Varna Sava\u015f\u0131 (Varna Zaferi)
\n 10 Kas\u0131m 1444\u2019te Varna\u2019da yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-Ha\u00e7l\u0131 muharebesi.
\nSultan \u0130kinci Murad Han\u0131n Rumeli fetihleri sonunda, Macaristan ve Lehistan ile 12 Temmuz 1444 tarihinde imzalanan Segedin Antla\u015fmas\u0131, on y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sulh devresi getiriyordu. Sultan Murad Han, sulh devresinden istifadeyle, veliaht Mehmed\u2019in (Fatih) idaresini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in, yoruldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek saltanattan \u00e7ekildi. O\u011flu Sultan \u0130kinci Mehmed Han, on \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na tecr\u00fcbesiz zannettikleri birinin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa giri\u015ftiler. F\u0131rsat\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak istemeyen Bizans \u0130mparatoru ile Venedik senatosu, Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131 Rumeli\u2019den \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n zaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi iddias\u0131yla, Macar kral\u0131 Vladislas\u2019a yeminini bozdurdular. <\/p>\n
Bizans imparatoru, kardinal \u00c7esarini ve Macar kral\u0131 Vladislas, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 pl\u00e2na g\u00f6re; Ha\u00e7l\u0131 gemileri, \u00c7anakkale ve Karadeniz bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 tutacaklar, Anadolu\u2019da bulunan Sultan \u0130kinci Murad\u2019\u0131n Rumeli\u2019ye ge\u00e7mesine m\u00e2ni olacaklar ve zincirleme sava\u015flarla yorulmu\u015f ve \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki Sultan \u0130kinci Mehmed\u2019in kumandas\u0131nda olan Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu kolayca imha edeceklerdi. <\/p>\n
K\u0131sa zamanda haz\u0131rlanan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu; Macarlar, Lehli, Ulah, \u0130talyan, \u00c7ek, Litvanya, H\u0131rvat, Alman, Frans\u0131z ve Venedik kuvvetleri te\u015fkil etmekteydi. Venedik, m\u00fcttefik ordular\u0131na kuvvetli bir donanmayla yard\u0131m edecekti. Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan voyvodal\u0131klar\u0131 da m\u00fchim kuvvetlerle m\u00fcttefiklere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. <\/p>\n
H\u0131ristiyan m\u00fcttefiklerin harp ilan\u0131 ve giri\u015ftikleri haz\u0131rl\u0131klar, Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan haber al\u0131n\u0131nca, Edirne\u2019de endi\u015feli bir hava esmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Edirne\u2019de toplanan saltanat \u015f\u00fbr\u00e2s\u0131nda, al\u0131nacak tedbirler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc ve ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda tecr\u00fcbeli bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na karar verildi. Sadrazam \u00c7andarl\u0131 Halil Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle, \u0130kinci Mehmed Han, babas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkumandan olarak ordunun ba\u015f\u0131na davet etti. <\/p>\n
Sultan Murad Han, o\u011flunun davetine uyarak s\u00fcratle Anadolu askerini toplad\u0131. O s\u0131rada Papa ve Venedik gemileri \u00c7anakkale bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde toplanm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrklerin \u015fimdiye kadar kuvvetlerini Rumeli\u2019ye naklederken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u00c7anakkale bo\u011faz\u0131 yolunu kesmi\u015flerdi. Buradan Rumeli\u2019ye ge\u00e7mek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Murad Han, \u00c7anakkale taraf\u0131na az bir kuvvet g\u00f6nderip d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 yan\u0131ltarak, s\u00fcratle \u0130stanbul bo\u011faz\u0131na (Anadolu Hisar\u0131\u2019na) geldi. Sadrazam Halil Pa\u015fa, yeni\u00e7eri, top\u00e7u, cebeci ve Rumeli askeriyle \u0130nce\u011fiz\u2019de bekliyordu. Sultan\u0131n bo\u011faza ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber al\u0131nca, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Rumeli Hisar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yere geldi ve yan\u0131nda getirdi\u011fi toplar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6ylece tarihte ilk defa \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, top ate\u015fiyle kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Sultan Murad Han, derhal, maiyetindeki 40 000 ki\u015filik Anadolu askerini, top\u00e7unun himayesinde, asker ba\u015f\u0131na bir duka alt\u0131n\u0131 vermek suretiyle Ceneviz gemileriyle kar\u015f\u0131ya ge\u00e7irdi. Bizansl\u0131lar, \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131ndan sancak ve bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 dalgaland\u0131ra dalgaland\u0131ra ilerleyen Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu seyretmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
