Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 (Karamano\u011flu) Beyli\u011fi<\/p>\n
On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda, Konya ve hav\u00e2lisine h\u00e2kim olup, 1487 senesine kadar devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi. Karaman a\u015f\u00eereti, O\u011fuzlar’\u0131n Av\u015far boyuna mensuptur.
\nT\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 Birinci Al\u00e2eddin Keykubad (1219-1237), T\u00fcrkmen a\u015f\u00eeretlerini Bizans ve Kilikya hudutlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Bu s\u0131rada, 1228 senesinde Kilikya, Ermenilerden al\u0131n\u0131nca, Ermenek taraflar\u0131na da Karaman a\u015f\u00eereti yerle\u015ftirildi. O zaman, Karaman a\u015f\u00eeretinin beyi Sadeddin o\u011flu N\u00fbre Suf\u00ee idi. T\u00fcrkmenler \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz sahibi olan N\u00fbre Suf\u00ee, H\u0131ristiyanlara ait yerleri zaptederek topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u00d6l\u00fcm tarihi bilinmeyen N\u00fbre Suf\u00ee\u2019den sonra o\u011flu Ker\u00eem\u00fcddin Karaman, a\u015f\u00eeret beyi oldu. Bu s\u0131ralarda T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 Devleti, Mo\u011fol-\u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne girmi\u015fti. <\/p>\n
Karaman Bey; Ermenek, Mut, G\u00fclnar, Mer\u2019a ve Silifke kalelerini muhasara etti. Ermenek\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Sahip oldu\u011fu topraklarda, serbest\u00e7e hareket ediyordu. Bundan dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan, Karaman Beyin hadise \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekinerek ona, L\u00e2rende (Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Karaman) Kalesini ikt\u00e2 olarak verdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda karde\u015fi Bunsuz da, Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131n\u0131n saray\u0131nda \u201ccandar\u201d yani muhaf\u0131z olarak g\u00f6revlendirildi. Fakat, u\u00e7 beylerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan endi\u015felenen ve bir g\u00fcn s\u0131ran\u0131n kendilerine gelece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Karaman Bey, beraberinde karde\u015fi Zeyn\u00fcl-Hac ve Bunsuz oldu\u011fu halde, 20.000 ki\u015filik bir kuvvetle Konya \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Ancak, Gevele Kalesi \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan muharebede Sel\u00e7uklu veziri Mu\u00een\u00fcddin Perv\u00e2ne, Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131 ma\u011flup etti. Karaman Beyin karde\u015fleri Zeyn\u00fcl-Hac ve Bunsuz yakalanarak Konya\u2019da idam edildi. <\/p>\n
Karaman Beyin, 1262 senesinde vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine, Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan, bunun o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 Gevele Kalesine hapsettirdi ise de, Vezir Mu\u00een\u00fcddin Perv\u00e2ne\u2019nin m\u00fcdahalesi ile serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131. Karde\u015flerden en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan \u015eemseddin Birinci Mehmed Bey, Ermenek t\u0131mar\u0131na sahip olarak Karaman Beyi oldu. Mehmed Bey, a\u015f\u00eeret reisi olduktan bir s\u00fcre sonra isy\u00e2n eden Hatiro\u011flu ile birle\u015ferek Sel\u00e7uklulara kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyete ge\u00e7ti ve Bedreddin Huten\u00ee komutas\u0131nda \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderilen Sel\u00e7uklu-\u0130lhanl\u0131 ordusunu, G\u00f6ksu Derbendinde, \u00e2ni bir taarruzla bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131. Daha sonra Konya \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek, Cimri lakab\u0131 verilen Al\u00e2eddin Siyavu\u015f\u2019u Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 ilan etti. Mehmed Bey, yan\u0131nda Al\u00e2eddin Siyavu\u015f oldu\u011fu halde, 1277 senesi May\u0131s ay\u0131n\u0131n on ikisinde Konya\u2019ya girdi ve Siyavu\u015f\u2019un veziri oldu. Toplanan d\u00eev\u00e2nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’den ba\u015fka dil kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131na karar verdi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Ak\u015fehir ve civar\u0131nda S\u00e2hib At\u00e2o\u011fullar\u0131 idaresindeki bir orduyu yendi. Bu sefer d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Konya\u2019ya sokulmayan Karamano\u011flu Mehmed Bey, Ermenek\u2019e \u00e7ekilmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada S\u00e2hib C\u00fcveyn\u00ee komutas\u0131ndaki Sel\u00e7uklu-\u0130lhanl\u0131 ordusu, Konya\u2019ya geldi. Bu ordu ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmada yakalanarak baz\u0131 karde\u015fleri ile birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (1277). Bu h\u00e2dise, bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131 sindirdi. <\/p>\n
