Tabga\u00e7 Devleti (Tabga\u00e7lar)<\/p>\n
IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019de, kudretli bir siyas\u00ee te\u015fekk\u00fcl meydana getiren, \u00c7inliler\u2019in T\u2019o-ba dedikleri toplulu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkler, \u201cTabga\u00e7\u201d diye anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Orhun kitabelerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yolu ile Bizans kaynaklar\u0131na da intikal eden Taugast ( = Tabga\u00e7) kelimesi, \u201c\u00c7in\u201d manas\u0131na da al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019in ilk zamanlar\u0131nda, T\u00fcrklerce \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d tan\u0131nan bu s\u00fclale, \u00c7in\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte idi.
\nAsl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olup, \u201culu, muhterem, sayg\u0131de\u011fer\u201d man\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden Tabga\u00e7 tabiri, baz\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan unvan olarak (Tafga\u00e7, Tamga\u00e7) kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019un, T\u00fcrklerden bir b\u00f6l\u00fck oldu\u011funu kaydetti\u011fi Tabga\u00e7lar, \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re Asya Hunlar\u0131\u2019ndan bir k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. S\u00fclalenin resm\u00ee tarihinde (Wei-shu) de Mete Han, eski T\u2019o-ba (Tabga\u00e7) h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca Tabga\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6rf-adet ve geleneklerinden \u00e7o\u011fu; Kurt efsanesi, ma\u011fara, da\u011f, orman k\u00fcltleri, g\u00f6\u00e7 efsanesi vb. T\u00fcrklerle ilgili bulundu\u011fu gibi, dillerinin de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan deliler vard\u0131r: Biteg\u00e7in (Bitik\u00e7i, k\u00e2tip, hariciye naz\u0131r\u0131), kapug\u00e7in (kap\u0131c\u0131, hacib), atla\u00e7\u0131n (atl\u0131, s\u00fcvari birli\u011fi), tabaga\u00e7\u0131n (yaya, piyade birli\u011fi), kurak\u00e7\u0131n (koruyucu, muhaf\u0131z k\u0131talar\u0131), yam\u00e7\u0131n (posta s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc), a\u015f\u00e7\u0131n (a\u015f\u00e7\u0131, matbah\u00e7\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131), t\u00f6r\u00fc (kanun t\u00f6re) vb. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bu kelime ve tabirler, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Tabga\u00e7lar\u0131n devlet idaresi ve ordu kurulu\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verir durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bununla beraber, bu T\u00fcrk devletinde, olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, Mo\u011follar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, Tabga\u00e7lara ba\u011fl\u0131 kabilelerden, kimlikleri tespit edilebilenlerin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n Mo\u011fol men\u015feli oldu\u011fu neticesine var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Mo\u011follar, di\u011fer \u00c7inli halk ile birlikte \u015f\u00fcphesiz tebaa durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7inli\u2019lerin \u201cWei\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bu s\u00fclalenin kurucusu olarak bilinen \u015ea-mo Han\u2019dan itibaren, 70 y\u0131l kadar u\u011fra\u015farak Ta-t\u2019ong b\u00f6lgesindeki mahalli h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00e7ikleri idareleri alt\u0131na alan Tabga\u00e7lar\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet halinde geli\u015fmesi Kuei zaman\u0131nda (385-409), verimli topraklara sahip Do\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019in Hsien-pi\u2019lerden (Siyenpi) zapt edilmesi ile (409) olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fkenti P\u2019ing-\u00c7\u2019eng \u015fehri (kuzey \u015ean-si\u2019de Tai b\u00f6lgesinde) olan devlet, bir yandan Pekin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na, bir yandan Huang-ho nehri dirse\u011finin g\u00fcneyine kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
Kuzey istikametinde, kudretli bir siyas\u00ee te\u015fekk\u00fcl halinde beliren H\u2019yen-bi\u2019lerin (Hsien-pi) varisi, Mo\u011fol men\u015feli, Juan-Juan\u2019lar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, cidd\u00ee bir geni\u015fleme olam\u0131yordu. \u0130ki devlet aras\u0131nda, bazen \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli m\u00fccadele, 150 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmdar Sseu\u2019den (409-423) sonra, \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkentleri Lo-yang ve Cha\u2019ang-an\u2019\u0131 (bug\u00fcn Si-gan-fu) ele ge\u00e7irerek, hakimiyetini Sar\u0131 Irmak b\u00f6lgesine yayan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019i tek idarede birle\u015ftiren b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdar T\u2019a-o (T\u2019ai-wu) devrinde (424-452), Tabga\u00e7 Devleti, en parlak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. <\/p>\n
