Artuklular<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 kol halinde H\u0131snkeyfa (Hasankeyf) ve Amid (Diyarbekir), Mardin ve Meyyafarikin (Silvan) ve Harput\u2019ta h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir T\u00fcrkmen hanedan\u0131.
\n Hanedan\u0131n atas\u0131 ve isim babas\u0131 olan ve O\u011fuzlar\u0131n D\u00f6\u011fer boyuna mensup bulunan Eks\u00fck o\u011flu Artuk, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Alparslan\u2019\u0131n kumandanlar\u0131ndand\u0131. Anadolu\u2019nun fethine kat\u0131l\u0131p, Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak Vadisine kadar ilerledi. Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fip, \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131na hizmet etti. Sultan Melik\u015fah d\u00f6neminde, Karmatileri itaat alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in, Bahreyn seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Melik\u015fah\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Tutu\u015f, ona g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hizmetler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Filistin\u2019in idaresini verdi. Bununla beraber, Kud\u00fcs\u2019te k\u0131sa bir m\u00fcddet h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Artuk Bey, 1091 senesinde vefat etti. <\/p>\n
Artuk Beyin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra o\u011fullar\u0131, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar ve onlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan Fat\u0131m\u00eelerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu bu b\u00f6lgede fazla kalamad\u0131lar. O\u011fullar\u0131ndan Muin\u00fcddin S\u00f6kmen, Mezopotamya emirleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmeden faydalanarak ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi H\u0131snkeyfa\u2019da, Hanedan\u0131n birinci kolunu kurdu (1102). <\/p>\n
1. H\u0131snkeyfa (Hasankeyf) Artuklular\u0131 (1102 – 1281) <\/p>\n
S\u00f6kmen, 1102 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131snkeyfa\u2019da tesis etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu beyli\u011fini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Muhammed Tapar\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 arz etti ve onun hizmetine girdi. Sultan\u0131n emri \u00fczerine, karde\u015fi \u0130lgazi ile birlikte baz\u0131 ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131. Ye\u011feni Yakuti, 1103 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Mardin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu s\u0131rada Urfa, Antakya, Trablus ve Kud\u00fcs gibi \u015fehirleri ele ge\u00e7iren Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Mardin ve Harran y\u00f6relerine de taarruzda bulunuyorlard\u0131. S\u00f6kmen Bey, emir \u00c7\u00f6kermi\u015f’le birlikte, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n bu faaliyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7erek, Urfa Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Kontu Joscelin ile Kud\u00fcs Kral\u0131 Baudouin\u2019in kumandas\u0131ndaki Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131lar. Joscelin ve Baudouin\u2019in esir edildi\u011fi sava\u015fta, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lardan 30 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ilerlemesine mani olan S\u00f6kmen, D\u0131ma\u015fk Atabegi Tu\u011ftekin\u2019e yard\u0131ma giderken yolda hastalanarak, 1104 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etti. <\/p>\n
S\u00f6kmen\u2019den sonra yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey, muktedir bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olamad\u0131. O, daha \u00e7ok Mardin\u2019de hakimiyetini tesis eden amcas\u0131 \u0130lgazi\u2019ye tabi oldu. Daha sonra Davud ve Kara Arslan d\u00f6nemlerinde, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131’na tabi olan Artuklular, Nureddin Muhammed devrinde, Eyyub\u00eeler’in hakimiyeti alt\u0131na girdiler. 1231 y\u0131l\u0131nda, H\u0131snkeyfa ve Diyarbekir \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131kan Eyyub\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Melik K\u00e2mil, Artuklular\u0131n bu \u015fubesine son verdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden H\u0131snkeyfa kolunun son Artuklu emiri Melik Mes\u2019ud, Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. H\u0131snkeyfa ve Amid Artuklular\u0131na kurucusundan dolay\u0131, S\u00f6kmenliler de denir. <\/p>\n
2. Harput Artuklular\u0131 (1185 – 1233) <\/p>\n
Artuk Beyin torunu Belek bin Behram, 1112 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Harput ve Palu\u2019ya hakim olarak, b\u00f6lgede kendi beyli\u011fini kurmu\u015ftu. Amcalar\u0131 S\u00f6kmen ve \u0130lgazi ile birlikte, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc ha\u00e7l\u0131larla m\u00fccadeleye harcayan Belek Bey’in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kahramanl\u0131k, \u0130slam \u00e2leminde destanla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belek Bey, 6 May\u0131s 1224\u2019de muhasara alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu Menbi\u00e7 kalesinden at\u0131lan bir okla \u015fehid edildi. <\/p>\n