Mehmed Beyin yerine, karde\u015fi G\u00fcneri Bey ge\u00e7ti. Bu da, Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki saltanat m\u00fccadelesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131. G\u00fcneri Bey, 1286 senesinde Tarsus \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 sene \u0130lhanl\u0131lar, L\u00e2rende ve hav\u00e2lisini tahrip ettiler. G\u00fcneri Bey, da\u011flara \u00e7ekildi. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, bu tarihten sonra Mo\u011follarla bazen anla\u015ft\u0131lar, bazen sava\u015ft\u0131lar. G\u00fcneri Bey, 1300 senesinde vefat edince, yerine karde\u015fi Mahmud Bey ge\u00e7ti. Mahmud Bey, 1308 senesinde, Ermenilerle sava\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u0130ki o\u011flu aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan ihtilaflar, beyli\u011fin birli\u011fini sarst\u0131 ve beylik, Meml\u00fbklar’\u0131n tesir sahas\u0131na girdi. Bu s\u0131rada beyli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131na Yah\u015fi Bey ge\u00e7ti. Yah\u015fi Bey zaman\u0131nda Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, tekrar Konya\u2019ya h\u00e2kim oldu. Anadolu beylerinin kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na hareket etmeleri \u00fczerine, \u0130lhanl\u0131 Valisi Em\u00eer \u00c7oban idaresindeki Mo\u011fol ordusu, Anadolu\u2019ya girdi (1314). Em\u00eer \u00c7oban, Konya\u2019y\u0131 Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n elinden ald\u0131. Yah\u015fi Beyin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Bedreddin Birinci \u0130brahim ge\u00e7ti. Karamanl\u0131lar, bunun zaman\u0131nda da Konya\u2019ya h\u00e2kim oldular. Bedreddin \u0130brahim, 1319 senesinde Tarsus Ermenileri \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenleyerek baz\u0131 yerleri ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu Valisi Timurta\u015f\u2019\u0131n 1327 senesinde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7mas\u0131 \u00fczerine, di\u011fer Anadolu beyleri gibi, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 da serbest\u00e7e hareket etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
\u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile Karamanl\u0131lar hudutlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye devam ettiler. 1328 senesinde Gevele Kalesine kadar ilerlediler. Bey\u015fehir\u2019e h\u00e2kim oldular. 1333 senesinde Birinci \u0130brahim Bey, beylikten \u00e7ekilerek yerini, karde\u015fi Al\u00e2eddin Halil Beye b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu beyin vefat\u0131ndan sonra, yeniden Birinci \u0130brahim Bey, Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine yerini o\u011fullar\u0131ndan Fahr\u00fcddin Ahmed bey ald\u0131. Beyli\u011fi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcren Ahmed Bey, Mo\u011follarla sava\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6ld\u00fc (1350). Bundan sonra karde\u015fleri S\u00fcleyman ve \u015eemseddin beyler, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreler ile ba\u015fa ge\u00e7tiler. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011finde bu iki karde\u015fi, Burh\u00e2neddin Musa Bey takip etti. Bu bey, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Seyfeddin S\u00fcleyman ile Karaman Beyi, L\u00e2rende\u2019ye g\u00f6ndererek kendisi Mut\u2019a \u00e7ekildi. 1356 senesinde, Musa Beyin yerine S\u00fcleyman Bey ge\u00e7ti. Be\u015f sene kadar saltanat s\u00fcren S\u00fcleyman Bey, Sivas Em\u00eeri Eretnao\u011flu Mehmed Bey taraf\u0131ndan bir hileyle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (1361). Bundan sonra, Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Feth l\u00e2kab\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. <\/p>\n
Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez, Osmanl\u0131lar’la m\u00fcnasebet kurdu. Ali Bey, faal, m\u00fccadeleci ve azim sahibi bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Murad H\u00fcd\u00e2vendig\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Nef\u00eese Sultan ile evlenerek iki s\u00fclale aras\u0131nda akrabal\u0131k tesis etti. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya yay\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan ve beylikleri elde etmelerinden \u00e7ekinen Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, Eretnao\u011fullar\u0131 ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk beyleri ile bir ittifak kurma gayretine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fakat Sultan Birinci Murad\u2019\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerinde tedbirler, bu gayretleri neticesiz b\u0131rakt\u0131. Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, daha sonra K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lar\u0131n elinde bulunan Gorigos (K\u0131z Kalesi) \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve kaleyi muhasara etti. Kendisini bu sefere te\u015fvik eden Mo\u011fol kumandan\u0131 Yelbo\u011fa N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00ee\u2019nin muhasara s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Karamanl\u0131lar muhasaray\u0131 kald\u0131rarak geri \u00e7ekildiler. Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, daha sonra kom\u015fu beyliklerin arazisinden baz\u0131 yerleri zaptetti. 1376 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kayseri\u2019yi muhasara edince, Eretnao\u011flu Ali Bey Sivas\u2019a \u00e7ekildi. Fakat Eretnao\u011flunun veziri Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2neddin, Al\u00e2eddin Ali Beyi geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. <\/p>\n
Al\u00e2edd\u00een Ali Bey, kay\u0131npederi ve Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Birinci Murad Han\u0131n, Rumeli\u2019de fetihlerde bulunmas\u0131ndan faydalanarak, Osmanl\u0131lara ait olan Bey\u015fehir\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bunun \u00fczerine, Rumeli\u2019den Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7en Sultan Murad Han, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 muharebede Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 ma\u011flup ederek, Konya\u2019y\u0131 muhasara etti ise de, K\u0131z\u0131 Nef\u00eese H\u00e2tunun ricas\u0131 ile, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerleri iade ederek bar\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131 (1386). Bu sulh, 1389 senesinde, Sultan Murad H\u00fcd\u00e2vendig\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131’nda \u015fehid olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Karamanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bozuldu. Al\u00e2eddin Bey, tekrar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girdi. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 olan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han, Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7erek, Saruhan, Ayd\u0131n ve Mente\u015fe beyliklerini Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ilhak ettikten sonra, Karamano\u011flu Al\u00e2eddin Ali Beyi ma\u011flup ederek, tekrar bar\u0131\u015fa mecbur etti. Daha sonraki senelerde, Timur Han’\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131yla, Al\u00e2edd\u00een Ali Bey, ona t\u00e2bi oldu. \u0130ki d\u00fc\u015fman aras\u0131nda kalan Kad\u0131 Burh\u00e2nedd\u00een, Karamanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti ve 1396 senesinde Konya \u00f6nlerine kadar gelerek, beylik topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu h\u00e2diseden iki sene kadar sonra Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han\u0131n Rumeli Seferinde olmas\u0131ndan faydalanarak, tekrar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girdi ve Ankara\u2019ya bask\u0131nda bulundu. Bu olay \u00fczerine Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu ile Karaman seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Arpa\u00e7ay Muharebesinde, Karaman ordusunu bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131. Al\u00e2eddin Ali Beyin Konya\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han, Konya\u2019y\u0131 muhasara etti. On g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir muhasaradan sonra Konya halk\u0131, \u015fehri Sultan Bayezid\u2019e teslim etti. Al\u00e2eddin Bey, yakalanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece, Karaman Beyli\u011finin topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7erek, beylik sona erdi (1398). Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Nef\u00eese H\u00e2tun ile iki o\u011flu Ali ve Mehmed Beyleri Bursa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi. Bu iki karde\u015f, Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 sonuna kadar burada kald\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in 1402\u2019de Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131nda, Timur\u2019a yenilmesi \u00fczerine, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131ndan Mehmed ve Ali Bey, Bursa\u2019da hapisten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Timur Han, Karaman Beyli\u011finin ba\u015f\u0131na Al\u00e2eddin Beyin b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Mehmed Beyi ge\u00e7irdi. Karde\u015fi Ali Bey, ona t\u00e2bi olarak Ni\u011fde em\u00eeri oldu. Mehmed Bey, fetret devrinde, Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki taht m\u00fccadelelerinden istifade etmesini bildi. Sultan \u00c7elebi Mehmed Han\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki Germiyano\u011flu Y\u00e2kub Beyin arazisine girdi. Bursa \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp \u015fehri tahrip etti (1413). Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak \u00c7elebi Mehmed Han da, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 arazisine girdi ve 1414 senesinde Konya \u00f6nlerinde Mehmed Beyi ma\u011flup etti. Mehmed Bey, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden tekrar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girdi. Fakat, Bayezid Pa\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bozguna u\u011fray\u0131p, esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sultan\u0131n huzuruna getirilen Karamano\u011flu Mehmed Bey \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyince, 1415 senesinde sulh yap\u0131ld\u0131. Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131lar, zaptettikleri Ak\u015fehir, Bey\u015fehir ve Seydi\u015fehir\u2019e h\u00e2kim oldular. <\/p>\n
Ramazano\u011flu Ahmed Bey, Timur Han\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131na ait Tarsus \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irip, Meml\u00fbk Sultan\u0131 Melik M\u00fceyyed \u015eeyh ad\u0131na hutbe okuttu. \u0130ki sene sonra M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u015eam em\u00eerleri aras\u0131ndaki ihtil\u00e2ftan istifade eden Mehmed Bey, o\u011flu Mustafa Bey kumandas\u0131nda bir ordu ile Tarsus\u2019u tekrar ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu durum Meml\u00fbk Sultan\u0131yla aras\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Meml\u00fbk Sultan\u0131 M\u00fceyyed, o\u011flu \u0130brahim kumandas\u0131nda bir orduyu Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi. Mehmed Bey, Meml\u00fbk kuvvetlerinin Ni\u011fde, Konya Ere\u011flisi ve L\u00e2rende\u2019yi zaptetmesi \u00fczerine Ta\u015feli\u2019ne ka\u00e7t\u0131. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 Meml\u00fbk Devleti’nin himayesinde olarak, Mehmed Beyin karde\u015fi ve Ni\u011fde em\u00eeri Ali Beye verildi. Bu h\u00e2diselerden sonra, Karamano\u011flu Mehmed Beyin Kayseri\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irme te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc neticesiz kald\u0131. 1420 senesinde yap\u0131lan muharebede, Ramazano\u011flu N\u00e2s\u0131redd\u00een Mehmed Bey taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131narak Kahire\u2019ye g\u00f6nderildi ve burada hapsedildi. <\/p>\n
Mehmed Beyin b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey, Osmanl\u0131lara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile Konya ve L\u00e2rende\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irdi. Amcas\u0131 Ali Beyi, tekrar Ni\u011fde\u2019ye \u00e7ekilmek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahalesini ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lamayan Meml\u00fbk Sultan\u0131, Mehmed Beyi serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131. Mehmed Bey, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez, Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 cephe ald\u0131. Hamido\u011flu Osman Bey ile anla\u015farak Antalya \u00fczerine bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. Antalya Muhaf\u0131z\u0131 Hamza Bey, \u015fehri kahramanca m\u00fcdafaa etti. Muhasara s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mehmed Bey, isabet eden bir top g\u00fcllesiyle \u00f6ld\u00fc (1423). Bu sefere kat\u0131lan \u0130brahim Bey, babas\u0131n\u0131n cenazesini alarak L\u00e2rende\u2019ye \u00e7ekildi. Karde\u015fi Al\u00e2eddin Ali Bey ise, Antalya\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, ikinci defa Karaman taht\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130brahim Bey, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile amcas\u0131 Ali Beyi tekrar Ni\u011fde\u2019ye \u00e7ekilmeye mecbur etti. Fakat, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131larla olan dostlu\u011fu bozdu. Kendisini kuvvetli hissedince beyli\u011fin \u00fczerindeki Meml\u00fbk n\u00fcfuzuna da son verdi. Meml\u00fbklar, \u0130sa Beyi, karde\u015fi \u0130brahim\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 destekledilerse de muvaffak olamad\u0131lar. \u0130sa Bey, Kahire\u2019ye ka\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130brahim Beyin zaman\u0131nda Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, en parlak devirlerini ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131lar aleyhine ittifak yapan \u0130brahim Bey, 1433 senesinde Macarlar\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131lara sald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek Bey\u015fehir\u2019i ald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131, Rumeli\u2019de Macarlar\u0131 yendikten sonra Karamano\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Konya\u2019ya kadar bir\u00e7ok \u015fehri zaptetti. \u0130brahim Beyin sulh iste\u011fi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerleri geri vermek ve bir daha antla\u015fmaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 harekette bulunmamak \u015fart\u0131yla kabul edildi. <\/p>\n
