Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 (Irak Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti)<\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uklu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda kurulan hanedan. <\/p>\n
Sultan Muhammed Tapar\u2019\u0131n 1118 senesinde vefat\u0131yla meydana gelen i\u00e7 hadiseler neticesinde, Sencer ile Mahmud aras\u0131nda 11 A\u011fustos 1119 tarihinde yap\u0131lan S\u00e2ve Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin ba\u015f\u0131na Sencer ge\u00e7ti. Sultan Sencer, ye\u011feni Mahmud bin Muhammed\u2019e ise Hemedan, Kirman\u015fah ve \u0130sfahan dahil olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131 \u0130ran ile Irak topraklar\u0131n\u0131n idaresini verdi. B\u00f6ylece, Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 Devleti kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Sultan Mahmud\u2019un zaman\u0131nda en tehlikeli b\u00f6lge, kuzeybat\u0131, yani Erran ve Kafkasya\u2019yd\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgede, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc David idaresindeki G\u00fcrc\u00fcler faaliyet g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin, Tiflis\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Sultan Mahmud bir sefer d\u00fczenledi ise de ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayamad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Sencer\u2019e t\u00e2bi olarak saltanat s\u00fcren Mahmud, 1181 senesinde, hen\u00fcz 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken vefat etti.<\/p>\n
Sultan Mahmud\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Hemedan\u2019da bulunan gen\u00e7 ya\u015ftaki o\u011flu Davud, sultan ilan edildi. Davud\u2019un sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cib\u00e2l ve \u00c2zerbaycan\u2019da tan\u0131n\u0131rken, amcas\u0131 Mesud da Irak\u2019ta h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki taht m\u00fccadelesinin k\u0131z\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Sultan Sencer, Irak Sel\u00e7uklu Devletindeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara son vermek i\u00e7in bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. Dinever yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131, Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 kaybetti. Mesud, ka\u00e7t\u0131. Sencer, ye\u011feni Tu\u011frul\u2019u Irak Sel\u00e7uklu taht\u0131na oturttu ve vezirli\u011fe de Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Kas\u0131m Derg\u00fczini\u2019yi tayin etti.<\/p>\n
Sultan Tu\u011frul tahta ge\u00e7tikten sonra, Fars Hakimi Emir Meng\u00fcbars, bir mektup yollayarak \u015eehzade Alparslan\u2019\u0131 yan\u0131na g\u00f6ndermesi h\u00e2linde, itaate haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu bildirdi. Sultan, o\u011flu Alparslan\u2019\u0131 Fars\u2019a yollad\u0131 ve Emir Meng\u00fcbars\u2019a atabeg unvan\u0131 verdi. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7\u0131kacak bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Sultan Tu\u011frul\u2019un saltanat\u0131na ilk itiraz Davud\u2019dan geldi. Sultan Mahmud\u2019un o\u011flu Davud, toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 orduyla Tu\u011frul \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Ancak Hemedan \u00f6nlerinde yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetti. Ba\u011fdat\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Bu durumu \u00f6\u011frenen Mesud da Ba\u011fdat\u2019a geldi. Mesud, Davud ile Halife, Sultan Tu\u011frul\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir ittifak kurdular. Halife, Mes\u00fbd’u sultan ilan etti. Mesud\u2019un haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcttefik ordu, 1133 senesi May\u0131s ay\u0131nda Hemedan civar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan muharebede Tu\u011frul\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir zafer kazand\u0131. Ma\u011flub olan Sultan, \u00f6nce Rey\u2019e, oradan da \u0130sfahan\u2019a gitmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131.Sultan Mesud\u2019un takibi \u00fczerine Fars eyaletine \u00e7ekildi. Adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa ge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine Sultan Tu\u011frul, karde\u015finin eline esir d\u00fc\u015fmemek i\u00e7in tekrar Rey \u015fehrine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na sebep olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veziri Eb\u00fc\u2019-Kas\u0131m Derg\u00fczini\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Tu\u011frul, Rey \u015fehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Mesud ile tekrar sava\u015ft\u0131 ve yenilerek Taberistan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren B\u00e2vendiler\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Daha sonra Davud\u2019un \u00c2zerbaycan\u2019da, Mesud\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmesi \u00fczerine, Sultan Tu\u011frul bir ordu toplayarak Mesud\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. \u0130ki ordu, Kazvin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Ordusundaki baz\u0131 komutanlar\u0131n Tu\u011frul\u2019un taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Mesud, 1134 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bu muharebeyi kaybetti ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Bu galibiyet \u00fczerine Sultan Tu\u011frul, sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde Hemedan\u2019a, Irak Sel\u00e7uklu taht\u0131na oturdu. Fakat k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra 1134 senesi Ekim ay\u0131nda hastalanarak \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Mesud, Sultan Tu\u011frul\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, derhal Hemedan\u2019a giderek Irak Sel\u00e7uklu taht\u0131na oturdu. Sultan Mesud\u2019un ilk i\u015fi, ye\u011feni Davud\u2019un isyan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek oldu. Bu maksatla, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 Davud ile evlendirdi ve veliaht tayin etti.<\/p>\n
