F<\/p>\n
FABL
\nHayvanlar, bitkiler ve cans\u0131z nesneler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi hayal edilen \u00f6\u011fretici masallar. Te\u015fhis ve intak sanat\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulur. Olaydaki ki\u015filere insan karakteri ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 verilir. As\u0131l masallardan k\u0131sad\u0131r.
\nFALNAME
\nFal ile ilgili kitap. Fal\u0131n her bir \u00e7e\u015fidine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenen eserler. Y\u0131ld\u0131zname, tefe\u2019\u00fclname, hur\u015f\u00eedname, ihtilacname, k\u0131yafetname, kehanetname adlar\u0131yla da bilinirler.
\nFalnameler \u00e7okluk manzum yaz\u0131l\u0131rlar. Nesir halinde yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131na genellikle y\u0131ld\u0131zname denir. Falnameler Kur\u2019\u00e2n fal\u0131, kur\u2019\u00e2 fal\u0131 gibi dallara da ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar.
\nKur\u2019a ta\u015flar\u0131 veya bir ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine \u00e7izilmi\u015f noktalar ve noktalar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi \u015fekilleri konu edinen kur\u2019a fallar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok Hz. Ali\u2019ye nispet edilir. Edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda Cem Sultan\u2019\u0131n Divan\u2019\u0131nda yer alan Faly-\u0131 Reyhan-\u0131 Sultan Cem adl\u0131 kur\u2019a fal\u0131 me\u015fhurdur.<\/p>\n
FASIL
\nAy\u0131rma, b\u00f6lme. Bir kitab\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin her biri.
\nMevsim m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131na da gelir. Fasl-\u0131 zayf (yaz mevsimi), fasl-\u0131 \u015fit\u00e2 (k\u0131\u015f mevsimi), fasl-\u0131 hazan (sonbahar mevsimi).
\nTiyatro oyunlar\u0131nda perde anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrk sanat musikisinde bir defada \u00e7al\u0131nan ayn\u0131 makamdan par\u00e7alar\u0131n tamam\u0131na denir.<\/p>\n
FAS\u0130H
\nDilin b\u00fct\u00fcn kaidelerine uyularak do\u011fru, g\u00fczel ve a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde konu\u015fup yaz\u0131lmas\u0131, ifadenin anlam ve \u00e2henk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kusursuz olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
FES\u00c2D-I TEL\u0130F
\nS\u00f6z veya yaz\u0131da anlam\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmayacak kadar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
FESAHAT
\nS\u00f6z\u00fcn ses ve anlam kusurlar\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 yollar\u0131. \u0130fadenin kusurlardan uzak bulunmas\u0131 hali fas\u00eeh\u2019tir. S\u00f6z\u00fcn s\u00f6yleni\u015fi ve i\u015fitili\u015fi tatl\u0131 olmal\u0131, anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekilmemelidir. Divan edebiyat\u0131nda fesahat, kelimede fesahat, kel\u00e2mda fesahat diye ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n1. Kelimede fesahat: Ayn\u0131 veya yak\u0131n mahre\u00e7ten \u00e7\u0131kan harflerin bir kelimede toplanmamas\u0131na (ten\u00e2f\u00fcr-I hur\u00fbf), (er kalk\u0131l\u0131nca); kelimeleri meydana getiren harflerin kayna\u015fmas\u0131nda telaffuz zorlu\u011fu olmamas\u0131na (m\u00fcten\u00e2fir) (\u00f6r. tart\u0131rtt\u0131); anlam\u0131 herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinmeyen kelimelere yer vermemeye (gar\u00e2bet), kelimeyi vezne uydurmak i\u00e7in \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemeye, \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 bir kelimeyi me\u015fhur olmayan anl\u00e2m\u0131nda kullanmamaya gramer hatas\u0131 yapmamaya (k\u0131yasa muhalefet) dikkat edilir.
\n2. Kel\u00e2mda fesahat: Telaffuzu g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftiren kelimelerin yan yana getirilmemesi (tenafur-I kelim\u00e2t). (\u00d6rne\u011fin: \u015eu k\u00f6\u015fe yaz k\u00f6\u015fesi \u015fu k\u00f6\u015fe k\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015fesi), zincirleme tamlama (tet\u00e2bu-I iz\u00e2f\u00e2t) yapmamaya (\u00d6rne\u011fin: Ali\u2019nin ceketinin cebinin i\u00e7i); C\u00fcmle kurulu\u015funun sa\u011flam olmas\u0131na, \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylenecek s\u00f6z\u00fc sona, sonra s\u00f6ylenecek s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6ne almamaya, s\u00f6z\u00fcn d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenmemesine dikkat edilir.<\/p>\n
F\u0130KS\u0130YON
\nBir sanat eserinde uydurularak bulunmu\u015f \u015fey. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, roman, k\u0131sa hikaye gibi nesir halindeki edebi eserler kastedilir. Romanla e\u015f anlaml\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. A\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde bir olaya ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 edebi \u015fekiller i\u00e7indeki bir\u00e7ok \u015fah\u0131s hakk\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan verir.<\/p>\n
F\u0130KT\u0130F
\n\u0130tibari, ger\u00e7ek olmayan, var say\u0131lan demektir. Roman, hikaye, masal, halk hikayesi, destan gibi edebi eserler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yazar, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya zihninde bir \u015fekil verir ve bunu eserine aktar\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr eserler, tasvir esas\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in olaylar ve kahramanlar fiktiftir.<\/p>\n
FRAGMAT\u0130ZM
\nPar\u00e7ac\u0131k diye adland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fimiz bir edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk defa XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan \u0130talyan yazar\u0131 A. Soffici\u2019nin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ak\u0131mda, ger\u00e7ekten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sa k\u0131sa par\u00e7alar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tablolar ve hayattan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler (enstanteneler) en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
FUAYE
\nTiyatro salonlar\u0131nda, perde aras\u0131nda oyuncular\u0131n ve seyircilerin dinlenmesi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan yer. <\/p>\n
G<\/p>\n
GALAT
\nYanl\u0131\u015f anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir kelimenin ilk veya kitapta yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015feklinden ba\u015fka s\u00f6ylenmesi. \u00c7okluk \u015fekli gal\u00e2tat\u2019t\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilindi\u011fi halde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda sak\u0131nca g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen kelime veya kelime grubuna galat-\u0131 me\u015fhur ad\u0131 verilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nAsl\u0131nda \u00e7okluk olan evlat, e\u015fk\u0131ya, evrak kelimelerinin evlatlar, e\u015fk\u0131yalar, evraklar \u015feklinde tekrar \u00e7okluk yap\u0131larak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi.