Di\u011fer taraftan, Meml\u00fbk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ihtilaftan faydalanan \u0130brahim Bey, Kayseri\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu durum, Osmanl\u0131larla Meml\u00fbklar\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Kayseri\u2019den sonra Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na giren ve Amasya Kalesini muhasara eden \u0130brahim Beye kar\u015f\u0131, Sultan \u0130kinci Murad Han, kendisinden yard\u0131m isteyen Dulkadiro\u011flu S\u00fcleyman Beye yard\u0131mc\u0131 kuvvet g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi gibi, Tokat sancak beyine de bu kuvvetlere kat\u0131larak Kayseri\u2019yi zaptetmelerini emretti ve \u015fehir 1436 senesinde al\u0131nd\u0131. Bundan sonra \u0130brahim Beyin karde\u015fi olan ve Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bulunan \u0130sa Bey, Karaman arazisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda Ak\u015fehir\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Karamano\u011flu \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ak\u0131nlar\u0131n birinde, \u0130sa Bey \u00f6ld\u00fc. 1437 senesinde \u0130brahim Beyin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile sulh yapmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Anadolu\u2019da s\u00fck\u00fbnet h\u00e2s\u0131l oldu. <\/p>\n
\u0130brahim Bey, 1444 senesine kadar, Osmanl\u0131 Devletine kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir harekette bulunmad\u0131. Fakat Osmanl\u0131lar Sofya\u2019ya kadar inen Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kuvvetlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamaya gittiklerinde, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini arkadan vurmakta da teredd\u00fct etmedi. Karamano\u011flu kuvvetleri, Ankara ve K\u00fctahya\u2019ya kadar olan yerleri tahrip ettiler. Sultan Murad Han, Macarlar\u0131 ma\u011flup ettikten sonra, Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7erek, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2leminde su\u00e7lu duruma d\u00fc\u015fen ve \u00e7aresiz kalan \u0130brahim Bey, yemin vermek suretiyle, a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile sulh yapt\u0131. Bu ahidn\u00e2mede \u0130brahim Bey, her sene, bir o\u011fluyla kendi askerini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti hizmetine g\u00f6ndermeyi taahh\u00fct ediyordu. Edirne-Segedin antla\u015fmas\u0131 bozulup, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, taarruz ederek Varna \u00f6n\u00fcne geldikleri zaman, \u0130brahim Bey yeminine sad\u0131k kalarak, antla\u015fmaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir harekette bulunmad\u0131. \u0130kinci Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131’nda (1448) Ha\u00e7l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna yard\u0131mc\u0131 kuvvetler g\u00f6nderdi. <\/p>\n
H\u0131ristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir seferin, \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6t\u00fc intib\u00e2\u0131 silece\u011fini hesaplayan \u0130brahim Bey, hen\u00fcz K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lar\u0131n elinde bulunan Gorigos\u2019a taarruza karar verdi ve 1448 senesinde, Gorigos\u2019u fethetti. 1451 senesinde, Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na Sultan \u0130kinci Mehmed Han’\u0131n (Fatih) ge\u00e7mesi, \u0130brahim Beye yeni \u00fcmitler vermi\u015fti. Fakat, Sultan Mehmed\u2019in Karaman \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi, onu tekrar bar\u0131\u015fa mecbur etti. \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Venediklilerle ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Asl\u0131nda antla\u015fmada zikredilen d\u00fc\u015fman, Osmanl\u0131 Devletiydi. \u0130brahim Bey, 1456 senesinde Tarsus, Adana ve K\u00fclek taraflar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in sefer d\u00fczenleyince, Meml\u00fbklar, bir ordu g\u00f6ndererek Karaman topraklar\u0131n\u0131 tahrip ettiler. \u0130brahim Bey, Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019in Kastamonu ve Trabzon seferlerinde, antla\u015fma gere\u011fince o\u011flu kumandas\u0131nda asker yollad\u0131 (1461). <\/p>\n