20 Ekim 1444 tarihinde Rumeli\u2019ye ayak basan Sultan Murad Han, bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin emniyetle ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131nda hizmeti dokunan top\u00e7u kumandan\u0131 Saruca Pa\u015faya ihsanlarda bulundu. Ge\u00e7i\u015fi Edirne\u2019ye bildirmek i\u00e7in kap\u0131c\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 ile Muhtesibz\u00e2de acele yola \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Murad Han, Edirne\u2019ye yakla\u015f\u0131nca, devlet adamlar\u0131 ve halk taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Fakat Edirne\u2019ye girmeyerek \u015fehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda konaklad\u0131. Sultan Mehmed ve vez\u00eeri\u00e2zam Halil Pa\u015fay\u0131 Edirne\u2019nin muhafazas\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131p s\u00fcratle Varna \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
Macar Kral\u0131 Vladislas da sefer haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1444 tarihinde Segedin\u2019den hareket ederek 16 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Orsova\u2019ya vard\u0131. Me\u015fhur Macar komutan\u0131 Jan Hunyad 4000 se\u00e7me z\u0131rhl\u0131 s\u00fcvariyle burada as\u0131l kuvvetlere iltihak etti. <\/p>\n
Orsova\u2019da yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131da Jan Hunyad, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunun ba\u015fkumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi. Ayr\u0131ca ordunun harek\u00e2t pl\u00e2n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 18-22 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Tuna\u2019y\u0131 a\u015fan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetleri 24 Ekim\u2019de Yenipazar\u2019a girdiler ve \u015fehirdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdiler. 26 Ekim 1444 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u015eumnu, T\u0131rnova, Prevadi, Retric, Mihali\u00e7\u2019te de ayn\u0131 katliam\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. 9 Kas\u0131m 1444 g\u00fcn\u00fc Varna \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu, \u015fehrin g\u00fcneyindeki Galatahisar, Makropolis, Kavarna k\u00f6ylerini ele ge\u00e7irdi ve Varna\u2019n\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6lgesinde ordug\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. <\/p>\n
Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunun sol kanad\u0131, Varna batakl\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00e7evriliydi ve bu cenahta Ulahlarla bir k\u0131s\u0131m Macarlar bulunuyordu. Sa\u011f cenah tam\u00e2men a\u00e7\u0131k bulundu\u011fundan Macarlar\u0131n hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleri bu taraftayd\u0131. Siyah Macar bayra\u011f\u0131, Erlau piskoposunun muhafazas\u0131na verilmi\u015fti. Alemdar, Franko idi. Ordu kuvvetleri, me\u015fhur kardinal \u00c7esarini, Franko ve Erlan piskoposunun aras\u0131nda taksim edilmi\u015fti. Varadin piskoposu, ordunun arkas\u0131n\u0131, e\u015fya ve top m\u00fchimmat\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etmekteydi. Kral Vladislas ortada yer ald\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n bu nizam\u0131na mukabil Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun ba\u015fkumandan\u0131 Sultan Murad Han, kademeli olarak tertibat ald\u0131. Kuvvetlerin en m\u00fchim k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 iki s\u0131ra \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirdi. Harp, Rumeli\u2019de oldu\u011fundan, usul gere\u011fince Rumeli beylerbeyi Turhan Bey, Rumeli askeriyle sa\u011fda, Anadolu beylerbeyi Karaca Bey de, Anadolu askeriyle sol cenahta yerlerini ald\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun ba\u015fkumandan\u0131 Murad Han da yan\u0131nda yeni\u00e7eriler oldu\u011fu halde ortada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131ray\u0131 te\u015fkil eden b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeydi. Muharebe idare yeri, biraz y\u00fcksek\u00e7e bir tepe \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n
