\u0130mam Ebu-l Hasan Ali R\u0131za (a.s)\u2019dan Hikmet, Nasihat, G\u00fczel Ahlak, Takva, Z\u00fcht Hakk\u0131nda Nakledilen Hadisler
\n\u0130slam \u015eer\u0130atinin K\u00fcll\u0130yati Hakkindak\u0130 Me\u2019mun\u2019un Sorularina Verd\u0130\u011f\u0130 Cevap<\/p>\n
Rivayet olunmu\u015ftur ki: Me’mun, Z\u00fcrriyaseteyn lakab\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan Fazl ibn-i Sehl’i \u015fu mesajla \u0130mam R\u0131za aleyhi’s-selam\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi: ”\u0130slam’\u0131n helal ve haramlar\u0131n\u0131, farz ve m\u00fcstehaplar\u0131n\u0131 benim i\u00e7in bir araya toplaman\u0131 istiyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc siz Allah’\u0131n halka olan h\u00fccceti ve ilim kayna\u011f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.”<\/p>\n
\u0130mam aleyhi’s-selam bunun \u00fczerine, m\u00fcrekkep ve ka\u011f\u0131t isteyip Fazl’a: “Yaz” diye buyurdular:<\/p>\n
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. <\/p>\n
Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, birli\u011fine, muhta\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa, e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kayyum (her \u015feyi koruyan ve kendisi hi\u00e7bir \u015feye muhta\u00e7 olmayan), i\u015fiten, g\u00f6ren, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kaim, baki ve nur oldu\u011funa, cehli olmayan alim, aczi olmayan kadir, muhta\u00e7 olmayan zengin ve zulmetmeyen adil oldu\u011funa, her \u015feyi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na, hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin onun gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, benzeri, z\u0131dd\u0131, misli ve dengi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Muhammed salla’ll\u00e2hu aleyhi ve alih\u2019in, O’nun kulu, el\u00e7isi ve emini oldu\u011funa, insanlar aras\u0131ndan onu se\u00e7ti\u011fine, el\u00e7ilerin efendisi, peygamberlerin sonuncusu ve \u00e2lemlerin en \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funa ve O’ndan sonra hi\u00e7bir peygamberin gelmeyece\u011fine, \u015feriat\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmiyece\u011fine, getirdikleri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015feylerin apa\u00e7\u0131k hak oldu\u011funa \u015fehadet ederiz. Onu (Peygamber’i) ve ondan \u00f6nceki Allah’\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn resullerini, peygamberlerini ve h\u00fcccetlerini tasdik ederiz. O\u2019nun sad\u0131k kitab\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frular\u0131z. O kitap ki, “Ne \u00f6n\u00fcnden, ne de arkas\u0131ndan bat\u0131l ona n\u00fcfuz edemez. H\u00fck\u00fcm ve hikmet sahibi, hamda lay\u0131k mabud taraf\u0131ndan indirilmi\u015ftir.”[1] B\u00fct\u00fcn kitaplar\u0131 koruyand\u0131r; evvelinden sonuna kadar hepsi hakt\u0131r. Muhkem ve m\u00fcte\u015fabihine, husus ve umumuna, vaad ve vaidine, nasih ve mensuhuna ve b\u00fct\u00fcn haberlerine iman ederiz. Yarat\u0131klardan hi\u00e7bir kimse onun mislini getiremez. \u015eehadet ederiz ki, Peygamber\u2019den sonra m\u00fc\u2019minlere h\u00fcccet ve k\u0131lavuz olan, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n i\u015flerini idare eden, Kur’an’dan konu\u015fan, ahk\u00e2m\u0131na alim olan, Peygamber\u2019in karde\u015fi, halifesi ve vasisi olan, Peygamber\u2019e olan nisbeti, Harun’un Musa’ya olan nisbeti gibi olan Ali ibn-i Ebi Talib aleyhi’s-selam ‘d\u0131r. M\u00fc\u2019minlerin emiri, muttakilerin rehberi, elleri, ayaklar\u0131 ak, y\u00fczleri nurlu olanlar\u0131n (k\u0131yamet g\u00fcn\u00fc abdest uzuvlar\u0131 parlayanlar\u0131n) imam\u0131, m\u00fc\u2019minlerin reisi ve peygamberlerin vasilerinin en \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ondan (Hz.Ali’den) sonra da Hasan ve H\u00fcseyin aleyhime’s-selam ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar birbiri ard\u0131nca