427\u2019de Hun Hia krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alan ve Juan-juan\u2019lar\u0131 ma\u011flup ederek, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130\u00e7 Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131 istila eden (436) T\u2019ai-wu, 439\u2019da Kansu\u2019daki son Hun Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (Pei-Liang) ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelerek Kara\u015far, Ku\u00e7a \u015fehirlerini himayesine ba\u011flad\u0131 (448). B\u00f6ylece, \u00fcnl\u00fc ipek yolu g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131, tekrar T\u00fcrk hakimiyetine girmi\u015f oldu. T\u2019ai-wu, \u00c7in askerinin \u201ctaydan ve d\u00fcveden farks\u0131z\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve kendisi \u201cB\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d (= Kurt, \u00c7ince \u015fekli Fo-li) lakab\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n
\u0130mparatorluk merkezini, T\u00fcrk hayat \u015fartlar\u0131na olduk\u00e7a uygun gelen bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde (kuzey \u015ean-si) tutan T\u2019ai-wu, o s\u0131ralarda \u00c7in\u2019de yay\u0131lmakta olan Budizm\u2019in, T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, idaresi alt\u0131ndaki \u00c7in topraklar\u0131nda bile, Budistlerin dini faaliyetlerini kontrol ediyordu. Tap\u0131naklarda \u00e2yinler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda din propagandas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan bir emirname \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f (438) ve 446\u2019da emre riayet etmeyenlerin \u015fiddetle takibini emretmi\u015fti. T\u2019ai-wu\u2019nun T\u00fcrk b\u00fcnyesini ve seciyesini, Budizm\u2019in bozucu tesirinden korumak maksad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden bu tutumunun man\u00e2 ve de\u011feri, daha sonra anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Tedbirlerin ehemmiyetini fark edemeyen halefleri zaman\u0131nda, hatt\u00e2 Budizm\u2019in himayesi cihetine gidildi. \u0130mparator Siun (452-465) ile geli\u015fme\u011fe ba\u015flayan bu durum, daha sonra b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn h\u0131zlanarak, Tabga\u00e7 toplulu\u011funun \u00c7inlile\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. 493\u2019te, ba\u015fkenti, bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinden eski \u00c7in merkezi Lo-yang\u2019a nakleden \u0130mparator Hong (471-499), T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resine kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi\u011fi soysuzla\u015fmay\u0131, 495 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk \u00f6rf, adet ve geleneklerini, Tabga\u00e7 dilini ve hatt\u00e2 yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e tabirlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamakla tamamlad\u0131. <\/p>\n
Buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eyrek as\u0131r kadar devam eden tepkiler, bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kiao\u2019dan (499-517) sonra idareyi devralan imparatori\u00e7e Hu (\u00f6lm. 528), Budizm\u2019e o kadar d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn idi ki, yabanc\u0131 memleketlerdeki \u201cdinda\u015flar\u0131\u201d ile de ilgileniyordu. 520\u2019ye do\u011fru Hindistan\u2019da Ak Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mihiragula\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret etti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7inli Budist rahip, bu krali\u00e7enin arzusu ile seyahat ediyordu. Tabiat\u0131yla, Tabga\u00e7 iktidar\u0131 da gittik\u00e7e g\u00fcc\u00fcnden kaybetmekte idi. Devlet, 535\u2019e do\u011fru Kuzey (Tai\u2019de) ve Bat\u0131 (Cha\u2019ang-an\u2019da) Weileri ad\u0131 ile ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve aralar\u0131nda m\u00fccadele ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131sa zaman sonra, b\u00fct\u00fcn arazileri, \u00c7inli hanedanlara intikal etti (550-556).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tabga\u00e7 Devleti (Tabga\u00e7lar) IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019de, kudretli bir siyas\u00ee te\u015fekk\u00fcl meydana getiren, \u00c7inliler\u2019in T\u2019o-ba dedikleri toplulu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkler, \u201cTabga\u00e7\u201d diye anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Orhun kitabelerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yolu ile Bizans kaynaklar\u0131na da intikal eden Taugast ( = Tabga\u00e7) kelimesi, \u201c\u00c7in\u201d manas\u0131na da al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler\u2019in ilk zamanlar\u0131nda, T\u00fcrklerce \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d tan\u0131nan bu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1786,266,1850,1851],"class_list":["post-588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-kasgarli-mahmud","tag-mogollar","tag-tabgac-devleti","tag-tabgaclar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/588","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=588"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/588\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=588"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=588"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=588"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}