Sultan Murad Han, Varna Sahras\u0131nda saf tutan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusuyla muharebeye ba\u015flamadan evvel iki rekat namaz k\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u015f\u00f6yle dua etti: \u201c\u0130l\u00e2h\u00ee! M\u00fcmin kullar\u0131n\u0131, benim g\u00fcnah\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00fcff\u00e2r elinde zeb\u00fbn etme. \u0130l\u00e2h\u00ee! Hab\u00eebinin h\u00fcrmeti i\u00e7in \u00fcmmetini sen sakla ve sen mans\u00fbr ve muzaffer eyle.\u201d <\/p>\n
Tarihin en m\u00fchim meydan muharebelerinden biri olan Varna Muharebesi, 10 Kas\u0131m 1444 sabah\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 askerinin “Allah Allah” nidalar\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. Murad Han, azablar\u0131 ve ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n en zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan sa\u011f kanada do\u011fru s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6\u011fleye do\u011fru sava\u015f \u015fiddetlendi. D\u00fc\u015fman ba\u015fkumandan\u0131 Jan Hunyad, yan\u0131na E\u011fri piskoposunun alay\u0131n\u0131 da alarak sa\u011f kanat \u00fczerine y\u00fcklenen T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 taarruza ge\u00e7ti. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 s\u00fcvarileri, z\u0131rhl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in az telefat veriyor, T\u00fcrkler bu y\u00fczden m\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcl vaziyete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Kardinal J\u00fclyen \u00c7esarini\u2019nin alaylar\u0131 taarruza kalk\u0131nca, Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nc\u0131 ve azablar\u0131 gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Karaca Bey kumandas\u0131ndaki Anadolu sipahileri, derhal Jan Hunyad\u2019\u0131n taraf\u0131na do\u011fru taarruza ge\u00e7tiler. Bu h\u00fccum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda H\u0131rvatlar gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011f kanad\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kmeye y\u00fcz tuttu. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Varna\u2019ya do\u011fru \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadar \u00e7ekildiler. <\/p>\n
Sa\u011f kanat kuvvetlerinin m\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcl vaziyete d\u00fc\u015ferek gittik\u00e7e eridi\u011fini g\u00f6ren Jan Hunyad, Kral Valdislas\u2019\u0131n kumandas\u0131ndaki alaylar\u0131 da alarak Bosna piskoposu ile birlikte ileri at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 sol cenah\u0131 geriledi. Bu s\u0131rada, sol kanat kumandan\u0131 Karaca Pa\u015fa \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Anadolu sipahileri de sava\u015f meydan\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 itildi. O s\u0131rada sol cenahla merkez b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda meydana gelen bo\u015fluktan i\u00e7erilere ilerleyen d\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetleri, yeni\u00e7erilerin tuttu\u011fu hatta kadar sokuldular ve taarruzlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u015fiddetlisini, Osmanl\u0131 kararg\u00e2h\u0131na y\u00f6nelttiler. Mevkiini azim ve metanetle koruyan Murad Han, muharebenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekle g\u00f6re askerinin harek\u00e2t\u0131na ustaca m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunarak, fazla zaman kaybetmeden cephenin s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltebilme kudretini g\u00f6sterdi. <\/p>\n
\u00d6b\u00fcr taraftan, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunun tekmil kuvvetlerini muharebenin seyrine ve ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re kullanmak isteyen Jan Hunyad, Kral Vladislas\u2019\u0131n kendisinden haber almadan m\u00fcdahalede bulunmamas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti. Fakat sava\u015f\u0131n Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar lehine geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine, kazan\u0131lacak zaferin \u015ferefini tamamen Jan Hunyad\u2019a kapt\u0131rmak istemeyen Vladislas ise, ondan habersiz, ihtiyattaki mevkiini terk ederek i\u015fe m\u00fcdahale etti. Bu s\u0131rada Jan Hunyad\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun merkezine do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fini g\u00f6ren Murad Han, yeni\u00e7erileri yanlara do\u011fru a\u00e7arak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fa \u00e7ekti. Bo\u015f alana taarruz eden Ha\u00e7l\u0131 