gelen di\u011fer imamlard\u0131r. Onlar Peygamber’in z\u00fcrriyeti, kitap ve s\u00fcnnete herkesten daha alim, yarg\u0131da herkesten daha adil, her as\u0131r ve zamanda imamete herkesten daha lay\u0131k olanlard\u0131r. Onlar, sa\u011flam kulp ve hidayet imamlar\u0131d\u0131r; varislerin en hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131 olan Allah, yer ve ehline miras\u00e7\u0131 oluncaya dek d\u00fcnya ehline h\u00fcccettirler. Onlara muhalefet eden sap\u0131kt\u0131r ve sap\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa davet edendir; hak ve hidayeti terketmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
Onlar Kur’an’\u0131n terc\u00fcman\u0131, Peygamber\u2019in s\u00f6zc\u00fcleridirler. Kim onlar\u0131, isimleri ve babalar\u0131n\u0131n isimleriyle tan\u0131madan ve velayetlerini kabul etmeden \u00f6l\u00fcrse, cahiliye \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Takva, iffet, s\u0131dk, salah, gayret, iyiye de k\u00f6t\u00fcye de emaneti iade etmek, secdeleri uzatmak, geceleri (ibadet i\u00e7in) kalkmak, haramlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, sab\u0131rla fereci (kurtulu\u015fu) beklemek, g\u00fczel arkada\u015fl\u0131k ve g\u00fczel kom\u015fuluk yapmak, ihsanda bulunmak, eziyet etmemek, g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fck, m\u00fc\u2019minlere nasihat etmek, ac\u0131mak ve Y\u00fcce Allah\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131nda emretti\u011fi gibi, y\u00fcz\u00fc ve elleri y\u0131kay\u0131p, ba\u015fa ve ayaklara meshederek abdest almak onlar\u0131n din\u00ee tav\u0131r ve gidi\u015fatlar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Abdestte, y\u00fcz ve elleri y\u0131kaman\u0131n bir defas\u0131 farz, ikincisi ikmald\u0131r ve fazlas\u0131 g\u00fcnaht\u0131r, sevab\u0131 yoktur. Abdesti ancak (ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan \u00e7\u0131kan) gaz, bevl (idrar), gait (d\u0131\u015fk\u0131), uyku ve c\u00fcn\u00fcpl\u00fck bozar. Kim mestin \u00fczerine meshederse Allah\u2019a, Peygamber\u2019e ve Kur’an’a muhalefet etmi\u015ftir; abdesti de bat\u0131ld\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ali aleyhi’s-selam mestin \u00fczerine meshetmede di\u011ferlerine muhalefet etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6mer:[OA1] “Ben Peygamber\u2019in (mest \u00fczerine) meshetti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.” dedi\u011finde Ali aleyhi’s-selam \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdular: “Maide suresi[2] inmeden \u00f6nce mi yoksa indikten sonra m\u0131?” \u00d6mer: “Bilmiyorum.” dedi. \u0130mam Ali aleyhi’s-selam: “Ama ben biliyorum, Resulullah, Maide suresi indikten sonra art\u0131k mestlerinin \u00fczerine meshetmedi.” buyurdular.<\/p>\n
Cenabet, ihtilam ve hay\u0131zdan dolay\u0131 gusletmek ve \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc y\u0131kayan\u0131n gusletmesi farzd\u0131r. Cuma, kurban ve f\u0131t\u0131r bayram\u0131 gusl\u00fc, Mekke ve Medine’ye girme gusl\u00fc, ziyaret, ihram ve arefe g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn gusl\u00fc, Ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n birinci, on dokuzuncu, yirmi birinci ve yirmi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gecelerinin gus\u00fclleri ise s\u00fcnnettir.<\/p>\n
(G\u00fcnl\u00fck) Farz namazlar: \u00d6\u011fle d\u00f6rt rek’at, ikindi d\u00f6rt rek’at, ak\u015fam \u00fc\u00e7 rek’at, yats\u0131 d\u00f6rt rek’at ve sabah 2 rek’at olmak \u00fczere toplam 17 rekatt\u0131r. S\u00fcnnet namazlar da 34 rek\u2019att\u0131r: \u00d6\u011fleden \u00f6nce 8 rek\u2019at, \u00f6\u011fleden sonra 8 rek\u2019at, ak\u015famdan sonra 4 rek’at, yats\u0131dan sonra oturarak k\u0131l\u0131nan iki rek\u2019at -ki 1 rek\u2019at say\u0131l\u0131r-, seher vakti 8 rekat, 3 rek\u2019at vitir (iki rek\u2019at\u0131 \u015fef\u2019, bir rek’at\u0131 da vitir niyetiyle k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131r) ve vitirden sonra da 2 rek\u2019at (sabah namaz\u0131 nafilesi). Namaz, vaktin evvelinde k\u0131l\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Cemaatle k\u0131l\u0131nan her rek\u2019at, ferd\u00ee k\u0131l\u0131nan iki bin rek\u2019ata bedeldir. <\/p>\n