\n\u201cGalat-\u0131 me\u015fhur, l\u00fcg\u00e2t-\u0131 fas\u00eehten evl\u00e2d\u0131r\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131lan yerle\u015fmi\u015f kelimelerin tercih edilebilece\u011fi belirtilir.
\nGenellikle latife, alay iste\u011fi ile bir kelimeyi \u015fekil, \u00fcsl\u00fbp ve anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dildeki kullan\u0131\u015f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 kullanmaya galat-\u0131 tahakkumi veya k\u0131yasa muhalefet denir.
\nGARABET
\nDilden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f veya \u00e7ok az kullan\u0131l\u0131p hen\u00fcz ay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f kelimelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla meydana gelen fesahat bozuklu\u011fu. B\u00f6yle kelimeler i\u00e7in garib, veh\u015f\u00ee isimlerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nBu durum eski edebiyatta \u00e7ok ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u015eair ve yazarlar ya ustal\u0131k g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in ya da seci, kafiye zorlamalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a\u2019dan i\u015fitilmedik kelimeler alarak kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nS\u00f6ylendikleri zaman uygun olan, ancak bug\u00fcn terkedilmi\u015f s\u00f6zler garib-i h\u00fcsn, hi\u00e7bir devirde benimsenmemi\u015f s\u00f6zler de garib-i kubh diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBir mecburiyet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan garip kelimelere muvaf\u0131k, zorunluluk olmadan kullan\u0131lanlara ise muhalif denir.<\/p>\n
GE\u00c7\u0130\u015e
\n\u0130ki parafraf aras\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden di\u011ferine ge\u00e7ilirken bu fikirlerin ba\u011flanmas\u0131. Paragraflar aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7oklu\u011fu yaz\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011fal olu\u015funa g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Ba\u011flanma a\u00e7\u0131ksa ge\u00e7i\u015fe gerek kalmaz. Ge\u00e7i\u015flerin k\u0131sa olmas\u0131na dikkat edilir. Ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in, fakat, bundan dolay\u0131, kald\u0131 ki gibi edatlar yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n
GEZMECE
\nA\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n yolculukta u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri anlatan methiyeli veya ta\u015flamal\u0131 deyi\u015fler. Gezmeceler onbirli destan veya sekizli kesik (semai) bi\u00e7iminde s\u00f6ylenir. Gezilen yerler s\u0131rayla anlat\u0131l\u0131rsa, deyi\u015f, s\u0131ra gezmece veya s\u0131ral\u0131 gezmece ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Kerem\u2019in (Asl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e2\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131) Pasin, Erzurum k\u00f6yleri i\u00e7in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi deyi\u015fler bilinen en eski gezmecelerdir.<\/p>\n
G\u0130R\u0130ZG\u00c2H
\nKasidelerin nesip b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra medhiye b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ge\u00e7erken s\u00f6ylenen beyit veya beyitler. Asl\u0131 girizg\u00e2hd\u0131r ve ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f yeri anlam\u0131na gelir. Kasideler \u00e7okluk bir tasvirle ba\u015flar. Ard\u0131ndan girizgahla as\u0131l amaca ge\u00e7ilir. \u015eair esprili bir s\u00f6zle \u00f6vg\u00fcye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n
GNOM\u0130K
\nAnlaml\u0131 s\u00f6zleri naz\u0131mla anlatan manzum t\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n
GRAMER
\nBir dili meydana getiren ses, s\u00f6zc\u00fck yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zc\u00fck haznesi, anlam de\u011fi\u015fmeleri, c\u00fcmle kurulu\u015fu gibi unsurlar\u0131 inceleyip kurallara ba\u011flayan dil bilgisi. Yunanca gramma k\u00f6k\u00fcnden geliyor.<\/p>\n
G\u00dcLDESTE
\nSe\u00e7me manzum ya da nesir yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dergi. Antoloji de denebilir.<\/p>\n
G\u00dcNL\u00dcK
\nBir ki\u015finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, duygu ve g\u00f6zlemlerini g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve o g\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihini koydu\u011fu yaz\u0131lar. Ruzname olarak da bilinir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck bir t\u00fcr an\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcne yaz\u0131l\u0131r, an\u0131 ise olaylar\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131ndan sonra kaleme al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
H<\/p>\n
H\u00c2BNAME
\nBir olay, bir ki\u015fiyle ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri sanki r\u00fcyada g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f gibi anlatarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserler. H\u00e2bnameler nesir ya da naz\u0131m olabilir. Ziya Pa\u015fa ile Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019in \u201cR\u00fcya\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri bu t\u00fcre \u00f6rnektir.