\u0130brahim Beyin son g\u00fcnleri \u0131st\u0131rap i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7ti. O\u011fullar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Karaman taht\u0131na ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in, m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130brahim Bey, b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu \u0130shak Beyi veliaht ve \u0130\u00e7el valisi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130shak Bey, babas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda idareyi bizzat ele ald\u0131. Fakat, taht m\u00fccadelesinde babas\u0131yla beraber Kavala Kalesine \u00e7ekildi. Di\u011fer o\u011flu Pir Ahmed, Konya\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Bu s\u0131rada \u0130brahim Bey, Kavala\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u0130shak Beye rakip olarak Pir Ahmed\u2019in \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131; Osmanl\u0131, Meml\u00fbk ve Akkoyunlu devletlerinin, beyli\u011fin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na sebep oldu. Neticede Pir Ahmed, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak Antalya Valisi Hamza Beyin kuvvetleriyle Karaman\u2019a girdi. \u0130shak Bey, yenilerek Silifke\u2019ye \u00e7ekildi ve yard\u0131m i\u00e7in Akkoyunlu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na gitti. Pir Ahmed, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ince, Osmanl\u0131lara yard\u0131mlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bey\u015fehir ve Ilg\u0131n\u2019\u0131 verdi. Fakat, Ahmed Beyin bir s\u00fcre sonra Akkoyunlu ve Venediklilerle anla\u015fmas\u0131, Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han\u0131n Karaman \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Konya\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131. Ahmed Bey, L\u00e2rende \u00f6nlerinde Mahmud Pa\u015fa’ya yenilerek Tarsus\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, o\u011flu \u015eehzade Mustafa\u2019y\u0131, Karaman vil\u00e2yetine t\u00e2yin etti ise de, Karaman\u2019\u0131n yerli halk\u0131, beylerine sad\u0131kt\u0131. Pir Ahmed Bey, karde\u015fi Kas\u0131m Beyle bar\u0131\u015farak Karaman Beyli\u011fi i\u00e7in beraberce m\u00fccadele etti. Akkoyunlu Uzun Hasan ve Venediklilerin te\u015febb\u00fcsleri, Karaman topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesini \u00f6nleyemedi. Osmanl\u0131lar, Otlukbeli Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131 yendikten sonra, Karamano\u011flu topraklar\u0131na tamam\u0131yla sahip oldu. Gedik Ahmed Pa\u015fa, \u00f6nce Ermenek, sonra da Mennan Kalesini ele ge\u00e7irdi ve Silifke\u2019yi zaptetti. \u015eehzade Mustafa da Develi-Karahisar\u2019\u0131 teslim ald\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Pir Ahmed \u00f6ld\u00fc ve Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Kas\u0131m Bey ge\u00e7ti. Kas\u0131m Bey devrinde, b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fccadelelere son verildi. <\/p>\n
Karaman valili\u011fine g\u00f6nderilen \u015eehzade Cem Sultan, Karaman beyleri ile dostluk tesis ederek, onlar\u0131n kalbini kazand\u0131. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n son varisi olan Kas\u0131m Bey, Karaman valisi tayin edilen \u015eehz\u00e2de Cem Sultan ve Sultan \u0130kinci Bayezid Han ile anla\u015farak, Osmanl\u0131 himayesinde, \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihi olan 1483 \u015eubat\u0131na kadar, \u0130\u00e7el taraflar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi sona erdi. Kas\u0131m Beyin damad\u0131 Turgut\u2019un o\u011flu Mahmud Bey, 1487 senesine kadar \u0130\u00e7el\u2019de sancak beyli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Onun, beyli\u011fi yeniden ihya etme faaliyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fczerine kuvvet g\u00f6nderildi. Kar\u015f\u0131 duramayan Mahmud Bey tutunamay\u0131p, Meml\u00fbklara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 Sultan \u0130kinci Bayezid devrinde, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nd\u0131. <\/p>\n
Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Anadolu beyliklerinin, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131ndan sonra en m\u00fchimi, en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, en kudretlisi ve en devaml\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Konya\u2019y\u0131, yani T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezini elinde tutan Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, kendilerini Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n halefi saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat Osmano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, manev\u00ee, siyas\u00ee ve jeopolitik durumlar\u0131, gaz\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131n kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibar ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n emsalsiz dehas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bu iddialar\u0131, hayalden \u00f6teye gidememi\u015ftir. Karaman-T\u00fcrkmen Beyli\u011fi, 1250 senelerinden 1487 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz otuz yedi sene h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet: Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n siyas\u00ee ve ticar\u00ee ehemmiyeti, memleketlerinin co\u011fraf\u00ee durumuna g\u00f6reydi. Bunlar, kuvvetli d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sarp yerlere \u00e7ekilerek korunurlar, tehlike ge\u00e7ince tekrar \u0130\u00e7el ve L\u00e2rende taraflar\u0131na gelirlerdi. Karaman Beyli\u011finin ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezi, Ermenek\u2019ti. Sonralar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 geni\u015fleyince, L\u00e2rende kasabas\u0131n\u0131 uzun m\u00fcddet merkez olarak kulland\u0131lar. Konya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irince, devlet merkezini buraya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. 