F\u00e2s\u0131k\u0131n arkas\u0131nda namaz k\u0131lma ve velayet ehlinden ba\u015fkas\u0131na iktida etme. Murdar ve y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan hayvan\u0131n derisinde namaz k\u0131lma. Gidi\u015fi bir menzil, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de bir menzil olan d\u00f6rt fersahl\u0131k yolda namaz seferidir; namaz sefer\u00ee k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde orucu da yersin. D\u00f6rt namazda kunut vard\u0131r: Sabah, ak\u015fam, yats\u0131, cuma ve \u00f6\u011fle namazlar\u0131nda.[3] B\u00fct\u00fcn kunutlar, r\u00fckudan \u00f6nce ve k\u0131raattan sonrad\u0131r. Cenaze namaz\u0131 be\u015f tekbirdir; cenaze namaz\u0131n\u0131n ne r\u00fckuu vard\u0131r, ne de secdesi. \u00d6l\u00fcn\u00fcn mezar\u0131 d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015feli (ve d\u00fcz) olmal\u0131d\u0131r; (deve h\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fc gibi) t\u00fcmsek yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Fatiha suresinin besmelesi namazda sesli olarak okunur.<\/p>\n
Her iki y\u00fcz dirhemin (g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paran\u0131n) farz olan zek\u00e2t\u0131 be\u015f dirhemdir; bundan az\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131 yoktur. Bundan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n her 40 dirheminden bir dirhem zek\u00e2t verilir; 40 dirhemden az art\u0131\u015f\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131 yoktur; \u00fczerinden bir y\u0131l ge\u00e7medik\u00e7e de zek\u00e2t farz olmaz. Zek\u00e2t ancak velayet ve marifet ehline verilir. Her yirmi dinar (alt\u0131n paran)\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131, yar\u0131m dinard\u0131r. Humus, b\u00fct\u00fcn mallarda sadece bir defa farz olur. Bu\u011fday\u0131n, arpan\u0131n, hurman\u0131n, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn ve yerden bitip be\u015f vask’a (yakla\u015f\u0131k 850 kg.) ula\u015fan di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn hububat\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131, (ya\u011fmur, \u0131rmak ve nehir gibi) akar sularla sulan\u0131rsa onda birdir. Ama kuyu suyuyla sulan\u0131rsa onda yar\u0131md\u0131r (yani yirmide birdir). Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm fakir ve zengin i\u00e7in ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer hububattan da bir iki avu\u00e7 verilir. (Bu\u011fday, arpa, hurma ve kuru \u00fcz\u00fcmde zek\u00e2t farzd\u0131r, ama di\u011fer hububatta m\u00fcstehapt\u0131r.) \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah hi\u00e7 kimseyi, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yetece\u011finden fazla bir \u015feyle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131lmaz; kulunu, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fan bir \u015feye zorlamaz. Vask 60 sa\u2019d\u0131r, her sa\u2019 6 r\u0131tl veya d\u00f6rt muddur, her mud Irak r\u0131tl\u0131na g\u00f6re iki r\u0131tl ve r\u0131tl\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biridir. <\/p>\n