\nH\u00c2C\u0130B
\n\u0130ki ya da daha fazla kafiyeli olan manzumelerdeki baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fck ya da s\u00f6zc\u00fckler. S\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131 perdeci, perde a\u011fas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekildeki kafiyelere mahcub ad\u0131 verilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin
\n\u00c2lem esir-I dest-I me\u015fiyyet de\u011fil midir
\n\u00c2dem zebun-I pen\u00e7-I kudret de\u011fil midir
\nAvn\u00ee<\/p>\n
H\u00c2FIZ-I K\u00dcT\u00dcB
\nKitaplar\u0131 koruyan ki\u015fi. Eskiden k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciler bu isimle adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
HANE
\nDivan ve halk edebiyat\u0131nda d\u00f6rtl\u00fcklerden kurulu naz\u0131m t\u00fcrlerinin her bir d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n
HASASET
\nS\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131 cimrilik. Ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri edebi eserlerde kullanmaya denir. Ters anlaml\u0131s\u0131 \u201casalet\u201dtir.<\/p>\n
HA\u015e\u0130YE
\nBir metnin alt\u0131na ya da kenar\u0131na konuyla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bilgiler yazmak. Eskiden yeni kitaplar yazmak yerine mevcuk kitaplar bu notlarla zenginle\u015ftirilirdi. Ha\u015fiye yazmaya tah\u015fiye, tah\u015fiye yazan ki\u015fiye muha\u015f\u015fi, ha\u015fiyeli eserlere de muha\u015f\u015fa ismi verilir.<\/p>\n
HA\u015eV ya da HA\u015e\u0130V
\nYaz\u0131da gereksiz s\u00f6z bulunmas\u0131. E\u015f anlaml\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131k s\u0131k kullanmak, anlam i\u00e7in gerekli olmayan kelimeler bulundurmak, ayn\u0131 fikri de\u011fi\u015fik kelimelerle tekrar etmek, ayn\u0131 anlama gelen kelimeleri art arda s\u00f6ylemek, yaz\u0131ya yabanc\u0131 fikir ve hayal kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ha\u015fivdir. Eskiler seci, s\u00f6z sanatlar\u0131 ve vezin i\u00e7in yaz\u0131 veya \u015fiire fazla s\u00f6z katarlard\u0131. Edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda ha\u015fiv \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. \u00dc (ve) edat\u0131yla ba\u011flanan e\u015f anlaml\u0131 s\u00f6zler s\u0131k s\u0131k kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\nAhd \u00fc peyman, bey \u00fc f\u00fcruhi, ceng \u00fc harb, etraf \u00fc cevanib, feth \u00fc k\u00fc\u015fad, ferid \u00fc yekta, ilm \u00fc irfan, medh \u00fc sitayi\u015f, sehl \u00fc asan, vak \u00fc zaman\u2026
\n\u015eeyh Galib\u2019in \u015fu beyti ha\u015fvin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir:
\nVar m\u0131 hele s\u00f6ylenmedik s\u00f6z
\nKalm\u0131\u015f m\u0131 me\u011fer denilmedik s\u00f6z
\nHa\u015fv m\u00fcfsid ve gayr-i m\u00fcfsid olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n1. Ha\u015fv-i m\u00fcfsid: Anlat\u0131m\u0131 bozan s\u00f6z kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yazar\u0131n neyi nas\u0131l anlataca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kesin fikri olmazsa fikir anla\u015f\u0131lmaz hale gelir, maksat ifade edilmez.
\n2. 2. Ha\u015fv-i gayr-i m\u00fcfsid: Fikri anla\u015f\u0131lmaz h\u00e2le sokmayan s\u00f6z kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kab\u00eeh, malih ve mutavass\u0131ta olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\na. Ha\u015fv-i kab\u00eeh: \u0130fadeye \u00e7irkinlik veren fazlal\u0131klar. S\u00f6ylenmi\u015f bir fikrin e\u015f anlaml\u0131 kelimelerle tekrarlanmas\u0131nda kab\u00eeh ha\u015fiv g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nb. Ha\u015fv-i melih: S\u00f6ze g\u00fczellik ve kuvvet kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenir. Gereksiz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu s\u00f6zler ikinci derecede anlam ifade ederler.
\nc. Ha\u015fv-i mutavass\u0131ta: \u0130fadeye g\u00fczellik vermedi\u011fi gibi \u00e7irkinlik de vermeyen fazla s\u00f6ze denir. Pek fark edilmeyen e\u015f anlaml\u0131 kelimelerin tekrar\u0131yla meydana gelir.
