Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi (Osmanl\u0131ca)<\/p>\n
O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dilin devam\u0131 olan ve Sel\u00e7uklular’\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131ndan Cumh\u00fbriyet devrine kadar 700 y\u0131l kullan\u0131lan ve kesintisiz eserlerini veren Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn devlet ve resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fma dili.
\nKa\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, D\u00eev\u00e2n\u2019\u0131nda O\u011fuz ve H\u00e2k\u00e2niye adl\u0131 iki edeb\u00ee \u015f\u00eeveden bahseder. Bunlardan O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 O\u011fuzca; daha sonra T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee devresi i\u00e7inde ve Osmanl\u0131 H\u00e2nedan\u0131na nispetle Osmanl\u0131ca veya Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cOsmanl\u0131ca\u201d deyimi daha \u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131y\u0131 inceleyen m\u00fcste\u015frikler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e devresinden sonra, 13. asra kadar, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr t\u00e2rihi i\u00e7indeki eserlerimiz; g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve yeni yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sebepleriyle, Kuzey-Do\u011fu (K\u0131p\u00e7ak, \u00c7a\u011fatay) ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’ni de i\u00e7ine alarak \u201cM\u00fc\u015fterek Orta Asya Yaz\u0131 Dili\u201d ile verilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi; Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi-Azer\u00ee A\u011fz\u0131 ile birlikte olan m\u00fc\u015fterek devresini, hemen hemen 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ancak bu zamandan sonrad\u0131r ki, Sel\u00e7uklular devrinin sonunda yer alan ve Eski Anadolu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131 ile and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her iki a\u011fz\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek olduklar\u0131 zaman g\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Osmanl\u0131, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Azer\u00ee T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’nde umum\u00eele\u015ferek 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere iki a\u011fz\u0131n kesin \u00e7izgilerle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olur. Bunun yan\u0131nda her iki \u015f\u00eevenin kom\u015fular\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kelimeleri, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a olanlar hari\u00e7, Azer\u00ee ve Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerinde anla\u015fmada \u00e7\u0131kacak, ikinci bir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Azer\u00ee T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi daha \u00e7ok Rus\u00e7a ve Mo\u011folca ile onlara yak\u0131n yerlilerin ve Hint\u00e7e’nin kollar\u0131ndan kelimeler al\u0131rken, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de kom\u015fu Avrupa milletlerinin dillerinden kelimeler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, kurulan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorlu\u011fun, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek\u00e7ok milletin dilinden meydana gelen Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi; topraklarla birlikte yeni kelimeler de fethederek onlar\u0131 mill\u00eele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin karakteri ic\u00e2b\u0131 da b\u00f6yledir. Bu kelimeler daha \u00e7ok, \u0130talyan, Yunan, Arnavut, S\u0131rp, Romen, Bulgar vs. gibi milletlerin dillerinden girmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu milletlerin dillerinden al\u0131nan kelimeler, zamanla T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin i\u00e7inde yo\u011frulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n
Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a’dan gelen kelimeler ise yad\u0131rganmazlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131lar’da bu iki dile hi\u00e7bir zaman yabanc\u0131 diller g\u00f6z\u00fc ile bak\u0131lmaz. Bu sebepledir ki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a gramer unsurlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’ne girmi\u015f, yabanc\u0131 kelimelerde herhangi bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6zetilmedi\u011finden, galat da olsalar, T\u00fcrk zek\u00e2 ve k\u00e2biliyetinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan kelimeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum tamlamalarda da kendini g\u00f6sterir (Bkz. \u0130mparatorluk Dilleri). <\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee devre i\u00e7erisinde Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn dili olan Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, devre itibariyle T\u00fcrk Dili tarihinin Orta ve Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e devreleri i\u00e7ine girmektedir. Tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131n\u0131 da verdi\u011fimiz Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ilk devir eserlerinde; T\u00fcrk\u00ee, Lis\u00e2n-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee ve T\u00fcrkmence olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Cevdet Pa\u015fa ve Fuad Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan gramerin ad\u0131 da Kav\u00e2id-i Osm\u00e2niye\u2019dir. Cevdet Pa\u015fa, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 lafz\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f eserine Kav\u00e2id-i T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu isim daha baz\u0131 gramer kitaplar\u0131nda Lis\u00e2n-\u0131 Osm\u00e2n\u00ee, Osmanl\u0131ca, Osmanl\u0131 Sarf\u0131, Nahv-i Osm\u00e2n\u00ee, Osmanl\u0131ca Dersleri gibi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmektedir. Ancak S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa ve \u015eemseddin S\u00e2m\u00ee gibi zev\u00e2t\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gramerlerde \u0130lm-i Sarf-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee ve Nev Us\u00fbl Sarf-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee gibi yine T\u00fcrk\u00ee lafz\u0131na yer verilir. Deny ve Redhouse gibi bat\u0131l\u0131lar ise, eserlerinde her iki kelimeyi de kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar devam eden, alfabe olarak Arap men\u015feli \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee T\u00fcrk alfabesine yer veren Osmanl\u0131ca’y\u0131; 1) Eski Osmanl\u0131ca, 2) Klasik Osmanl\u0131ca, 3) Yeni Osmanl\u0131ca olarak \u00fc\u00e7 devreye ay\u0131rmak gerekir. <\/p>\n