Hz.Sad\u0131k aleyhi’s-selam \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: Sa\u2019, Irak r\u0131tl\u0131yla dokuz, Medine r\u0131tl\u0131yla da alt\u0131 r\u0131tl’d\u0131r. (Bir sa\u2019 yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 kg’d\u0131r, mud da yakla\u015f\u0131k 750 gramd\u0131r, be\u015f vask ise yakl\u0131\u015fk 850 kg\u2019d\u0131r.) F\u0131t\u0131r zek\u00e2t\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, b\u00fcy\u00fck, h\u00fcr ve k\u00f6le olan herkes i\u00e7in farzd\u0131r. F\u0131t\u0131r zek\u00e2t\u0131 bu\u011fdaydan, yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m sa\u2019 (1,5 kg) hurma ve kuru \u00fcz\u00fcmden de bir sa\u2019d\u0131r.[4] F\u0131t\u0131r zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n, velayet ehlinden ba\u015fkas\u0131na verilmesi caiz de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc f\u0131t\u0131r zek\u00e2t\u0131 farz (olan sadakalardan)d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hay\u0131z on g\u00fcnden \u00e7ok, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnden de az olmaz. M\u00fcstehaze kad\u0131n, gus\u00fcl edip namaz k\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hay\u0131z olan kad\u0131n, namaz\u0131 terkeder, kazas\u0131 da yoktur; orucu da terkeder, ama daha sonra kazas\u0131n\u0131 tutar.<\/p>\n
Ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n orucu, Ramazan hilalinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesiyle ba\u015flar ve \u015eevval hilalinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesiyle de sona erer. Teravih namaz\u0131 (Ramazan ay\u0131 gecelerinde k\u0131l\u0131nan m\u00fcstehap namazlar, di\u011fer m\u00fcstehap namazlar gibi) cemaatla k\u0131l\u0131nmaz. Her ay \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tutmak m\u00fcstahapt\u0131r; her on g\u00fcnden birini; ilk on g\u00fcnde per\u015fembe, ikinci on g\u00fcnde \u00e7ar\u015famba, son on g\u00fcn\u00fcnde de yine per\u015fembe g\u00fcn\u00fc. \u015eaban ay\u0131n\u0131n orucu g\u00fczeldir, s\u00fcnnettir de. Resulullah salla’ll\u00e2hu aleyhi ve alih buyurmu\u015ftur ki: “\u015eaban ay\u0131 benim ay\u0131md\u0131r, Ramazan ay\u0131 Allah’\u0131n ay\u0131d\u0131r.” Ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n kaza olan oru\u00e7lar\u0131 ardarda tutulmasa da olur.<\/p>\n
Hacca gitmeye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten kimsenin gidip Allah’\u0131n evini ziyaret etmesi farzd\u0131r. Gitmeye g\u00fcc\u00fc yetmekten maksat, az\u0131k ve binektir. Uzaktan gelenler i\u00e7in Temettu hacc\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131 caiz de\u011fildir; di\u011ferlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi K\u0131ran ve \u0130frad hacc\u0131 c\u00e2iz de\u011fildir. Mikattan \u00f6nce ihram c\u00e2iz de\u011fildir. Allah Te\u00e2la buyurmu\u015ftur ki: “Hac ve Umreyi Allah i\u00e7in tamamlay\u0131n.”[5] Enenmi\u015f (hayalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) hayvan\u0131n kurban edilmesi c\u00e2iz de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o nak\u0131st\u0131r. Ama hayas\u0131 burulmu\u015f hayvan\u0131n kurban edilmesi c\u00e2izdir.<\/p>\n
Cihad, adil imam\u0131n emriyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kim, mal, m\u00fclk ve can\u0131n\u0131 savunmak yolunda sava\u015f\u0131p da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse \u015fehittir. Tak\u0131yye halinde hi\u00e7bir k\u00e2firi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek c\u00e2iz de\u011fildir. Ancak can tehlikesi olmazsa ve (o k\u00e2fir) katil veya ba\u011f\u00ee olursa o ba\u015fka. Muhalif veya muhalif olmayan kimselerin mallar\u0131n\u0131 (haks\u0131z yere) yemek c\u00e2iz de\u011fildir. Tak\u0131yye yerinde (d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu ve kar\u015f\u0131 koyman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yerde) tak\u0131yye etmek farzd\u0131r. Zalimin zulm\u00fcn\u00fc uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tak\u0131yye olarak yemin edip de yemininin \u00fczerinde durmayan kimseye, yemini bozma keffareti yoktur.<\/p>\n