\nBir beytin iki m\u0131sras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f ve son par\u00e7alar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan par\u00e7alara da ha\u015fiv denir.<\/p>\n
HATIRAT
\nBir kimsenin kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrede g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya duydu\u011fu olaylar\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lard\u0131r. Hat\u0131rat\u0131, otobiyografiden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zellik \u015fudur: Otobiyografilerde yazar do\u011frudan kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r, duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri geni\u015f yer tutar. Hat\u0131ratta ise, kendi hayat\u0131yla birlikte d\u00f6nemini ve \u00e7evresini anlat\u0131r. Bazen yazar\u0131n kendisini geriye \u00e7ekerek sadece \u00e7evresini verdi\u011fi de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
HAYFA
\n\u201cYaz\u0131k, eyvah!\u201d anlamlar\u0131na gelen bu kelime Arap harfleri ile bir kelime, noktal\u0131, bir kelime noktas\u0131z d\u00fczenlenen yaz\u0131lar\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih m\u0131sralar\u0131nda keder ifadesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
H\u00c2Y\u00ceDE
\nA\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011f\u0131za dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f, herkes taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok duyulmu\u015f s\u00f6z. Edebiyatta bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 kusurlu say\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\nH\u00e2y\u00eede ed\u00e2ya sanma kim el
\nBir kerre daha demi\u015fler evvel
\n\u015eeyh Galib<\/p>\n
HAZF
\n\u201cGiderme, kald\u0131rma\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir ifadedeki kelimelerin bir veya bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 ya da baz\u0131 c\u00fcmleleri kald\u0131rma suretiyle yap\u0131lan s\u00f6z k\u0131saltmas\u0131na denir. Kasdedilen anlam\u0131 tek bir kelime ile s\u00f6ylemeye de hazf \u00fc takdir denir. Arap harfi T\u00fcr\u00e7e metinlerde noktas\u0131z harflerle meydana getirilen s\u00f6z i\u00e7in de bu tabir kullan\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00ee-nukat, tecrid gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fckler de ayn\u0131 anlama gelir.<\/p>\n
H\u0130CV\u0130YE
\nKi\u015filerin veya toplumun k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6nlerini, kusurlar\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 durumlar\u0131n\u0131 alayl\u0131 bir dille ortaya koyan manzum yaz\u0131lar. Medhiye\u2019nin tersi kabul edilir. Yergi de denen hicviye halk edebiyat\u0131nda ta\u015flama ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Hicviyelerde m\u00fcbala\u011fal\u0131 \u00fcsl\u00fbp kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hicvedilen ki\u015fi \u015fahsiyetinin ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6nleriyle ilgisi olmayan yergi ve s\u00f6vg\u00fclerle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
H\u0130KMET
\nDo\u011fadaki nesnelerin mahiyetini, as\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bilgi, ahlaki ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fct verici s\u00f6zd\u00fcr. Edebiyatta, dini-ahlaki konular\u0131 i\u015fleyen, nasihat eden, atas\u00f6zleri ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerle s\u00fcsl\u00fc nazma denir. Bu t\u00fcr \u015fiirler hikemi \u015fiirler diye bilinir.<\/p>\n
H\u0130LYE
\nHz. Muhammed\u2019in i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f vas\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan yaz\u0131lar. Kelime, \u201cS\u00fcs, ziynet, cevher, g\u00fczel y\u00fcz, g\u00fczellikler\u201d anlam\u0131nda. Hilyelerde Hz. Muhammed\u2019in g\u00f6z ve sa\u00e7 rengi, \u015fekli, boyunun uzunlu\u011fu, konu\u015fmas\u0131, sesinin tonu, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 tavr\u0131, bedeni ve di\u011fer maddi \u00f6zellikleri tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Mevlid ve mir\u00e2ciyeler gibi \u0130slamiyet\u2019in geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde yayg\u0131nla\u015farak orijinal eserler yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Hilye ismi de bu d\u00f6nemde verildi.<\/p>\n
H\u0130TABET
\nS\u00f6z s\u00f6yleme sanat\u0131. Bir toplulu\u011fa bir fikri, bir davay\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lamak, bilgi vermek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan konu\u015fma.<\/p>\n
H\u00dcSN-\u0130 TA\u2019L\u0130L
\nAnlamla ilgili edebi sanat. Divan edebiyat\u0131nda bir olay\u0131n meydana geli\u015fini hayali ve g\u00fczel bir nedene ba\u011flama yoluyla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenin ger\u00e7ekle ilgili olmamas\u0131 ve kesin bir etkeninin bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. H\u00fcsn-i tevcih diye de anland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. E\u011fer neden, g\u00fcya, sanki, acep, acaba, me\u011fer gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle olas\u0131l\u0131klara dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa \u015fibh-i h\u00fcsn-i ta\u2019lil (yani yar\u0131m h\u00fcsn-i ta\u2019lil) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. \u00d6rnek:
\nAceb bi ba\u011f ken\u00e2r\u0131nda dursa l\u00e2le hacil
\nKi l\u00e2lez\u00e2r-\u0131 cem\u00e2linde h\u00fbr u z\u00e2r\u0131nd\u0131r
\nAhmet Pa\u015fa
\n(Lale ba\u011f kenar\u0131nda utunga\u00e7 dursa \u015fa\u015f\u0131l\u0131r m\u0131? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o lale bah\u00e7esine benzeyen y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fczelli\u011fi yan\u0131nda senin bir d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yani \u015fair, sevgiliye, \u201csenin yanaklar\u0131n o kadar k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ki, lale bile onun yan\u0131nda utan\u0131r k\u0131zar\u0131r\u201d diyor. Lalenin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fczel bir nedene ba\u011flan\u0131yor.) <\/p>\n
I \/ \u0130<\/p>\n
Iraklama: S\u00f6zl\u00fc ya da yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131mda konu d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kalarak, konuyla ilgisi bulunmayan s\u00f6zler s\u00f6yleme.<\/p>\n
Irmak Roman: Bir ki\u015finin, bir ailenin ya da bir toplulu\u011fun belirli bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemlerini birbirini b\u00fct\u00fcnleyecek bi\u00e7imde anlatan roman dizisi.<\/p>\n
\u0130BDA
\nYa\u015fan\u0131lan d\u00f6nemin sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir eser yaratma. \u00d6rne\u011fin Fuz\u00fbl\u00ee\u2019nin Leyla v\u00fc Mecnun\u2019u, \u015eeyh Galib\u2019in H\u00fcsn-\u00fc A\u015fk\u2019\u0131 birer ibda kabul edilir. \u0130bda eser verebilenlere m\u00fcbdi, ibdak\u00e2r, eserleri de bedia olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u0130BHAM
\nBir edebi eserde isteyerek ve bilin\u00e7li olarak yap\u0131lan kapal\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Sanat\u00e7\u0131, s\u00f6z\u00fcn anlam\u0131n\u0131 hemen anla\u015f\u0131lmayacak \u015fekilde kapal\u0131 tutarak, okuyucusunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7lar. Sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n istemeden, bilin\u00e7siz olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ise \u201cte\u2019kid\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nNas\u0131l istersen \u00f6yle dinle, bak\u0131n:
\nDallar\u0131n zirvesindeyiz ancak
\nYar\u0131 yoldan ziyade yerden uzak
\nYar\u0131 yoldan ziyade m\u00e2ha yak\u0131n
\nAhmed Ha\u015fim<\/p>\n
\u0130CAZ
\nBir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi \u00e7ok az s\u00f6zc\u00fckle \u00f6zl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde anlatmad\u0131r. K\u0131saltman\u0131n anlam\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmemesine dikkat edilir. Buna icaz-\u0131 muhil denir. Az s\u00f6z y\u00fckl\u00fc anlamla ifadeye makbul icaz denir. Atas\u00f6zleri, vecizeler, hikmetli s\u00f6zler bu gruba girer. Makbul icaz iki t\u00fcrd\u00fcr: Hafz yoluyla icaz: Anlama zarar vermeyecek \u015fekilde baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckler at\u0131l\u0131r. Bu c\u00fcmle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak da yap\u0131labilir. S\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00e7\u0131karmaya icaz bi\u2019l-harf denir. \u00d6rnek:
\nBir p\u00e2reye bini \u00e2ferinin
\nP\u00e2p\u00fb\u015fu at\u0131ldu Gevher\u00ee\u2019nin
\nZiya Pa\u015fa
\n\u015eair burada \u201cpapucu dama at\u0131ld\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u201cpapucu at\u0131ld\u0131\u201d diye k\u0131saltm\u0131\u015f.