Belek Beyin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Harput, 1185 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar H\u0131snkeyfa Artuklular\u0131n\u0131n idaresi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Bu tarihte Artuklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Nureddin Muhammed\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fg\u00f6steren saltanat m\u00fccadelelerinde, \u0130kinci S\u00f6kmen, hakimiyeti ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu durum \u00fczerine, di\u011fer o\u011flu \u0130madeddin Ebu Bekr, Harput ve \u00e7evresine hakim olarak, beyli\u011fini ilan etti. Ebu Bekr, 1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcnce, yerine Nizameddin \u0130brahim ge\u00e7ti. Nizameddin \u0130brahim\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Harput Artuklular\u0131, Eyyub\u00eelere tabi oldular. 1185 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti kumandanlar\u0131ndan Kemaleddin Kayar, Eyyub\u00eeleri, Harput civar\u0131nda bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131ktan sonra, \u015fehri alarak Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi Harput \u015fubesine son verdi. <\/p>\n
3. Mardin Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 (1106 – 1409) <\/p>\n
Artuk Beyin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, be\u015f y\u0131l, karde\u015fi S\u00f6kmen ile beraber Kud\u00fcs valili\u011finde bulunan Necmeddin \u0130lgazi, buradan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, Sel\u00e7uklu meliki Dukak\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na giderek, Ha\u00e7l\u0131larla m\u00fccadeleye at\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Muhammed Tapar d\u00f6neminde, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l, Ba\u011fdat \u015fahneli\u011fi g\u00f6revinde bulundu. \u0130lgazi, bu vazifeden al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, ye\u011feni \u0130brahim\u2019in elinden Mardin\u2019i zaptederek, burada Mardin Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 veya \u0130lgaziler denilen Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 kolunu kurdu. <\/p>\n
Mardin\u2019den sonra Nusaybin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7iren \u0130lgazi, Sultan Tapar\u2019\u0131n emriyle Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen 1112 seferlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131. Emir Mevdud komutas\u0131nda olarak Urfa\u2019n\u0131n ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kat\u0131lan \u0130lgazi, kalenin zapt\u0131na muvaffak olamad\u0131. Ancak, Harran, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, \u0130lgazi\u2019ye devredildi. 1117\u2019de Halep\u2019i alan \u0130lgazi, buran\u0131n idaresini o\u011flu Timurta\u015f\u2019a verdi. Antakya Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenleyip, 1119\u2019da \u015fehir civar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan muharebede, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazand\u0131. Bu sava\u015fta Antakya kontu Rogen dahil, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ileri gelenleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Akdeniz sahiline kadar ilerlenip, \u00e7ok ganimet al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130lgazi, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 kuzeyde de takip edip, G\u00f6ksun\u2019a kadar ilerledi. B\u00f6ylece, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n kuvveti k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir almalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ildi. Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Mahmud, \u0130lgazi\u2019nin muzafferiyetinden ziyadesiyle memnun olup, 1120\u2019de Meyyafarikin\u2019i (Silvan) ona verdi. <\/p>\n
1122 senesinde vefat eden \u0130lgazi, adaleti, ihsan\u0131 ve halka hizmeti ile me\u015fhurdu. Di\u011fer memleketlere k\u0131yasla Mardin ve Halep’te vergileri hafifletmek suretiyle halk\u0131n sevgisini kazand\u0131. Hakim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede Asayi\u015f, nizam ve intizam\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u0130lgazi, imar faaliyetlerine de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdi. <\/p>\n
\u0130lgazi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra o\u011fullar\u0131ndan S\u00fcleyman, Meyyafarikin\u2019e; Timurta\u015f, Mardin\u2019e; ye\u011feni S\u00fcleyman da Halep\u2019e hakim oldular. Bu s\u0131rada di\u011fer ye\u011feni Belek de, Harput ve Palu civar\u0131nda kendi beyli\u011fini kurdu. S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra H\u00fcsameddin Timurta\u015f, Mardin \u015fubesine daha geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde sahip oldu. Timurta\u015f\u2019\u0131n 1154 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en liyakatlisi olan Necmeddin Alp ge\u00e7ti. Bu bey d\u00f6neminde Mardin Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 ile H\u0131snkeyfa Artuklular\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir dostluk ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi sa\u011fland\u0131. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi, bu sayede imar ve medeniyet yolunda ilerledi. Necmeddin Alp, yirmi iki y\u0131l saltanat s\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra 1176 senesinde vefat etti. Necmeddin Alp d\u00f6nemi, Artuko\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n en parlak y\u0131llar\u0131 oldu. Bundan sonra Artuklu \u00fclkesi, \u00f6nce Eyyub\u00eeler, sonra da Mo\u011follar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Mo\u011follara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak saltanatlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren silik beyler d\u00f6neminden sonra, Mardin Artuko\u011fullar\u0131 1408 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karakoyunlular taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