Talak, Allah’\u0131n emri ve Peygambersalla’ll\u00e2hu aleyhi ve alih\u2019in s\u00fcnnetine g\u00f6re olmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcnnete uygun olmayan talak, do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Kur\u2019an’a muhalif olan talak, talak de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, s\u00fcnnete muhalif olan nikah da nikah de\u011fildir. Bir erke\u011fin, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u00fcr kad\u0131nlardan d\u00f6rtten fazla han\u0131m\u0131 olamaz. Bir kad\u0131na, s\u00fcnnete uygun olarak \u00fc\u00e7 defa talak verilirse ba\u015fka birisiyle evlenip bo\u015fanmad\u0131k\u00e7a (\u00f6nceki kocas\u0131na) helal olmaz. Emir-\u00fcl M\u00fc\u2019minin Hz.Ali aleyhi’s-selam \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “\u00dc\u00e7 talakl\u0131 (bir mecliste \u00fc\u00e7 defa talak verilen) kad\u0131nlardan sak\u0131n\u0131n. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc (talaklar\u0131 sahih olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in) onlar\u0131n kocalar\u0131 vard\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
Peygamber salla’ll\u00e2hu aleyhi ve alih’e her yerde, (\u00f6zellikle) r\u00fczgar esti\u011finde, aks\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve di\u011fer zamanlarda salavat getirilir.<\/p>\n
Allah’\u0131n dostlar\u0131n\u0131 ve dostlar\u0131n\u0131n dostlar\u0131n\u0131 sevmek, Allah\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan nefret etmek, onlardan ve \u00f6nderlerinden beraat etmek din\u00ee vazifelerdendir.<\/p>\n
Anne ve babaya iyilik etmelisin. M\u00fc\u015frik iseler, onlara itaat etmeyerek, d\u00fcnyada onlarla iyi ge\u00e7ineceksin. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah Te\u00e2la \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “Bana ve anne- babana \u015f\u00fckret; d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yaln\u0131z banad\u0131r. Onlar (anne ve baba), hakk\u0131nda bilgin olmayan \u015feyi bana \u015firk ko\u015fman i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarsa, onlara itaat etme.”[6] Emir-\u00fcl M\u00fc\u2019minin Ali aleyhi’s-selam \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “Onlar (Ehl-i Kitap), alim ve rahipler i\u00e7in ne oru\u00e7 tutuyor, ne de namaz k\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131; sadece Allah’a kar\u015f\u0131 masiyet etmelerini emrettikleri zaman, onlara itaat ediyorlard\u0131.”[7] Daha sonra buyurdular ki, Resulullahsalla’ll\u00e2hu aleyhi ve alih’ten duydum ki, \u015f\u00f6yle buyuruyordu: “Kim Allah’a itaatin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir mahluka itaat ederse k\u00e2fir olmu\u015f, Allah’tan ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 ilah edinmi\u015ftir.”<\/p>\n
Hayvanlarda cenininin bo\u011fazlanmas\u0131, annesinin bo\u011fazlanmas\u0131ylad\u0131r (yani hayvan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kestiklerinde karn\u0131ndaki yavrusu da helal olur).<\/p>\n
Peygamberlerin g\u00fcnahlar\u0131, n\u00fcb\u00fcvvet makam\u0131n\u0131n sayg\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015feylerdir.<\/p>\n
Allah\u2019\u0131n emretti\u011fi \u015fekliyle faraizde (Allah\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131nda miktar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanan paylarda) avl[8] yoktur. Anne, baba ve evlad\u0131n olmas\u0131yla, koca ve kar\u0131dan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir kimseye miras ula\u015fmaz. Mirasda belli bir pay\u0131 olan, pay\u0131 olmayandan daha evlad\u0131r. Asabe[9] de Allah’\u0131n dininden de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yeni do\u011fan erkek veya k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun yedinci g\u00fcn\u00fc, akika kurban\u0131 verilir, sa\u00e7\u0131 kesilir, ismi konulur ve yine o g\u00fcnde sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 miktar\u0131nca alt\u0131n veya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sadaka verilir.<\/p>\n