\n\u0130caz, c\u00fcmle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131rsa icaz bi\u2019l c\u00fcmel ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\n\u201cAhmet ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsayd\u0131\u2026\u201d Burada \u201cba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131\u201d c\u00fcmlesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.
\nTazammum yoluyla icaz: \u0130fadeden s\u00f6zc\u00fck ve c\u00fcmle at\u0131lmadan yap\u0131lan icazd\u0131r. \u0130ki t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r.
\n\u0130caz bi\u2019t-takd\u00eer: Ama\u00e7 az s\u00f6zc\u00fckle anlat\u0131l\u0131rken ihatal\u0131 anlam da \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cAte\u015f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeri yakar\u201d.
\n\u0130vaz bi\u2019l-kasr: Hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck at\u0131lmadan anlamca zengindir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cAkacak kan damarda durmaz\u201d gibi.<\/p>\n
\u0130DGAM
\nBirbirine yak\u0131n iki harfi tek yazarak vurgulu okumak. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7akal yaz\u0131p \u00e7akkal okuma gibi.<\/p>\n
\u0130D\u0130L
\nEski Yunan \u015fiirinde mitolojik, epik ve pastoral \u015fiirlerin genel ad\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sevgi ve mutluluk i\u015fleyen \u015fiir t\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\u0130DMAC
\nS\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak. Edebiyatta s\u00f6zde ve yaz\u0131da \u00f6vg\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6vg\u00fc ya da a\u015fag\u011f\u0131lama i\u00e7inde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama yapmay\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. \u00d6vg\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6vg\u00fc yapmaya istitb\u00e2 ad\u0131 da verilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nSadr\u0131nda seni eyleye Hak d\u00e2im \u00fc b\u00e2ki
\nHep \u00e2lemin etdikleri \u015fimdi bu du\u00e2d\u0131r
\nNedim
\n\u015eair sadrazama dua ediyor ama bu duan\u0131n herkes taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek \u00f6vg\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6vg\u00fc yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\u0130FRAT
\nBir s\u0131fat\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u015fiddetlendirmektir. M\u00fcbala\u011fa (abartma) sanat\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u0130GARE
\nBir \u015fairin \u015firinin bir ba\u015fka \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmesi anlam\u0131ndaki sirkat\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc. Benimsenin \u015fiirde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131l\u0131r veya sadece baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckler al\u0131n\u0131rsa sirkat, igare (nesh olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) olur. \u015eiirin s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri de\u011fil anlam\u0131 benimsenmi\u015fse ilm\u00e2d ya da selh ad\u0131 verilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nR\u0131za Tevfik\u2019in 1925\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 C\u00fcniye ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fiirin ilk d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc:
\nO gece ne kadar g\u00fczeldi k\u00e2inat
\nHavv\u00e2da bir saf\u00e2 cerey\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131
\nDa\u011flardan ta\u015flardan ta\u015f\u0131yordu hayat
\nGuyib\u00e2r-I a\u015fk\u0131n fezey\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131
\nNihal Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1933\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00fcn Gece ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fiirin ilk d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc:
\nD\u00fcn gece ne kadar g\u00fczeldi \u00e2lem
\nG\u00f6klerin \u015fanl\u0131 bir meht\u00e2b\u0131 vard\u0131
\nSevd\u00e2n\u0131n topraktan ta\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu dem
\nG\u00fcn\u00e2h-I a\u015fk\u0131n da sevab\u0131 vard\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130HAM
\nAnlamla ilgili edebi sanat. \u0130ki ya da daha fazla anlam\u0131 olan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en uzak anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131. E\u011fer s\u00f6zc\u00fcg\u00fcn iki anlam\u0131n\u0131n da konuyla ilisi olursa \u201cilham\u201d, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6zellikle ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok mecaz anlam\u0131 kastedilirse \u201ckinaye\u201d yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. \u00d6rnek:
\nSahn-\u0131 \u00e7emende durma saal\u0131nsun sab\u00e2 ile
\nAz\u00e2dedir nih\u00e2l bug\u00fcn berg \u00fc b\u00e2rdan
\nBak\u00ee
\n(\u201cFidan bug\u00fcn yaprak ve bardan kurtulup serbet kald\u0131, art\u0131k bah\u00e7enin ortas\u0131nda r\u00fczgarla sal\u0131ns\u0131n.\u201d B\u00e2r s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hem meyve hem y\u00fck anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00e2r\u2019dan kurtulmakla a\u011fa\u00e7lar hem meyveden hem de y\u00fckten kurtulurlar. \u015eair burada b\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n bu iki anlam\u0131n\u0131 kastederek iham yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\u0130HT\u0130RA