birlikleri aras\u0131nda Macar kral\u0131 ve emrindeki alaylar da vard\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ku\u015fatma \u00e7emberinin i\u00e7ine girdiklerini anlad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015fman k\u0131ska\u00e7 aras\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131nca, \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli bir taarruza ge\u00e7ildi. Yeni\u00e7eriler, zafere ula\u015fmak \u015fevk ve heyecan\u0131yla kat\u00ee h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7tiler. Bu arada Kral Vladislas, bir balta darbesiyle yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bir yeni\u00e7eri yeti\u015ferek kral\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kesti ve Sultan Murad\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Vladislas\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131, bir m\u0131zra\u011f\u0131n ucuna ge\u00e7irilerek, yeminine ra\u011fmen bozdu\u011fu muahede n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu m\u0131zra\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131na dikildi. Macar kral\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve te\u015fhir edilen ba\u015f\u0131, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunun maneviyat\u0131n\u0131 bozdu. Jan Hunyad\u2019\u0131n \u00e7abalamalar\u0131, bozgunu durduramad\u0131. Sabahtan ba\u015flayan muharebe, ikindi vakti sona ermi\u015fti. <\/p>\n
Jan Hunyad muharebenin kaybedildi\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakit, ordusuna haber vermeden, yan\u0131ndaki Ulahlarla birlikte geri \u00e7ekildi ve Karadeniz\u2019in kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek ka\u00e7maya muvaffak oldu. Davud Pa\u015fa kumandas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri, Jan Hunyad\u2019\u0131 iki g\u00fcn takip ettilerse de yakalayamad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
Erlau ve Grosvaradin piskoposlar\u0131 ile ahitnamenin bozulmas\u0131na sebep olan papa vekili kardinal \u00c7esarini, \u00f6l\u00fcler aras\u0131nda olup, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n kayb\u0131, 65 000 civ\u00e2r\u0131ndayd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Kral\u0131n k\u0131ymetli e\u015fyalar\u0131yla dolu 250 araba, T\u00fcrklerin eline ge\u00e7ti. Bu muharebede Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, 15 000 \u015fehit verdi. <\/p>\n
Zaferi m\u00fcteakip M\u00fcsl\u00fcman h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara fetihnameler yaz\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam \u00e2lemi, Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n zafer sevincine kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Tarihte b\u00fcy\u00fck neticeler do\u011furan harplerden olan Varna Zaferiyle, Balkanlarda, Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kuvvetine kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak bir kuvvet kalmad\u0131. Lehistan ve Macaristan, Kral Vladislas\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle, bir daha birle\u015fememek \u00fczere ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve Balt\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan Adriyatik Denizine kadar uzanan Lehistan-Macaristan Devleti ortadan kalkt\u0131. <\/p>\n
Varna Muharebesi; Bizans\u2019\u0131n, Balkanlardan ve Avrupa\u2019dan \u00fcmidini kesmesine ve y\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerini beklemesine sebep oldu; \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Varna Sava\u015f\u0131 (Varna Zaferi) 10 Kas\u0131m 1444\u2019te Varna\u2019da yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-Ha\u00e7l\u0131 muharebesi. Sultan \u0130kinci Murad Han\u0131n Rumeli fetihleri sonunda, Macaristan ve Lehistan ile 12 Temmuz 1444 tarihinde imzalanan Segedin Antla\u015fmas\u0131, on y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sulh devresi getiriyordu. Sultan Murad Han, sulh devresinden istifadeyle, veliaht Mehmed\u2019in (Fatih) idaresini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in, yoruldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek saltanattan \u00e7ekildi. O\u011flu Sultan \u0130kinci …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1840,1839,1672,1630],"class_list":["post-577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-haclilar","tag-ikinci-mehmed-han","tag-ikinci-murad","tag-varna-savasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=577"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/577\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}