Kullar\u0131n fiilleri, tekvin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla de\u011fil, takdir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Allah\u2019\u0131n mahlukudur. Ne cebre[10] inan, ne de tefvize[11] Allah Te\u00e2la, su\u00e7suzu g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r\u0131n su\u00e7uyla hesaba \u00e7ekmedi\u011fi gibi evlat ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da babalar\u0131n su\u00e7uyla cezaland\u0131rmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah Te\u00e2la buyurmu\u015ftur ki: <\/p>\n
“Do\u011frusu hi\u00e7bir kimse ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n su\u00e7unu y\u00fcklenmez.”[12] <\/p>\n
“Do\u011frusu insana, kendi (emek ve) \u00e7abas\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131 yoktur.”[13] <\/p>\n
Allah Te\u00e2la ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar, zulmetmez. Allah Te\u00e2la, kullara zulmedece\u011fini ve onlar\u0131 sapt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi kimseye, itaat etmeyi farz k\u0131lmaz. K\u00e2fir olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Allah\u2019\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p \u015feytana ibadet edece\u011fini[OA2] bildi\u011fi kullar\u0131 da peygamberli\u011fe se\u00e7mez. \u0130slam, imandan ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Her m\u00fc\u2019min m\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131r, ama her m\u00fcsl\u00fcman m\u00fc\u2019min de\u011fildir. H\u0131rs\u0131z, m\u00fc\u2019min oldu\u011fu halde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmaz. \u015earab i\u00e7en de m\u00fc\u2019min oldu\u011fu halde \u015farap i\u00e7mez. M\u00fc\u2019min m\u00fc\u2019min oldu\u011fu halde Allah’\u0131n haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 nefsi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmez. Had (\u015fer\u2019i ceza\u2019y\u0131) hakkeden kimseler, ne m\u00fc\u2019mindirler, ne de k\u00e2fir (yani m\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131rlar). Allah, kendisine cenneti ve orda ebedi kalmay\u0131 vaad etti\u011fi bir m\u00fc\u2019mini, cehenneme sokmaz. Nifak, f\u0131sk veya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcnahtan dolay\u0131 cehennem ate\u015fini hakkeden kimse, ne m\u00fc\u2019minlerle ha\u015frolur ve ne de onlardan say\u0131l\u0131r. Cehennem ancak k\u00e2firleri ku\u015fat\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli i\u015flenmesiyle sahibini cehenneme g\u00f6t\u00fcren her g\u00fcnah f\u0131skd\u0131r. Allah\u2019a \u015firk ko\u015fan, O\u2019nu ink\u00e2r eden, munaf\u0131k olan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah i\u015fleyen herkes de f\u00e2s\u0131kt\u0131r. \u015eefaat, \u015fefaat dileyenler i\u00e7in c\u00e2izdir. Dil ile iyili\u011fi emretmek ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten sak\u0131nd\u0131rmak farzd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130man, farzlar\u0131 yerine getirmek, haramlardan sak\u0131nmakt\u0131r. \u0130man, kalple inanmak, dille ikrar etmek ve uzuvlarla da amel etmektir.<\/p>\n
Kurban bayram\u0131ndaki (\u00f6zel) tekbirler, kurban bayram\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fle namaz\u0131ndan itibaren on (farz) namazdan sonra s\u00f6ylenir. Ramazan bayram\u0131ndaki tekbirler ise, bayram gecesinin ak\u015fam namaz\u0131ndan itibaren be\u015f (farz) namazdan sonra s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk do\u011furduktan sonra yirmi g\u00fcnden fazla namaz\u0131 terkedemez. E\u011fer bu m\u00fcddetten \u00f6nce temizlenirse namaz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131lar; aksi takdirde yirmi g\u00fcnden sonra gusledip istihaze h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine riayet ederek m\u00fcstehaze kad\u0131n gibi namaza ba\u015flar.[14]<\/p>\n
Kabir azab\u0131na, nekir ve m\u00fcnkere, \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra dirilmeye, hesaba (sorgu suale), teraziye ve s\u0131rata iman etmek, dalalet imamlar\u0131ndan ve onlar\u0131n takip\u00e7ilerinden uzakla\u015fmak, onlardan beraat etmek, Allah\u2019\u0131n dostlar\u0131n\u0131 sevmek, \u015farab\u0131n az\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7o\u011funu da haram bilmek dinimizdendir. <\/p>\n