\nDaha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir \u015fairin kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fck, deyim ve \u00fcsluplar\u0131 tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n
\u0130HT\u0130SAR
\nBir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin az s\u00f6zle anlat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamalara, tan\u0131mlamalara girilmeden konu yal\u0131n ve do\u011fal bir \u015fekilde anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan icaz\u2019a benzer.<\/p>\n
\u0130KMAL
\nBir c\u00fcmledeki anlam\u0131, ard\u0131ndan gelen c\u00fcmleyle tamamlamak. Her iki c\u00fcmlenin \u00f6znesi de \u00e7o\u011funlukla ortakt\u0131r ve ilk c\u00fcmlede yer al\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\nMerd olan kizbe tenezz\u00fcl etmez
\nZillet-i kizbe tahamm\u00fcl etmez
\nNab\u00ee<\/p>\n
\u0130KSAR
\nKusur say\u0131lan sanatlardand\u0131r. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi gereksiz \u015fekilde uzat\u0131lan ve tekrarlanan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle anlatmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cAli gitti mi?\u201d sorusuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u201cevet\u201d ya da \u201chay\u0131r\u201d yerine \u201cAli gitti, gelmedi\u201d yan\u0131t\u0131 vermek gibi.<\/p>\n
\u0130KT\u0130BAS
\nAnlam\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6ze ayet ve hadisler kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan sanat. Ayet ve hadisler aynen kullan\u0131labilir ya da \u00e7evirisinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tercih edilebilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nZalimlere bir g\u00fcn dedirtir kudret-i Mevl\u00e2
\n\u201cTallahi lekad \u00e2sereke\u2019llah\u00fc aleyna\u201d
\nZiya Pa\u015fa
\n(Yusuf Suresi ayet 91: Tanr\u0131 hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in Allah seni bize \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131.)<\/p>\n
\u0130LMAM
\nBir \u015fairin, ba\u015fka bir \u015fairin \u015fiirini biraz de\u011fi\u015ftirerek sahiplenmesi. \u00d6rnek:
\n\u015e\u00e2d\u00ee-i vuslat ni\u00e7in tahamm\u00eel-i n\u00e2z eyler bana
\nRind-i \u015f\u00e2d\u00ee-d\u00fc\u015fmenim ben gam niy\u00e2z eyler bana
\nN\u00e2il-\u00ee Kad\u00eem
\nTi\u011f-\u0131 istisn\u00e2 \u00e7ekip gamzen ne n\u00e2r eyler bana
\nAfet-i a\u015fk\u0131n kaz\u00e2 arz-\u0131 niy\u00e2z eyler bana
\nNam\u0131k Kemal<\/p>\n
\u0130LT\u0130FAT
\nS\u00f6z\u00fc konuyla ilgili bir ba\u015fka y\u00f6ne \u00e7evirme \u015feklindeki edebi sanat. Bir yeri, olay\u0131, duyguyu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi anlat\u0131rken birden s\u00f6z yine konuyla ilgili ba\u015fka bir yere, olaya, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye, duyguya \u00e7evrilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130LT\u0130ZAM
\n\u015eiirde kafiyeyi sa\u011flayan ya da d\u00fczyaz\u0131da \u201cseci\u201d olarak kullan\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fckten \u00f6nce gelen ve kafiye ile ayn\u0131 say\u0131da harf i\u00e7eren benzer s\u00f6zc\u00fckler kullanarak yap\u0131lan sanatt\u0131r.\u00d6rnek: Merasim-i tevk\u00eer-i tevfirinde ihmal-\u00fc taks\u00eer olunmayup h\u0131l-i f\u00e2hire ve in\u2019\u00e2m\u00e2t-\u0131 z\u00e2hire ve ziy\u00e2f\u00e2t-\u0131 v\u00e2fire ile Z\u00fclkadiro\u011flu t\u00e2ifesi mu\u011ftenem oldular.<\/p>\n
\u0130NS\u0130CAM
\nS\u00f6z\u00fcn d\u00fczg\u00fcn, tutarl\u0131 ve birbirine ba\u011flanak s\u00f6ylenmesi. S\u00f6zc\u00fckler titizlikle se\u00e7ilir, art arda gelen c\u00fcmlelerde anlaml\u0131 bir dizili\u015f aran\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130N\u015eA
\nDivan edebiyat\u0131nda edebi sanatlarla y\u00fckl\u00fc, s\u00fcsl\u00fc d\u00fczyaz\u0131lara verilen isim. \u0130n\u015fa yazanlara \u201cm\u00fcn\u015fi\u201d denir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki anlam\u0131 kompozisyon.<\/p>\n
\u0130NT\u0130HAL
\nBa\u015fkas\u0131na ait eserlerden par\u00e7alar al\u0131p kendisininmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterme. A\u015f\u0131rma veya ahz u sirkat tabirleri de ayn\u0131 anlama gelir. \u0130ntihal \u015fiirde olursa \u015firkat-\u0131 \u015fi\u2019r bu i\u015fi yapan da d\u00fczd-i s\u00fchan (s\u00f6z h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131) diye an\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcnb\u00fclz\u00e2de Vehbi, Sirkat-\u0131 \u015fi\u2019r (\u015fiir \u00e7alma) olay\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fu beyti s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:
\nSirkat-\u0131 \u015fi\u2019r edene kat\u2019i zeban l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r
\nB\u00f6yledir \u015fer-i bel\u00e2gatle fet\u00e2v\u00e2-y\u0131 s\u00fchan.<\/p>\n
\u0130RSAL-I MESEL
\nAnlamla ilgili sanatlardand\u0131r. S\u00f6ylenen fikri kuvvetlendirmek i\u00e7in araya atas\u00f6z\u00fc veya atas\u00f6z\u00fc de\u011ferinde \u00f6rnekler katmaya denir. \u0130leri s\u00fcr\u00fclen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kendisiyle ortak nokta bulunmayan ba\u015fka bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130rad-\u0131 mesel de denir. \u00d6rnekler genellikle herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinen, s\u00f6ylenen, kabul edilen atas\u00f6zleri, vecizeler ve hikmetli s\u00f6zlerden se\u00e7ilir.