1463 senesinde, Konya Osmanl\u0131lara ge\u00e7ince, L\u00e2rende\u2019yi tekrar merkez yapan Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu zamanda, muvakkat olarak Ni\u011fde ve Silifke\u2019yi de h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezi yapt\u0131lar. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131nda, memleketin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, ba\u015ftaki bey ile ailenin di\u011fer fertleri taraf\u0131ndan idare edildi\u011finden, bu beylikte h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k, aileye m\u00fcnhas\u0131r idi ve beylerinin resm\u00ee ve umum\u00ee bir unvan\u0131 yoktu. <\/p>\n
\u015eeh\u00e2beddin \u00d6mer, Mes\u00e2lik-\u00fcl-Ebs\u00e2r isimli eserinde, 14. asr\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 25.000 atl\u0131 ve 25.000 yaya askeri oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan ba\u015fka a\u015f\u00eeret kuvvetlerinden de faydalanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7itler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Konya\u2019ya ula\u015fan ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden Karamanl\u0131lar, Ceneviz ve K\u0131br\u0131s t\u00e2cirlerinden ald\u0131klar\u0131 vergilerle, m\u00fchim bir gelir temin ediyorlard\u0131. Lamos, Silifke, Anamur ve Manavgat gibi kendilerine ait limanlardan tahsil ettikleri g\u00fcmr\u00fck resmi de belli ba\u015fl\u0131 gelirlerindendi. <\/p>\n
Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenek, Anamur, L\u00e2rende, Aksaray, Ni\u011fde ve Konya\u2019da in\u015fa ettirdikleri mimar\u00ee eserler, Sel\u00e7uklu sanat\u0131n\u0131n takip\u00e7isi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Karaman\u2019da Nef\u00eese Sultan taraf\u0131ndan Mimar N\u00fbman bin Hoca Ahmed\u2019e yapt\u0131r\u0131lan H\u00e2tuniye Medresesi, Sel\u00e7uklu mimar\u00ee tarz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Yine Karaman\u2019da 1388 senesinde yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Al\u00e2eddin Bey K\u00fcmbeti, kesme ta\u015ftan on iki k\u00f6\u015feli olup, \u00fczeri yivli konik bir k\u00fclah ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu eser, Sel\u00e7uklu mimarisi tarz\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir \u00fcslupla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok yerde cami, medrese, han ve kervansaraylar in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir. Ni\u011fde\u2019de Ak Medrese, Zinciriye Medresesi, Aksaray Ulu Cami; Karaman\u2019da \u0130brahim Bey \u0130mareti, Nef\u00eese Sultan Camii, Aktekke Camii; Ermenek\u2019te Hav\u00e2s\u0131l Camii ile Ulu Cami ve Tol Medrese; Konya\u2019da N\u00e2suh Bey D\u00e2r-\u00fcl-Huff\u00e2z\u0131, Has Bey D\u00e2r-\u00fcl-Huff\u00e2z\u0131 ve Hasbeyo\u011flu Mescidi, Karamano\u011flu beyleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserlerdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 (Karamano\u011flu) Beyli\u011fi On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda, Konya ve hav\u00e2lisine h\u00e2kim olup, 1487 senesine kadar devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi. Karaman a\u015f\u00eereti, O\u011fuzlar’\u0131n Av\u015far boyuna mensuptur. T\u00fcrkiye Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 Birinci Al\u00e2eddin Keykubad (1219-1237), T\u00fcrkmen a\u015f\u00eeretlerini Bizans ve Kilikya hudutlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Bu s\u0131rada, 1228 senesinde Kilikya, Ermenilerden al\u0131n\u0131nca, Ermenek taraflar\u0131na da Karaman a\u015f\u00eereti yerle\u015ftirildi. O zaman, Karaman …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[1859,1462,1842,1863,1800,1460,1864],"class_list":["post-598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-alaeddin-keykubad","tag-karamanogullari","tag-kilic-arslan","tag-konya","tag-memluklar","tag-timurtas","tag-turkiye-selcuklulari-devleti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/598","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=598"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/598\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}