Her sarho\u015f edici \u015fey \u015farapt\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu sarho\u015f eden \u015feyin, az\u0131 da haramd\u0131r. Mecburiyette kalan kimse bile \u015farap i\u00e7memelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015farap onu ( aklini mahvederek ruhi y\u00f6nden) \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Her az\u0131 di\u015fli y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvan\u0131n ve her penceli ku\u015fun etini, kan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dala\u011f\u0131, cirri’yi (bir \u00e7e\u015fit uzun ve pulsuz y\u0131lan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131), tafiyi (\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde suyun y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan pis bir bal\u0131k), y\u0131lan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, zimmiri (bir \u00e7e\u015fit dikenli bal\u0131k), pulsuz olan her \u00e7e\u015fit bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kursaks\u0131z olan her \u00e7e\u015fit ku\u015fu haram biliyoruz. <\/p>\n
\u0130ki taraf\u0131 birbiriyle e\u015fit olmayan her \u00e7e\u015fit yumurtan\u0131n yenmesi helaldir. \u0130ki taraf\u0131 birbiriyle e\u015fit olan her \u00e7e\u015fit yumurtan\u0131n yenmesi de haramd\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli olan b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnahlar da \u015funlard\u0131r: Allah’\u0131n, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini haram k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 nefsi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, \u015farap i\u00e7mek, anne babaya eziyet etmek, sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7mak, zorla yetimin mal\u0131n\u0131, murdar\u0131, kan\u0131, domuz etini ve zaruret olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Allah’\u0131n ad\u0131 getirilmeden kesilen hayvan\u0131n etini yemek, belli olduktan sonra faiz ve haram mal yemek, kumar oynamak, tart\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eksik vermek, iffetli han\u0131mlara iftira etmek, zina ve livata yapmak, yalan yere \u015fehadet etmek, Allah’\u0131n rahmetinden \u00fcmit kesmek, Allah’\u0131n cezas\u0131ndan korkmamak, zalimlerle yard\u0131mla\u015fmak, onlara dayan\u0131p g\u00fcvenmek, yalan yere yemin etmek, s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131da olmaks\u0131z\u0131n halk\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermemek, kibirli olmak, k\u00fcf\u00fcr (ink\u00e2r), savurganl\u0131k, h\u0131yanet, tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizlemek (tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak), (\u015fark\u0131 ve \u00e7alg\u0131 aletleri gibi) Allah’\u0131 anmaktan al\u0131koyan \u015feylerle e\u011flenmek ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00fcnahlar\u0131 yapmakta \u0131srar etmek. <\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte bunlar dinin esaslar\u0131d\u0131r. Hamd, \u00e2lemlerin Rabbi olan Allah’a mahsustur. Allah’\u0131n salat ve selam\u0131 Peygamber’in ve soyunun \u00fczerine olsun.<\/p>\n
[1]- Fussilet\/42.<\/p>\n
[2]- Bu surede abdestin nas\u0131l al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 beyan edilmi\u015ftir. (Maide\/6)<\/p>\n
[3]- Hadiste ikindi namaz\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmemesi, ak\u015fam ile yats\u0131n\u0131n bir, \u00f6\u011fle ile ikindinin de bir say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan olabilir. Buna g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt namaz \u015funlard\u0131r: 1- Sabah. 2- \u00d6\u011fle ve ikindi. 3- Ak\u015fam ve yats\u0131. 4- Cuma (\u00e7ev)<\/p>\n