\n\u00d6rnek: Tok olanlar bilemez \u00e7ekti\u011fini a\u00e7 kalan\u0131n
\nS\u0131rt\u0131 pek kimseye ahv\u00e2l-i \u015fita yaz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nSam\u00ee<\/p>\n
\u0130ST\u0130DRAD
\nUygun bir yerde konu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey anlatmak. Konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmek, okuyucunun veya dinleyicinin istifadesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bu yola ba\u015fvurulur. Bu t\u00fcr ara giri\u015fler \u201c\u0130stidrad\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r, biti\u015f yeri ayr\u0131ca belirtilirdi. Sonra bu y\u00f6ntem b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131k koymadan a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131p \u201cSadede gelelim\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle as\u0131l konuya d\u00f6n\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zda istidradlar k\u0131sa olmak kayd\u0131yla parantez veya iki \u00e7izgi aras\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u0130ST\u0130DR\u00c2K
\nAnlamla ilgili sanatlardand\u0131r. \u00d6ver gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnerek yerme ve yerer gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnerek \u00f6vmek.
\n1. \u00d6vme yoluyla yerme: Eskiler te\u2019k\u00fcd\u00fc\u2019z-zemm bi-m\u00e2 y\u00fc\u015febbih\u00fc\u2019l medh derlerdir. Ki\u015fi \u00f6vmeye benzer s\u00f6zlerle, kuvvetle yerilir.
\nAli Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Girit\u2019teki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getiren Ziya Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Zafern\u00e2me\u2019sinden al\u0131nan \u015fu beyitler bu sanat\u0131n en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerinden.
\nB\u00e2rek-Allah zeh\u00ee kevkebe-i \u00e2lel\u2019al
\nLevha\u015f-Allah, aceb nusret-i feyz \u00fc ikb\u00e2l!
\nHak bu kim g\u00f6rmedi a\u011faz edeli devre elek
\nB\u00f6yle bir tefh \u00fc zafer b\u00f6yle \u015f\u00fck\u00fbh \u00fc icl\u00e2l\u2026
\nLerze sald\u0131 fele\u011fe n\u00e2re-i \u201cHayy\u00e2k Allah\u201d
\nR\u00e2\u015fe verdi k\u00fcre\u2019yi gulgule-i \u201cYa M\u00fcte\u00e2l\u201d
\nKimseler olmad\u0131 bu feth-i m\u00fcb\u00eene mazhar
\nNe Skender ne H\u00fcl\u00e2g\u00e2 ne Sezar \u00fc Anibal.
\n\u00c2ferin himmetine \u00e2saf-\u0131 \u00e2li-kadrin,
\nOldu \u015f\u00e2yeste-I tevfik-i Cen\u00e2b-I M\u00fcte\u00e2l
\nGirid\u2019I ald\u0131 geri himmet-i seyf \u00fc kalemi
\nHakk\u0131na gelmi\u015f iken d\u00e2iye-i istikl\u00e2l
\nDevleti eyledi bir \u00f6yle bel\u00e2dan \u00e2z\u00e2d
\nYoksa pek m\u00fc\u015fkil olurdu \u015fu zam\u00e2nda ahv\u00e2l\u2026
\n\u0130htiyar eyledi bu k\u0131\u015fda \u015fu m\u00fc\u015fkil seferi,
\nYoksa kim etmi\u015f idi kendisini istisk\u00e2l!
\n2. Yerme yoluyla \u00f6vme: Eskiler te\u2019k\u00eed\u00fc\u2019l-medh bi-m\u00e2 y\u00fc\u015febb\u0131h\u00fc\u2019z-zemm derlerdi. Ki\u015fi yermeye benzer s\u00f6zlerle kuvvetle \u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6rnek:
\nDehrde anlamayup bilmedi\u011fi varsa me\u011fer
\nTama\u2019u bu\u011fz u nifak u hased u gadr u sitem
\nNab\u00ee<\/p>\n
\u0130ST\u0130FHAM
\nAnlamla ilgili sanatlardand\u0131r. Cevap alma gayesi g\u00fctmeksizin art arda sorulan sorularla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sevgi, nefret, teess\u00fcr, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, \u00f6fke, kin, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k, \u00fcmitsizlik, acz, \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k, hayret ve hayranl\u0131k gibi heyecan verici duygular bu yolla ifade edilir. \u015eair duyguya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kendi kendisine, herkese veya her \u015feye soru y\u00f6neltebilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kavram \u00fczerine dikkati \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in bu sanata ba\u015fvurulur. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 heyecan ve gerilim istifham\u2019\u0131 alel\u00e2de soru c\u00fcmlelerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\n\u015eakaklar\u0131ma kar m\u0131 ya\u011fd\u0131 ne var?
\nBenim mi Allah\u2019\u0131m bu \u00e7izgili y\u00fcz?
