Karluklar<\/p>\n
\u0130lk olarak, \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u2019ang-shu\u2019da (7. as\u0131r) zikredilen (Ko-lo-lu) ve adlar\u0131 karl\u0131k (kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) manas\u0131na gelen Karluklar\u2019\u0131n, T\u00fcrk soyundan geldikleri ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019in bir boyunu te\u015fkil ettikleri, ayn\u0131 \u00c7in kayna\u011f\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015f ve oturduklar\u0131 saha olarak da, Altaylar\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Kara-\u0130rti\u015f ve Tarbagatay havalisi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. On-oklar\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirdikleri anla\u015f\u0131lan Karluklar, bu arada \u00fc\u00e7 kabileden kurulu bir birlik halinde bulunuyorlard\u0131 (\u00dc\u00e7-Karluk). Daha, \u0130stemi Ka\u011fan zaman\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk hakimiyetinin Hazar’\u0131n kuzeyi ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019e do\u011fru geni\u015flemesinde, \u015f\u00fcphesiz b\u00fcy\u00fck rolleri olmu\u015ftur. 630-680 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131, gibi, bunlar\u0131n da zaman zaman \u00c7in\u2019e ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
640 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda, \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan ma\u011flup edilerek (650), P\u2019ei-ting eyaletine (Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey sahas\u0131) ba\u011fland\u0131lar. Fakat, boya ba\u011fl\u0131 her kabile, kendi reisleri taraf\u0131ndan idare ediliyordu. Bu haberi veren \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n, 665\u2019e do\u011fru Karluklar\u0131n, \u00c7in n\u00fcfuzundaki ne Bat\u0131 ne Do\u011fu G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk kanad\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmesi dikkate de\u011fer. Evvelce K\u00fcl-Erkin unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00dc\u00e7-Karluk beyi, bu tarihlerde \u201cYabgu\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kuvvetli bir orduya sahip idi. <\/p>\n
Daha sonra, Kapagan Ka\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan II. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz Karluklar, \u00c7in\u2019in de te\u015fvik ve tahriki ile G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler’e kar\u015f\u0131 ayarlanarak \u015fiddetli m\u00fccadelelerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, tekrar faaliyete ge\u00e7erek Uygurlar ve Basm\u0131llar\u2019la birlikte, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda m\u00fcessir oldular. Basm\u0131llar hakim duruma geldikleri s\u0131rada (742) \u201cSa\u011f yabgu\u201d mevkiini alan Karluk ba\u015fbu\u011fu, Uygur hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu Kutlug K\u00fcl Bilge zaman\u0131nda daha \u00fcst\u00fcn say\u0131lan \u201cSol Yabgu\u201dlu\u011fa y\u00fckseltildi. Fakat bu Karluklar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmiyordu. Be\u015f-bal\u0131k havalisinde oturan Karluklar\u0131n, kendi se\u00e7tikleri ayr\u0131 bir yabgular\u0131 vard\u0131: Ton-Bilge. Ancak \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019de yeni kurulan Uygur hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Karluklar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcst tan\u0131n\u0131yor ve yabgular, hakana ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunuyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131da, Emevi-Arap ilerlemesini durdurmu\u015f olan T\u00fcrgi\u015f Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye do\u011fru gitti\u011fi tarihlerde, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerinin korunmas\u0131 gibi tarihi bir vazife, bu defa, Karluklar\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ger\u00e7i Mavera\u00fcnnehir yine Araplar\u0131n n\u00fcfuzu alt\u0131na girmi\u015f ve Seyhun \u00f6tesinde baz\u0131 Arap ilerleme te\u015febb\u00fcsleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, fakat bunda art\u0131k eski devir Emevi istilac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahede etmek m\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcld\u00fc. Zira, gittik\u00e7e h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran Abbasi propagandas\u0131, Emev\u00eelerin, imtiyazl\u0131 \u201cArap milleti ad\u0131na fetih\u201d d\u00fcsturu yerine, b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve e\u015fitlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini yay\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece, Arap