[4]-Ba\u015fka rivayetlere g\u00f6re bu\u011fdayla di\u011fer \u015feyler aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir fark yoktur. M\u00fc\u00e7tehidlerin fetvas\u0131 da bu y\u00f6ndedir.<\/p>\n
[5]-Bakara\/196. (\u0130mam Hazretleri bu ayeti temettu hacc\u0131 i\u00e7in delil g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n
[6]- Lokman\/14,15.<\/p>\n
[7]- Kur\u2019an\u2019da Ehl-i kitap, alim ve rahiplerini ilah edindikleri i\u00e7in k\u0131nanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu hadis, ilah edinmekle neyin kasdedildi\u011fini beyan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
[8]- Miras\u0131n paylardan az gelmesi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne f\u0131k\u0131hta “avl” denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin varis, koca ile baba taraf\u0131ndan bir olan iki k\u0131z karde\u015f olursa, kocan\u0131n pay\u0131 yar\u0131, iki k\u0131z karde\u015fin de pay\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te iki oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, miras paylardan az gelir. Ehl-i s\u00fcnnete g\u00f6re bu miktar, paylar\u0131na orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak hem kocan\u0131n, hem de k\u0131z karde\u015flerin paylar\u0131ndan azalt\u0131l\u0131r. Ama Ehl-i Beyt mektebine g\u00f6re, bu miktar yaln\u0131zca k\u0131z karde\u015flerin pay\u0131ndan azalt\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kocan\u0131n pay\u0131 Allah\u2019\u0131n farz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin payd\u0131r, ondan bir \u015fey azalt\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
[9] – Miras\u0131n paylardan artmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne f\u0131k\u0131hta “asabe” veya “ta\u2019sib” denir. Ehl-i S\u00fcnnete g\u00f6re belirlenmi\u015f paylardan artan miktar, \u00f6len kimsenin erkek karde\u015fleri, amcalar\u0131 ve amcazadeleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ehl-i Beyt imamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, artan miktar da ayn\u0131 pay sahiplerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131na yeti\u015fir, bir sonraki tabakaya s\u0131ra gelmez.<\/p>\n
[10]- Cebir, yani kulun, fiillerinde mecbur olu\u015fu.<\/p>\n
[11]- Tefviz, yani kulun kendi haline terkedilmesi.<\/p>\n
[12]- Fat\u0131r\/18, Zumer\/7.<\/p>\n
[13]- Necm\/39.<\/p>\n
[14]- Ulem\u00e2, di\u011fer hadisleri de nazara alarak \u00e7ocuk do\u011furmu\u015f olan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n kan g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc takdirde en fazla on g\u00fcn namazlar\u0131n\u0131 terkedebilece\u011fine fetva vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130mam Ebu-l Hasan Ali R\u0131za (a.s)\u2019dan Hikmet, Nasihat, G\u00fczel Ahlak, Takva, Z\u00fcht Hakk\u0131nda Nakledilen Hadisler \u0130slam \u015eer\u0130atinin K\u00fcll\u0130yati Hakkindak\u0130 Me\u2019mun\u2019un Sorularina Verd\u0130\u011f\u0130 Cevap Rivayet olunmu\u015ftur ki: Me’mun, Z\u00fcrriyaseteyn lakab\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan Fazl ibn-i Sehl’i \u015fu mesajla \u0130mam R\u0131za aleyhi’s-selam\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi: ”\u0130slam’\u0131n helal ve haramlar\u0131n\u0131, farz ve m\u00fcstehaplar\u0131n\u0131 benim i\u00e7in bir araya toplaman\u0131 istiyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[11438,11434,11437,11436,11435,11433],"class_list":["post-5828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel","tag-akillara-hediye","tag-tuhef-ul-ukul-2","tag-tuhef-ul-ukul-akillara-hediye","tag-tuhef-ul-ukul-bolumleri","tag-tuhef-ul-ukul-indir","tag-tuhef-ul-ukul-oku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5828","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5828"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5828\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}