\nYa g\u00f6zler alt\u0131ndaki mor halkalar?
\nNeden b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz,
\nY\u0131llar y\u0131l\u0131 dost bildi\u011fim aynalar?
\nCahit S\u0131tk\u0131 Taranc\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130ST\u0130HDAM
\nAnlamla ilgili sanatlardand\u0131r. \u0130ki anlam\u0131 olan bir kelimeyi, bu iki anlama gelecek \u015fekilde kullanmak. Birinde ger\u00e7ek, di\u011ferinde mecazl\u0131 anlam kasdedilir. \u00d6rnek:
\nBahar erdi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 sevdi\u011fim hem fasl-\u0131 dey hem g\u00fcl
\nBir sahn-i g\u00fclistandan biri fasl-\u0131 g\u00fclistanda.
\nMuallim Naci
\nBu beyitte a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 fiili birinci m\u0131srada fasl-\u0131 dey (k\u0131\u015f mevsimi)nin uzakla\u015fmas\u0131, sona ermesi; ikinci m\u0131srada ise, \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n
\u0130ST\u0130HLAF
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki sesli harfleri baz\u0131 durumlarda uzatmak. \u00d6rnek:
\nVerseydi \u00e2h-\u0131 mecn\u00fbn feryadumun sed\u00e2s\u0131n
\nKu\u015f m\u0131 kar\u00e2r iderdi b\u00e2\u015f\u0131mdaki yuv\u00e2da
\nFuz\u00fbl\u00ee
\n\u201cba\u015f\u0131ndaki\u201d ve \u201cyuvadaki\u201d kelimelerinde \u201ca\u201dlar uzun okunur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015eT\u0130KRAR
\nS\u00f6zle ilgili sanatlardand\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten t\u00fcreyen veya ayn\u0131 k\u00f6ke ba\u011fl\u0131 harflerin benzerli\u011finden dolay\u0131 ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten t\u00fcremi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen seslerin birarada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na denir. \u00d6rnek:
\nK\u0131lmag\u0131l muhkem g\u00f6n\u00fcl d\u00fcnyaya akd-i irtib\u00e2t
\nSen bir av\u00e2re m\u00fcsafirsen bu v\u00eer\u00e2n rib\u00e2t
\nFuz\u00fbl\u00ee
\nRib\u00e2t ve irtib\u00e2t ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten gelir.<\/p>\n
\u00ceT\u0130L\u00c2F
\nUygunluk. Kelimenin anlamla uygunlu\u011fu, kelimelerin vezinle uygunlu\u011fu, kelimelerin di\u011fer kelimelerle uygunlu\u011fu, anlam\u0131n\u0131n vezinle uygunlu\u011fu ve anlam\u0131n anlamla uygunlu\u011fu.<\/p>\n
\u0130TNAB
\nS\u00f6z\u00fc, gerekti\u011finden fazla kelime veya c\u00fcmle ile uzatma. \u0130caz\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n1. \u0130tnab-\u0131 makbul: Makbul say\u0131lan s\u00f6z katmad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitte anlam peki\u015ftirilir, anlat\u0131lacak \u015fey abart\u0131l\u0131r, kastedilen husus fazla tasvir edilir ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc birden sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\n\u201cYal\u0131lar\u0131n en tabii ve en l\u00fczumlu gezinti vas\u0131tas\u0131 sandallar! Sade yal\u0131lar\u0131n m\u0131? Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nde herkesin her an, en \u00e7ok, onlar i\u015fine yar\u0131yor. Mehtapla gezginci, s\u00e2zende k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc onlar, saz dinleyicilerin mevkibi onlar, yerine g\u00f6re madrabazlar\u0131n bal\u0131k deposu onlar, sebze d\u00fckkan\u0131, dondurmac\u0131 d\u00fckkan\u0131, onlar; y\u00f6r\u00fck manav sergisi onlar, tatl\u0131 su damacanalar\u0131n\u0131n ambar\u0131 onlar, hasta sedyesi onlar\u2026\u201d
\nRu\u015fen E\u015fref \u00dcnayd\u0131n
\n2. \u0130tn\u00e2b-\u0131 m\u00fcmel: Makbul say\u0131lmayan s\u00f6z katmad\u0131r. \u0130tnab-\u0131 m\u00fchil de denir. Ha\u015fv-\u0131 kabih\u2019ler ve tekrarlar makbul say\u0131lmayan s\u00f6z katmanlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rnek:
\nDu\u00e2 ile s\u00f6z\u00fc hatmedelim, z\u00eer\u00e2 hakikatte
\nS\u00f6z\u00fcn gevher olursa ye\u011fdir itn\u00e2b\u0131ndan \u00eec\u00e2ze
\nNef\u2019\u00ee<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
F FABL Hayvanlar, bitkiler ve cans\u0131z nesneler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi hayal edilen \u00f6\u011fretici masallar. Te\u015fhis ve intak sanat\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulur. Olaydaki ki\u015filere insan karakteri ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 verilir. As\u0131l masallardan k\u0131sad\u0131r. FALNAME Fal ile ilgili kitap. Fal\u0131n her bir \u00e7e\u015fidine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenen eserler. Y\u0131ld\u0131zname, tefe\u2019\u00fclname, hur\u015f\u00eedname, ihtilacname, k\u0131yafetname, kehanetname adlar\u0131yla da bilinirler. Falnameler \u00e7okluk manzum yaz\u0131l\u0131rlar. Nesir …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1405],"tags":[11187,9620,9509,11189,11188,9631,11186],"class_list":["post-5512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-turkce-odevleri","tag-antoloji","tag-edebiyat-terimleri-sozlugu","tag-kafiye","tag-nedim","tag-otobiyografi","tag-seyh-galib","tag-yildizname"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5512"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5512\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}