad\u0131; sanca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartarak ocakla sava\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Devlet memurlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul sokaklar\u0131nda dola\u015farak halk\u0131 sancak alt\u0131nda toplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Yeni\u00e7eri tellalar\u0131, ocakseverleri ayaklanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in uyard\u0131. Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan sadrazam, Sultan Ahmed Camii\u2019ni karargah yaparak halka silah da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131. Beyaz\u0131t ve Divanyolu\u2019nu tutan yeni\u00e7eriler, \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flay\u0131nca At meydan\u0131na \u00e7ekildiler ve kap\u0131y\u0131 kapatt\u0131lar. Sadrazam Selim Pa\u015fa meydan k\u0131\u015flas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirerek top ate\u015fine tutturdu. Ate\u015f sonucunda meydan kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir kanad\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr kanad\u0131n\u0131 da k\u0131ran halk Yeni\u00e7erilerin \u00fczerine sald\u0131rd\u0131. Yeni\u00e7eriler k\u0131\u015fla ve tekkeye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Top ate\u015fi sonras\u0131nda k\u0131\u015fla birka\u00e7 saatte, i\u00e7indeki yeni\u00e7erilerle birlikte yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ele ge\u00e7irilen ele ba\u015flar\u0131 sadrazam taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanarak bo\u011fduruldu ve cesetleri Sultanahmed Meydan\u0131\u2019ndaki \u00c7\u0131naralt\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. bu olaylar\u0131n sonucunda 6.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, 20.000 ki\u015fi de s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. II. Mahmud daha sonra Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir fermanla halka bildirdi.<\/p>\n
N\u0130ZAM-I CED\u0130T<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f anlamda, Sultan III. Selim’in Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu Bat\u0131l\u0131 us\u00fcllerle yeniden d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla giri\u015fti\u011fi reform (\u0131slahat) hareketlerine verilen (yeni d\u00fczen) add\u0131r.
\nDar anlamda ise, bu hareketin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ve ileride onun yerine ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere Avrupa usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re kurulan yeni ordu anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SEKBAN-I CED\u0130T<\/p>\n
Nizam-\u0131 Cedid ordusu yerine kurulan askeri ordu. 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bayraktar Mustafa Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Avrupa standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kurulan bu ordu \u00dcsk\u00fcdar’daki k\u0131\u015flalarda askeri e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flad\u0131. Sekizinci ocak olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131 ve tu\u011f ve sancak verilerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ocak haline getirildi. 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni\u00e7erilerin isyan\u0131 ve Mustafa Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle Sekban-\u0131 Cedit oca\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
ASAK\u0130R-\u0130 MANSURE-\u0130 MUHAMMED\u0130YE<\/p>\n
Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Sultan II. Mahmut’ un emriyle kuruldu. Yeni e\u011fitim kurallar\u0131yla yeti\u015ftirilen, askerlik kurumuna verilen add\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ilk olarak “Serasker” unvan\u0131yla eski Yeni\u00e7eri a\u011falar\u0131ndan A\u011fa H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa getirildi.<\/p>\n
Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye Tertip ad\u0131 verilen sekizer birlikten meydana gelir. Her tertibin ba\u015f\u0131nda “binba\u015f\u0131” ad\u0131nda bir komutan bulunurdu. Bu binba\u015f\u0131lar “ba\u015f binba\u015f\u0131” ya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Her tertip on alt\u0131 “saf” t\u0131. Her saf bir y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n komutas\u0131ndayd\u0131. Her y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n iki\u015fer “m\u00fclazim” yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131. Her tertipte bir top bulunurdu. Toplara “top\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131” denilen bir subay komuta ederdi. On alt\u0131 saftan olu\u015fan tertiplerin sekizi sa\u011f ve sekizi sol olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlara “sa\u011f kola\u011falar\u0131” ve “sol kola\u011falar\u0131” atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130ki y\u0131l sonra bu \u00f6rg\u00fct yeniden d\u00fczenlenerek “tertip” lere “alay” ve komutanlar\u0131na “miralay” dedindi. “Saf” deyimi “b\u00f6l\u00fck” olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Her alay binba\u015f\u0131 komutas\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 taburdan meydana getirilmi\u015fti. Sol ve sa\u011f kola\u011fas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 alan iki subay, bir katip, bir sancaktar, her b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011fe “y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131” ve “m\u00fclazim” lerden ayr\u0131 olarak bir “ba\u015f\u00e7avu\u015f” ve bir “b\u00f6l\u00fck emini” atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her alayda “miralay” yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 bir “kaymakam” bulunurdu. \u0130ki alay bir “mirliva” n\u0131n ve \u00fc\u00e7 alay bir “ferik” in komutas\u0131 alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Miralay\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fc subaylara “pa\u015fa” denirdi. Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye’ nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck komutan\u0131 “m\u00fc\u015fir” di.<\/p>\n
Vakai hayriye<\/p>\n
1825 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Sultan II. Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r (Hay\u0131rl\u0131 Olay). 1324 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131, 1658 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren t\u00fcm \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015f ve ayaklanmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir yuva haline gelmi\u015fti. Yeni\u00e7eriler istemedikleri padi\u015fah\u0131, veziri indiriyor, istedi\u011finde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Yeni\u00e7erilerin ba\u015f\u0131na buyruk hareketleri halk\u0131 rahats\u0131z ediyordu. Yeni\u00e7erilerin ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na hakaret etmesi barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla olmu\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile halk yeni\u00e7erilere kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Sultan II. Mahmut, Avrupa ordular\u0131n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimle yeti\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere “e\u015fkinci” ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir askeri \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Yeni e\u011fitimi istemeyen Yeni\u00e7eriler ayakland\u0131. Bu durumdan yaralanan II. Mahmut, Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir fermanla halka duyurdu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kap\u0131kulu Askerleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin s\u00fcrekli ordusunu olu\u015fturan ve do\u011frudan padi\u015faha ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yaya, atl\u0131 ve teknik s\u0131n\u0131ftan asker ocaklar\u0131na verilen ad. Kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yayalar ve m\u00fcsellemler olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu birlikler t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler, ak\u0131nc\u0131lar, azaplar, voynuklar, martoloslar ve cerahorlarla destekleniyordu. I. Murad d\u00f6neminde (1360-89) \u00f6rg\u00fctsel kurulu\u015fu tamamlanan kap\u0131kulu ocaklar\u0131, 16. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1766,1754,1763,1765,1352,1764,1767],"class_list":["post-531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-asakir-i-mansure-i-muhammediye","tag-istanbul","tag-kapikulu-askerleri","tag-nizam-i-cedid","tag-osmanli-devleti","tag-sultan-ii-mahmut","tag-vakai-hayriye"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=531"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/531\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}