Birinci devre; yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi Osmanl\u0131 Azer\u00ee T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerinin birle\u015fti\u011fi 13-15. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan, yabanc\u0131 dillerden gelen kelimelerin az oldu\u011fu, a\u00e7\u0131k T\u00fcrk\u00e7e devresidir. Bu devreye Eski Anadolu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi veya \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de denmektedir. <\/p>\n
\u0130kinci devre Kl\u00e2sik Osmanl\u0131ca devridir ki 16-19. as\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, bu devrede Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a’dan gelen kelime ve gramer kaidelerine ziyadesiyle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, yaz\u0131lan eserlerin mevz\u00fbuna ve i\u015fleni\u015fine g\u00f6re, dilin a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r veya kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fekli, de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Mesel\u00e2 B\u00e2k\u00ee\u2019nin D\u00eev\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n\u0131 anlamak g\u00fc\u00e7 olabilir. Fakat Me\u00e2lim\u00fc\u2019l-Yak\u00een adl\u0131 siyer kitab\u0131 gayet a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve anlamada zorluk \u00e7ekilmez. Ancak, belirli k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesine ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f bir insan, hangi devirde olursa olsun g\u00fcnl\u00fck kelimelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey anlamaz ve cehaletini, ortaya konan eserlere y\u00fcklemekten kendini alamaz. Bu durum g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, elbette \u00e7oban\u0131n ve padi\u015fah\u0131n dili bir olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Fakat daha \u00e7ok 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a’dan meydana gelen kelimeler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmaya ba\u015flar; 17 ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda gittik\u00e7e koyula\u015f\u0131r, anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bir h\u00e2l al\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin, c\u00fcmlenin sadece fiilinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nesir dilinde daha fazla anla\u015f\u0131lmazl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Naz\u0131m dili ise, bir noktada \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir c\u00fcmle yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, kendini pek kaybetmez. <\/p>\n
Bu devre \u201cKl\u00e2sik Osmanl\u0131ca\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan devirdir. Ancak bunda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve geli\u015fen bir devletin, her sahada, dilindeki ihti\u015fam ve ifade kabiliyetinin bulunmas\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devrenin sonunda bu durum halk \u015fiirinde de kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Fakat son iki y\u00fczy\u0131lda halk \u015fiirinin dili 1908\u2019den sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek olan ikili\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve halk diliyle y\u00fcksek z\u00fcmre dili birbirine yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Yeni Osmanl\u0131ca devresiyse, 19-20. as\u0131rlar\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet devrine kadar olan zaman\u0131 i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131ca’n\u0131n bu sonuncu devresi, gazeteci lisan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a tamlamalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin kendi kaidelerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devirdir. Fakat bu devrede de Arap ve Fars dillerinden gelen kelimelerin yan\u0131nda, bat\u0131 dillerinden pek fazla kelime al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatt\u00e2 bu durum Cumhuriyet devrinden sonra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Her ne \u015fekilde olursa olsun Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’ne, k\u00fclt\u00fcr dili olmas\u0131 hasebiyle, bir y\u00fcksek z\u00fcmre dili olarak bakmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak \u201cArap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir dildir!\u201d demek yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer \u00f6yle olsa idi, geride kalan k\u00fclt\u00fcr hazinesine Araplar\u0131n ve Farslar\u0131n da sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Halbuki bu hazine, sadece T\u00fcrk milletinindir. Yaln\u0131z bu dil, zevk-i selim sahibi y\u00fcksek tabakan\u0131n dili olmu\u015f ve halk dilinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak zuhur etmi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131 dili, arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r \u015fekle, ancak yirminci asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece bu devirden sonra yaz\u0131 ve halk dili birbirine yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve zamanla aradaki a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131ca i\u00e7inde ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilk devre ise, sonda yer alan her iki devreden daha a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir durum g\u00f6sterir. Bu devrenin eserleri, bug\u00fcn bile anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r durumdad\u0131r. Fakat son devreye nispeten ilk devrede, sonradan kullan\u0131\u015ftan d\u00fc\u015fen arkaik, eski kelimeler yer almaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn milletimizin zevkle okudu\u011fu Yunus Div\u00e2n\u0131 ve Mevlid gibi eserler bu devrin mahsul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Her ne \u015fekilde olursa olsun, Osmanl\u0131ca, 700 y\u0131l s\u00fcren uzun \u00f6mr\u00fc ile, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131 dili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi (Osmanl\u0131ca) O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dilin devam\u0131 olan ve Sel\u00e7uklular’\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131ndan Cumh\u00fbriyet devrine kadar 700 y\u0131l kullan\u0131lan ve kesintisiz eserlerini veren Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn devlet ve resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fma dili. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, D\u00eev\u00e2n\u2019\u0131nda O\u011fuz ve H\u00e2k\u00e2niye adl\u0131 iki edeb\u00ee \u015f\u00eeveden bahseder. Bunlardan O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 O\u011fuzca; daha sonra T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee devresi i\u00e7inde ve Osmanl\u0131 H\u00e2nedan\u0131na …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1785,1786,1784,1783,1430],"class_list":["post-543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-kasgarli-mahmud","tag-oguz-turkleri","tag-osmanli-turkcesi-osmanlica","tag-selcuklular"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=543"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/543\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}