bak\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyice hafiflemesi, \u00c7inlileri Orta Asya\u2019da bir iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu husule geldi\u011fi zehab\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, bundan dolay\u0131 \u00c7inliler, eski Orta Asya siyasetlerini canland\u0131rarak, Karluklar\u2019\u0131n dahil bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye yeniden el koymak istemi\u015flerdi. Bu suretle, neticede me\u015fhur Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 meydana geldi (751 Temmuz). M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda cereyan eden bu sava\u015fa kadar, Karluklar, T\u2019ang\u2019lar taraf\u0131n\u0131 tutmakta idiler. Fakat onlar\u0131n gittik\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan siyaseti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, son anda, Araplarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak, \u00c7inlilerin a\u011f\u0131r ma\u011flubiyete u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131ndan itibaren bat\u0131, Karluklar\u2019a; do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesi, Uygurlar\u2019a ait olmak \u00fczere Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n yeniden T\u00fcrk hakimiyetinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 temin eden bu sava\u015fta u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hezimet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, \u00c7in, a\u011f\u0131r i\u00e7 buhranlara sahne olmu\u015f ve art\u0131k bir daha bat\u0131 ile ilgilenememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Karluklar, k\u0131sa bir m\u00fcddet, Uygurlar\u2019la Orta Asya\u2019da iktidar yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na giri\u015ftiler ise de, Uygur Ka\u011fan\u0131 Mo-Yen \u00c7ur kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamayarak (756), Tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131lar, daha bat\u0131ya \u00e7ekildiler ve 7-8 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Tarbagatay ve Cungarya\u2019ya 766\u2019da da \u00e7\u00f6ken T\u00fcrgi\u015f hakimiyetinin yerine, Talas sahas\u0131na yerle\u015fmek suretiyle, eski Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahas\u0131nda hakimiyet tesis ettiler. Ba\u015fkentleri Balasagun idi. \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131makta devam ediyorlar, ayn\u0131 zamanda, siyasi bir isim olarak \u201cT\u00fcrkmen\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n
Kendi soylar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk hakan ailesi A\u015f\u0131na s\u00fclalesine ba\u011flayan Karluk yabgular\u0131, hakimiyetin \u201cKutlu \u00d6t\u00fcken\u201d \u00fclkesi ile s\u0131k\u0131 al\u00e2kas\u0131 oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza ediyorlard\u0131. Fakat Uygur Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 orada y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca (840), K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u2019\u0131 dikkate almayan Karluk yabgusu, T\u00fcrk hakanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cme\u015fru halefi\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131 ile kendini \u201cBozk\u0131rlar\u0131n kanun\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131\u201d ilan ederek Kara Han unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131 ve merkez olarak da eski T\u00fcrgi\u015f ba\u015fkenti Balasagun yan\u0131ndaki Kara-ordu (veya Kuz-ordu)\u2019yu se\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece, gelecekteki b\u00fcy\u00fck Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin temelini atmak gibi ikinci bir tarihi rol oynayan Karluklar o s\u0131rada \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en yak\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan, Arap\u00e7a-Fars\u00e7a eserlerde kendilerinden \u00e7ok bahsedilmi\u015f (Karluh, Halluh) ve Hudud\u00fc\u2019l-Alem\u2019de (10. asr\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fi) verilen bilgiye g\u00f6re Karluk \u00fclkesi; do\u011fuda Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131, Ya\u011fmalar ve O\u011fuzlar, kuzeyde Tohs\u0131lar, \u00c7i\u011filler ve Dokuz-O\u011fuzlar, g\u00fcneyde Ya\u011fmalar\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir ile s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok bak\u0131ml\u0131 bir memleket olup \u201cT\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerinin en g\u00fczeli\u201d idi. Eserde, burada mevcut olan 15 \u015fehir ve kasaban\u0131n adlar\u0131 say\u0131lmakta ve T\u00fcrk kabileleri zikredilmektedir. <\/p>\n
Karahanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin esas k\u00fctlesini meydana getiren Karluklar, bu hanedan \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda m\u00fccadeleler ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tarihlerde devlete kar\u015f\u0131 cephe alarak huzursuzluk \u00e7\u0131karma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar ki, bu tutumlar Kara-Hitay hakimiyetinin Orta Asya\u2019da \u00e7abucak geli\u015fmesinde tesirli olmu\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Kara-Hitay h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Yel-lu Ta-\u015fih (K\u00fcr-Han) 1137\u2019de Semerkant Karahanl\u0131 han\u0131 Mahmud\u2019u ma\u011flup etti\u011fi zaman, bu han taraf\u0131ndan day\u0131s\u0131 olan B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Sencer\u2019e yap\u0131lan \u015fikayet, u\u011fran\u0131lan ma\u011flubiyette Karluklar\u2019\u0131n dahli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n
Sultan Sencer de Karluklar\u2019\u0131 takip etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda K\u00fcr Han\u2019\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. Sencer\u2019in bu sava\u015fta ma\u011flubiyeti (1141 Katvan Sava\u015f\u0131) \u00e7ok m\u00fchim bir hadise olarak, \u201cput-perest\u201d Kara-hitaylar\u2019\u0131n ta Horasan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar sokulmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Harezm\u015fahlar (\u0130l Arslan zaman\u0131) ile Kara-hitaylar aras\u0131nda da bir \u00e7ok anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara sebep olan Karluklar\u2019\u0131n, bu arada Ba\u015fbu\u011flar\u0131 Yabgu Han \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (1157), di\u011fer bir Karluk ba\u015fbu\u011fu Ayyar Bey, Kara-hitaylar taraf\u0131ndan esir edildi. (1172). <\/p>\n
Mavera\u00fcnnehir sahas\u0131ndaki bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara sebep olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen Karluklar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Harezm\u015fah Ala\u00fcddin Teki\u015f (1172-1200) bozk\u0131rlar b\u00f6lgesine el atarak Kangl\u0131 ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak gibi di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 ile kendini takviye ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duydu. Bununla beraber, az say\u0131da da olsa, Harezm\u015fahlar ordusunda hizmet g\u00f6ren Karluklar\u2019\u0131n, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ve Karahanl\u0131 tabiiyetinde olmak \u00fczere bir beyli\u011fe sahip bulunduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda (1215) merkezi Kayal\u0131g (\u0130li Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fusunda) olarak, devam eden bu beyli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131nda II. Arslan Han vard\u0131. Arslan Han, Uygur \u0130di-kut\u2019u Bar\u00e7uk ile birlikte b\u00fct\u00fcn Asya \u00fclkelerini ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa \u00e7i\u011fneyen Mo\u011follar\u2019\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Cengiz’e itaat eden ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olup, 1221\u2019de \u00f6len bu Karluk \u201chan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n o\u011fluna da, \u00d6zkent \u015fehri verilmi\u015fti. Cengiz zaman\u0131 Mo\u011fol devleti idaresinde vazife alm\u0131\u015f Karluklar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Karluklar \u0130lk olarak, \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u2019ang-shu\u2019da (7. as\u0131r) zikredilen (Ko-lo-lu) ve adlar\u0131 karl\u0131k (kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) manas\u0131na gelen Karluklar\u2019\u0131n, T\u00fcrk soyundan geldikleri ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019in bir boyunu te\u015fkil ettikleri, ayn\u0131 \u00c7in kayna\u011f\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015f ve oturduklar\u0131 saha olarak da, Altaylar\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Kara-\u0130rti\u015f ve Tarbagatay havalisi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. On-oklar\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirdikleri anla\u015f\u0131lan Karluklar, bu arada \u00fc\u00e7 kabileden kurulu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1814,1817,1816,1702,1815],"class_list":["post-567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-altaylar","tag-gokturk","tag-ii-gokturk","tag-karluklar","tag-yabgu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=567"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}