Elektronun ke\u015ffinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lardan birisi s\u00fcperiletkenli\u011fin bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131, yani elektronlar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, iletken kablolar yard\u0131m\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r. Fakat bu metal kablolar\u0131n elektriksel diren\u00e7leri vard\u0131r ve ak\u0131m\u0131n telden akmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu diren\u00e7 nedeniyle enerjilerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 at\u0131k \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcperiletken malzemelerde ise neredeyse hi\u00e7 elektriksel diren\u00e7 yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 bir s\u00fcperiletkenden hi\u00e7 enerji kayb\u0131na u\u011framadan akabilir.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcperiletkenli\u011fin ke\u015ffi, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda oldu. Danimarkal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Kamerlingh Onnes, 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda, mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n birka\u00e7 derece \u00fcst\u00fcndeki s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda civan\u0131n elektriksel direncini \u00f6l\u00e7erken 4,2 \u00b0K\u2019de direncin aniden s\u0131f\u0131ra gitti\u011fini g\u00f6zledi. Daha sonralar\u0131, bu m\u00fckemmel iletkenli\u011fe keskin ge\u00e7i\u015fin, ba\u015fka metal ve ala\u015f\u0131mlarda da oldu\u011fu bulundu ve bu olguya s\u00fcperiletkenlik ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n
Bir metal, \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen ve ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta s\u00fcperiletken hale gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7inko i\u00e7in bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k 0,88 \u00b0K iken kur\u015fun i\u00e7in 7,2 \u00b0K dir.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcperiletkenlik olgusu, elektronlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla belirlenir: S\u00fcperiletken bir metalin kristal \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcndeki serbest elektronlar\u0131n, civarlar\u0131ndaki pozitif iyonlarla etkile\u015fmeleri, \u00f6rg\u00fcde kusurlara neden olur. Bunun sonucunda, normalde birbirlerini itmesi gereken elektronlar aras\u0131nda dolayl\u0131 bir \u00e7ekim kuvveti dolay\u0131s\u0131yla metal i\u00e7inde elektron \u00e7iftleri olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
“Cooper \u00c7iftleri” ad\u0131 verilen bu elektron \u00e7iftlerinin, sa\u00e7\u0131lma ile birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 zordur. \u00dcstelik bu \u00e7iftlerin, sa\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00f6nleyici kuantum \u00f6zellikleri de vard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7iftler s\u00fcperiletkenli\u011fin sorumlusudur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc metallerde elektriksel iletkenlik, temelde sa\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; ne kadar az say\u0131da sa\u00e7\u0131lma olursa metal elektriksel olarak o kadar iyi iletken hale gelir.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcperiletkenlik olgusunun kuramsal olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda John Bardeen, Leon Cooper ve John Schrieffer isimli \u00fc\u00e7 Amerikal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 onlara Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Elektronun ke\u015ffinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lardan birisi s\u00fcperiletkenli\u011fin bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131, yani elektronlar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, iletken kablolar yard\u0131m\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r. Fakat bu metal kablolar\u0131n elektriksel diren\u00e7leri vard\u0131r ve ak\u0131m\u0131n telden akmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu diren\u00e7 nedeniyle enerjilerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 at\u0131k \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. S\u00fcperiletken malzemelerde ise neredeyse hi\u00e7 elektriksel diren\u00e7 yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 bir s\u00fcperiletkenden hi\u00e7 enerji …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[11478,3579,2134,3040,11477],"class_list":["post-6025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-cooper-ciftleri","tag-elektrik-akimi","tag-elektron","tag-metal","tag-superiletkenlik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6025"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6025\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}