Artuklular, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’ne tabi olduklar\u0131ndan, devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131, m\u00fcessesesi ve idare tarz\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklulara benziyordu. Devletin temel siyaseti cihad, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar ve \u0130slam alemindeki sap\u0131k ideolojiler ile m\u00fccadele idi. Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fip \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetleri ge\u00e7ti. Artuklular\u0131n hakim olduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrklerden ba\u015fka Arap, S\u00fcryani, Rum, Ermeni ve bir miktar da Yahudi vard\u0131. Her millet, kendi lisan\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015furdu. T\u00fcrkler ve Araplar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, Ermeni ve Rumlar H\u0131ristiyan, S\u00fcryaniler kendi mezheplerinde idiler. Artuklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ve devlet adamlar\u0131, ilme merakl\u0131 olup, ilim ve irfan m\u00fcesseseleri kurup, \u00e2limleri himaye ettiler. Me\u015fhur f\u0131k\u0131h alimi \u015eihab\u00fcddin-i S\u00fchreverdi, Artuklulardan \u00e7ok h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6r\u00fcp; Elvah el-\u0130madiyye adl\u0131 eserini \u0130mad\u00fcddin Ebu Bekr\u2019e arz etti. Kemaleddin Ebu Salim, Ebu Ali el-Sofi, Cezeri ve Bedi\u2019uzzeman, eserler yaz\u0131p, Artuklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na ithaf ettiler. Ayr\u0131ca, pek \u00e7ok \u00e2lim, nakli ve akli ilimlerde eserler yazd\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
Artuklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 saray ve \u015fehirlerde kurduklar\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerde, binlerce ciltlik kitaplar toplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Artuklular\u0131n in\u015fa ve imar faaliyetleri, mimari eserleri \u00e7ok me\u015fhur idi. Artuklular, Orta Asya ve \u0130slam alemindeki mimariyi birle\u015ftirip kayna\u015ft\u0131rarak, k\u0131ymetli eserler in\u015fa ettiler. Artuklu \u00fclkesindeki iktisadi y\u00fckseli\u015fe paralel olarak, ihtiyaca ve l\u00fczumuna g\u00f6re; h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, devlet adamlar\u0131, hanedan mensuplar\u0131 ve hay\u0131rseverler; cami, medrese, imaret, zaviye, t\u00fcrbe, hastane, hamam, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, han, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, kervansaray, kale ve surlar ile memleketi s\u00fcsleyip, medeniyet diyar\u0131 haline getirdiler. Bunlardan en me\u015fhurlar\u0131: <\/p>\n
Mardin\u2019de Emineddin ve Cami\u2019 el-Asfar da denilen Necmeddin k\u00fclliyeleri; Harput, Silvan, Mardin, Ko\u00e7hisar (K\u0131z\u0131ltepe) Ulu Camileri, Harput Alacal\u0131 Cami, Mardin\u2019de Latifiye de denilen Abd\u00fcllatif Camii, Bab-es-Sur da denilen Melik Mahmud Camii; medreselerden ise Mardin\u2019de Hatuniye de denilen Sitti Radviyye, Ma\u2019rufiye, \u015eehidiye, Melik Mensur, Altunbo\u011fa, Zinciriyye de denilen Sultan \u0130sa, Harzem\u2019de Tac\u00fcddin-i Mes\u2019ud, Diyarbekir\u2019de Mes\u2019udiyye ve Zinciriyye medreseleri; hamamlardan Mardin\u2019de Maristan, Radviyye, Yeni Kap\u0131 ve Ulu Cami. Harput\u2019ta dere hamamlar\u0131, H\u0131snkeyfa, Haburman Botaman Suyu, Deve Ge\u00e7idi k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri, ayr\u0131ca H\u0131snkeyfa Saray\u0131, Diyarbekir \u0130\u00e7kale Saray\u0131, Mardin\u2019de Firdevs K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, Silvan\u2019da Dar\u00fc\u2019l-Acemiyye Saray\u0131, Diyarbekir\u2019de Ulu Beden, Yedi Karde\u015f Bur\u00e7lar, Harput Kalesi ve zaman\u0131n tahribat\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok eser in\u015fa ettirdiler. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 hala kullan\u0131l\u0131p, hizmet vermektedir. Artuklu \u015fehirlerinden Mardin, Diyarbekir, H\u0131snkeyfa (Hasankeyf), Meyyafarikin (Silvan), Duneyser (Ko\u00e7hisar, K\u0131z\u0131ltepe), Nusaybin, Dara, Harput ve Halep havalisindeki Artuklu eserlerinin mimari yap\u0131s\u0131, sanatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, zarifli\u011fi, tezyinat\u0131, kullan\u0131lan malzemenin se\u00e7imi \u00e7ok ustaca olup, \u015faheser mahiyettedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Artuklular \u00dc\u00e7 kol halinde H\u0131snkeyfa (Hasankeyf) ve Amid (Diyarbekir), Mardin ve Meyyafarikin (Silvan) ve Harput\u2019ta h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir T\u00fcrkmen hanedan\u0131. Hanedan\u0131n atas\u0131 ve isim babas\u0131 olan ve O\u011fuzlar\u0131n D\u00f6\u011fer boyuna mensup bulunan Eks\u00fck o\u011flu Artuk, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Alparslan\u2019\u0131n kumandanlar\u0131ndand\u0131. Anadolu\u2019nun fethine kat\u0131l\u0131p, Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak Vadisine kadar ilerledi. Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fip, \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131na hizmet etti. Sultan Melik\u015fah d\u00f6neminde, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1803,1452,1802,1804,266],"class_list":["post-555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-hasankeyf","tag-alparslan","tag-artuklular","tag-mardin-artukogullari","tag-mogollar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=555"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=555"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}