Sultan Mesud\u2019un saltanat\u0131, isyan eden emirlerle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7ti. \u0130m\u00e2deddin Zeng\u00ee, Atabeg Meng\u00fcbars ve Emir Bozala\u2019n\u0131n kuvvetleriyle defalarca yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar, Irak Sel\u00e7uklu Devletini y\u0131pratt\u0131. Bu m\u00fccadeleler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Veliahd Davud da, 1143 senesinde Tebriz\u2019de B\u00e2t\u0131n\u00eeler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Uzun s\u00fcren m\u00fccadeleler sonunda, i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131ran Mesud, \u00e7ok ya\u015famad\u0131, hastalanarak 1152 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hemedan\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Sultan Mesud\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Melik\u015fah bin Mahmud, Emir Has beg taraf\u0131ndan sultan ilan edildi. Fakat onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k i\u00e7in yetersiz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6ren Emirler, karde\u015fi Mehmed\u2019i Huzistan\u2019dan getirterek Irak Sel\u00e7uklu taht\u0131na oturttular. Sultan Mehmed\u2019in tahta ge\u00e7tikten sonra ilk i\u015fi, tahta ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flayan Has Begi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek oldu. Daha sonra, Sel\u00e7uklu otoritesini Irak\u2019ta yeniden canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Irak\u2019ta bulunan T\u00fcrk unsurlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 cephe alan Abbas\u00ee Halifesi M\u00fcktefi ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Musul Hakimi Mevd\u00fbd\u2019un yard\u0131m\u0131yla Halife\u2019nin ordusunu ma\u011flup etti ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131. Ku\u015fatma uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada Halife\u2019nin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla \u015eehzade Melik\u015fah bin Mahmud ve Atabeg \u0130ldeniz, 1157 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cibal b\u00f6lgesinde harekete ge\u00e7erek Hemedan\u2019\u0131 zaptettiler. Bu durumu \u00f6\u011frenen Sultan Mehmed, ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rarak Hemedan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Atabeg \u0130ldeniz, \u00c2zerbaycan\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, asker\u00ee kuvvetten mahrum kalan Melik\u015fah da Hemedan\u2019\u0131 terk etti. Sultan Mehmed, onlar\u0131n taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131 Rey ve \u0130sfahan b\u00f6lgesinden temizledi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra hastaland\u0131 ve 1159 senesinde Hemedan\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Sultan Mehmed\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, yerine kimin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi konusunda Sel\u00e7uklu em\u00eerleri tam bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Musul\u2019da hapiste bulunan Muhammed Tapar\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu ve Sultan Mehmed\u2019in amcas\u0131 S\u00fcleyman \u015eah serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131nca, Hemedan\u2019a gelerek Irak Sel\u00e7uklu taht\u0131na oturdu. Arslan-\u015eah\u2019\u0131 kendisine veliaht tayin etti. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u0131n devlet i\u015flerinde yetersiz kalmas\u0131, emirlerin deste\u011fini kaybetmesine sebep oldu. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda G\u00fcrd-b\u00e2z\u00fb\u2019nun bulundu\u011fu em\u00eerler, Arslan-\u015eah\u0131 sultan yapmak i\u00e7in \u0130ldeniz\u2019i davet ettiler. G\u00fcrd-b\u00e2z\u00fb, S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u0131 yakalay\u0131p hapsetti ve bir s\u00fcre sonra, 1161 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Arslan \u015eah, Atabeg \u0130ldeniz ile beraber Hemedan\u2019a giderek tahta oturdu. \u015eemseddin \u0130ldeniz, Sultan\u0131n atabegi olarak idareyi tamamen ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130ldeniz\u2019in devlet i\u015findeki kuvvet ve kudretini \u00e7ekemeyen baz\u0131 em\u00eerler, hanedan mensuplar\u0131yla anla\u015farak kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Neticede Arslan \u015eah (1161-1176) ve onun yerine ge\u00e7en \u0130kinci Tu\u011frul (1176-1194) d\u00f6nemleri, saltanat kavgalar\u0131 ile ge\u00e7ti. Bu \u015fekilde zay\u0131flayan devlet, 1193 senesinde Harezm\u015fahlar taraf\u0131ndan tehdit edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Harezm\u015fah Sultan\u0131 Teki\u015f, Irak\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istiyordu. Sultan Tu\u011frul bu tehlikeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Rey\u2019e gitti. Neticede iki taraf aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131. Yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, Rey, Sultan Teki\u015f\u2019e b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bu antla\u015fmadan bir s\u00fcre sonra 1193 senesinde do\u011fuya sefer d\u00fczenleyen Sultan Tu\u011frul, Rey \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irdi ve buradaki Harezmlilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ertesi sene Kutlug \u0130nan\u00e7, Sultan Teki\u015f\u2019ten ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m ile birlikte Rey \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Sultan Tu\u011frul, kumandanlar\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyelerine ra\u011fmen \u00e7ekilmeyi kabul etmedi. Bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri neticesiz kald\u0131. Nihayet Sultan Tu\u011frul, Rey \u015fehri \u00f6n\u00fcnde, 1194 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan muharebede yenildi ve Kutlug \u0130nan\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 Devleti tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131, mahiyet itibariyle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131yd\u0131. Yaln\u0131z devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sult\u00e2n-\u00fcl-Muazzam lakab\u0131 ile bulunan sultan, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131na t\u00e2biydi. Bu durum, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devletinin 1157 senesinde y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar devam etti. Bu tarihten itibaren Irak Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birer sultan h\u00e2line geldiler.<\/p>\n
Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda, h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015fleri B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00eev\u00e2n taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi. Bu d\u00eev\u00e2na ise, mal\u00ee i\u015flere bakan D\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 Ist\u0131f\u00e2, mali ve idar\u00ee i\u015flerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc yapan D\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 \u0130\u015fr\u00e2f, yaz\u0131\u015fma i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Ar\u0131z gibi d\u00eev\u00e2nlar ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Irak Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu da, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu gibi \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131. Ordunun esas\u0131n\u0131 sipahiler meydana getirmekteydi. Bunun yan\u0131nda, merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 atabeglikler ile eyaletlerde de asker beslenmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Devletin hakim oldu\u011fu topraklar \u00fczerindeki en \u00f6nemli yerle\u015fme merkezleri; Hemedan, \u0130sfahan, Musul, Samarra, Erbil ve Halep gibi \u015fehirlerdi. bu merkezlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, t\u00e2bi atabeglerin idaresi alt\u0131nda bulunuyordu. Her biri ticaret merkezi olan bu \u015fehirlerde, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k ve el sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra ziraat da \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Kuzey Irak b\u00f6lgesi co\u011fraf\u00ee bak\u0131mdan da\u011fl\u0131k ve yaylal\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya sahipti. Bu y\u00fczden, bu b\u00f6lgede hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve deri sanayii geli\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Irak\u2019ta iktisad\u00ee hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, i\u00e7tima\u00ee hayat\u0131n da y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ahmed bin M\u00fcnir, El-Kaysar\u00e2n\u00ee, M\u00fcslim bin el-H\u0131d\u0131r gibi \u015fairlerin yan\u0131s\u0131ra El-Az\u00eem\u00ee ve \u0130bn-\u00fcl-Es\u00eer gibi tarih\u00e7iler de bu devirde yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Irak Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 (Irak Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti) Sel\u00e7uklu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda kurulan hanedan. Sultan Muhammed Tapar\u2019\u0131n 1118 senesinde vefat\u0131yla meydana gelen i\u00e7 hadiseler neticesinde, Sencer ile Mahmud aras\u0131nda 11 A\u011fustos 1119 tarihinde yap\u0131lan S\u00e2ve Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin ba\u015f\u0131na Sencer ge\u00e7ti. Sultan Sencer, ye\u011feni Mahmud bin Muhammed\u2019e ise Hemedan, Kirman\u015fah ve \u0130sfahan dahil olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1514,1845,1846,1847],"class_list":["post-583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-buyuk-selcuklu-devleti","tag-irak-selcuklulari","tag-sencer","tag-sultan-mahmud"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=583"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/583\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}